中国稗草病原真菌对稗草及水稻的致病性

从稗草病叶上分离到８种病原真菌,它们是：链格孢、棒弯孢、月弯孢、画眉草弯孢、橙黄树座霉、紫附球菌、Ｂｉｐｏｌａｒｉｓｓｃｈｏｅｍａｋｅｒ和尖角突脐孢。前４种病原菌对水稻有致病作用。在对水稻无致病作用的４种病原菌中,橙黄树座霉、紫附球菌和Ｂ．ｓｃｈｏｅｍａｋｅｒ对稗草的致病力弱,而尖角突脐孢对４．５叶期以下的稗草有极强的致病作用。寄主范围测定表明尖角突脐孢除了轻度侵染玉米幼苗,对其它主要作物如水稻、小麦、大豆、棉花、谷子、豌豆、芸豆、向日葵、芝麻、大麻无致病作用。本研究结果表明尖角突脐孢在我国可作为微生物除稗剂的候选菌     

空心莲子草的综合利用研究进展

空心莲子草是我国公布的外来人侵物种之一,在我国许多地区滋生蔓延,危害严重。本文综述了近年来我国对空心莲子草开发和利用的研究,主要综述了空心莲子草的医药用途、环境净化作用、饲料应用、蔬菜的开发以及肥料和能源应用等方面的研究进展情况。空心莲子草在我国的综合利用研究为外来入侵生物的兴利避害、变废为宝提供有用的信息,也为其他人侵植物开发和利用的研究提供参考。     

飞机草的生防作用物

本文在简述飞机草危害的基础上,重点介绍了国外三种最具潜力的飞机草生防作用物———香泽兰灯蛾、香泽兰瘿实蝇和安婀珍蝶的研究进展,并对今后国内飞机草的生物防治研究进行了展望。     

假臭草化感作用研究

假臭草(Eupatorium catarium Veldkamp)水浸提液对小白菜和萝卜的发芽率、根生长、茎生长具有不同程度的化感作用,总体上呈现出低促高抑的现象,且随着溶液浓度增大抑制作用也增强。鲜样浸提液浓度为0.25g/m l、0.50g/ml时,小白菜不能发芽、幼苗不能存活。鲜样浸提液浓度为0.50g/ml时,萝卜幼苗不能存活。鲜样浸提液和干样浸提液的化感作用有显著差异。     

农用有机硅对五氟磺草胺防治稗草的增效作用

为明确有机硅对五氟磺草胺防治稗草的增效作用和增效机理,本研究采用室内与田间试验测定有机硅助剂对五氟磺草胺的增效作用,并采用滴重法和HPLC方法分别探索有机硅对五氟磺草胺药液表面张力和吸收的影响.室内生测表明,有机硅对五氟磺草胺防治稗草具有显著的增效作用.当五氟磺草胺用量为7.5 g/hm2,有机硅添加浓度为0.04％时...     

旱直播稻抑草潜力的评价

利用旱直播稻自身的竞争及化感作用,评价旱直播稻品种（品系）对杂草的抑制作用。采用田间小区试验方法,评价旱直播稻对杂草的竞争能力和耐受能力。通过测定旱直播稻特征化感次生物质含量计算出的化感指数来评价其化感潜力;在旱直播稻播种后45 d,杂草生物量与旱直播稻的生物量成显著负相关、与相对竞争强度成显著的正相关。旱稻品系‘HF04’和‘HF011’对杂草的抑制作用最强,前者抑草能力强表现在竞争力,后者抑草能力强表现在耐受杂草竞争力和化感作用。     

甲草嗪玉米田除草试验总结

甲草嗪是三氮苯类内吸传导型选择性除草剂,在大豆田可以防除以阔叶杂草为主的多种杂草。土壤处理可被杂草的根部吸收而起到杀草作用。据资料介绍,除了用于大豆地外,还可应用于马铃薯、番茄、苜蓿、甘蔗等作物田除草。为了明确它在玉米田的除草效果和安全性,我们在温室试验的基础上进行了田间试验,现将药效和施药技术试验总结如下。一、材料与方法     

出境竹木柳藤草制品检疫监管及其绩效评价

本文介绍了出境竹木柳藤草制品从生产到出口的全过程推行厂检员日常协管和自我评价模式,实行施检员检疫监管和评价制度,启动科室监管和评价机制。提出全面的工作质量和监管绩效的评价模式和机制,使检疫和监管工作更加规范化、制度化。在检验检疫部门和厂方的双重作用下力促厂检员作用的有效发挥、全面推进企业防疫防范体系建设,不断提高检疫工作质量与监管工作绩效、不断提高检疫和放行速度。     

山东省大米草发生现状

大米草(Spartina anglica C.E.Hubb.)原产于英美,为禾本科大米草属.在英国、荷兰、丹麦、澳大利亚、美国等许多国家都有分布.我国自20世纪60年代开始从英美等国引进大米草,最初大米草确实为我国沿海地区抵御风浪、保滩护堤、促淤造陆起了重要作用,并产生了一定的生态和经济效益.但是近年来,大米草在福建、广东、江苏、山东等地疯狂扩散,其覆盖面积越来越大,已经到了难以控制的局面,带来了严重的经济和生态问题.据统计,现在大米草已经传播到我国北起辽宁锦西,南至广西合浦的100多个县市的沿海滩涂,以及黄河三角洲、渤海湾等处,严重威胁我国海岸生态安全.     

草原毒害草白喉乌头的化感作用

采用培养皿滤纸法,研究白喉乌头根、茎、叶的粉末,三氯甲烷提取物及水提取物在不同浓度下(0.01、0.02、0.05、0.10 g/m L)对受体植物高羊茅、草地早熟禾、垂穗披碱草和蒲公英幼苗生长的影响。结果表明,白喉乌头根、茎、叶的不同处理对受体植物的根长和苗高均具有抑制作用,其中三氯甲烷提取物的作用最弱,粉末次之,水提取物的抑制作用最强,说明其主效化感物质为水溶性化合物。白喉乌头各部位的化感作用强度无本质差异,表明其化感物质在植株各部位均有分布。     

Analytical method for the simultaneous determination of diquat and paraquat residues in potatoes by high-pressure liquid chromatography

A novel method was developed for the simultaneous determination of diquat and paraquat residues in potatoes. Potato tissues were spiked at several levels and extracted with acid using a micro-reflux procedure with 5 g of sample; this was followed by adjusting the hydrolyzate pH to 9 to 10 and using a silica Sep-Pak for rapid clean-up and preconcentration. Aliquots of the final eluate were taken to dryness, dissolved in the h.p.l.c. mobile phase and analyzed as their heptanesulfonate ion-pairs by u.v.-h.p.l.c. (reverse phase column chromatography) at 254 and 313 nm for paraquat and diquat, respectively. A detection limit of approximately 0.05 mg kg^?1 dication in a 5-g sample of spiked potato (i.e. 0.25 μg ml^?1 final extract) was achieved. Recoveries of 79.5 to 97.6% were obtained at spiking levels of 0.05 to 5.0 mg kg^?1 for diquat and paraquat with coefficients of variation not greater than 8.27%. The method was developed and validated using ¹⁴C-radiolabelled diquat and paraquat; u.v.-h.p.l.c. recoveries were comparable with recoveries determined by radioassay. Several parameters affecting the extraction, adsorption and chromatography of diquat and paraquat were evaluated. The formula weights of diquat and paraquat were determined and their importance described; they were determined as mono- and tetra-hydrates, respectively.     

Applying the double knock technique to control Conyza bonariensis

Sequential applications of glyphosate followed by another postemergent herbicide, known as the "double knock" technique, were trialled for their effectiveness in controlling Conyza bonariensis . Combinations of glyphosate with and without 2,4-D followed by paraquat plus diquat, paraquat, or 2,4-D were tested at a range of follow-up application times in two field and two pot experiments. The results showed that paraquat plus diquat or paraquat following glyphosate or glyphosate plus 2,4-D provided highly effective weed control compared to glyphosate alone. The optimum timing for follow-up applications of paraquat or paraquat plus diquat was between 5 and 7 days after the initial glyphosate application. Combined applications of glyphosate and 2,4-D, compared to split applications, were not significantly different. However, following glyphosate application with 2,4-D >1 day later considerably reduced the level of control. This study showed that the double knock technique is highly effective in controlling C. bonariensis and is rapidly becoming an important tool in the management of this problem weed.     

Paraquat-resistant biotypes of Hordeum glaucum from zero-tillage wheat

There has been a significant increase in the area seeded to minimum- and zero-tilled crops worldwide over the past two decades. These cropping systems rely primarily on the non-selective herbicides glyphosate or paraquat/diquat to control weeds before seeding the crop. Both glyphosate and paraquat/diquat are regarded as low-risk herbicides in the ability of target weeds to develop resistance to them. Following 10–15 years of once annual applications of paraquat and diquat for weed control in zero-tilled cereals, failure of these herbicides to control Hordeum glaucum Steud. in two separate fields occurred. Dose–response experiments demonstrated high-level resistance to paraquat and diquat in both populations; however, the resistant biotypes are susceptible to other herbicides. This is the first report, worldwide, of paraquat resistance following the use of this herbicide in zero-tillage cropping systems and is therefore a harbinger of future problems in minimum-tillage systems when there is exclusive reliance on a contact herbicide for weed control.     

FACTORS AFFECTING PERSISTENCE AND INACTIVATION OF DIQUAT AND PARAQUAT

Summary. The adsorption of diquat cation was found to be 0.3, 2.0–2.5 and 80–100 mg/g on a sandy loam soil, Grade Hydrite 10 Georgia kaolinite and National Standard Bentonite, respectively. Bentonite (113 lb/surface ac) applied to plastic pools previously treated with 1 ppm paraquat reduced the concentration of paraquat to less than 0–05 ppm within 24 hr of application. Only bentonite appeared to hold either diquat or paraquat in a form unavailable to wheat. Appreciable uptake by wheat from soil treated with diquat or paraquat (16 lb/ac pre-emergence) occurred only in soil or sand in which the herbicide leached below the 05 in. zone. A 12 hr dark period following foliage application did not appear to enhance movement of either herbicide in wheat. Loss of radioactivity was observed when diquat or paraquat was exposed to ultraviolet light (2537 Å).
Facteurs agissant sur la persistence et l'inactivation du diquat et du paraquat     

Collaborative study of the determination of paraquat and diquat in formulated products

Results of a collaborative study undertaken by a Sub-Committee of the Pesticides Analysis Advisory Committee (P.A.C.) of Great Britain to examine analytical methods for paraquat and diquat formulations are quoted. The methods recommended for adoption by the Collaborative International Pesticides Analytical Committee (C.I.P.A.C.), together with procedures for preparation of pure analytical standards of paraquat dichloride and diquat dibromide monohydrate, are given in Appendices I and II respectively.     

Tolerance to paraquat-mediated oxidative and environmental stresses in squash (Cucurbita spp.) leaves of various ages

Paraquat is labeled for row-middle application on cucurbits, but drift to crop foliage is inevitable. Experiments were conducted to determine whether differential tolerance to paraquat existed among leaves of various ages in Cucurbita spp. (squash) and other plants, and to examine whether leaves tolerant to paraquat are also tolerant to other herbicides and abiotic stresses. Physiological responses to paraquat, including antioxidant activity, were investigated in squash leaves to identify mechanisms of paraquat tolerance. Although the level of paraquat tolerance differed by leaf age, cultivar, and species, the level of paraquat injury was lower in younger leaves than in older leaves in 14 of 18 squash cultivars and 5 of 12 other species tested. Cellular leakage and lipid peroxidation were consistently lower in the youngest leaf (leaf 4) than in the older leaves. Quantum yield and relative chlorophyll content were the same in all leaves of nontreated plants. Epicuticular wax content was higher in the youngest leaf than in leaves 1, 2, and 3 of cv. ‘Joongangaehobak’ and ‘Wonbiaehobak’. However, leaf cuticle content was not consistent with leaf ages. Differential leaf response to paraquat was partially correlated with the change in catalase, peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and glutathione reductase activities in nontreated and treated leaves. The APX activity in the youngest leaf was generally 2 times higher than in leaves 1-3 in both nontreated and treated plants. Ascorbate antioxidant levels were also higher in the youngest leaf than those in leaves 1-3. Leaves tolerant to paraquat were also tolerant to diquat and to abiotic stresses, low temperature and drought. However, tolerance to oxyfluorfen, which has a different mode of action than paraquat and diquat, was higher in older than in younger leaves. Higher tolerance to paraquat-mediated oxidative and abiotic stresses in young leaves of most squash cultivars might contribute to the differential prevention of oxidative damage in leaves of various ages.     

全球非选择性除草剂市场分析及预测(2020年)(上)

全球非选择性除草剂主要为草甘膦、草铵膦、百草枯、敌草快,2018年这些产品市场规模为83.2亿美元,它们的市场份额占非选择性除草剂总量95%。计上其它小宗的产品,全球非选择性除草剂市场达到85亿美元左右,这块占全球除草剂市场的32%,可见,非选择性的需求"扮演"着除草剂市场基石的作用。虽然非选择性除草剂市场整体稳定,可产品间表现不一。目前草甘膦市场需求增长疲态已经出现,未来不可能在像其刚出现时那样经历持续增长。草铵膦具有杀草谱广、低毒、内吸好、活性高和环境友好等特点,也是全球第二大转基因作物耐受除草剂,市场份额9.2亿美元,同时,百草枯受到全球广泛性禁用,市场萎缩严重,敌草快市场表现的不温不火。     

Effect of light environment on the activity and behaviour of diquat and paraquat in plants

The importance of controlling the light environment of experiments involving diquat and paraquat is shown in experiments where activity is markedly dependent on the light quality and intensity before treatment and on the time of day of treatment. Activity and uptake are not directly related since treatments after low light intensities give increased activity associated with reduced uptake; following afternoon treatments, reduced activity is associated with increased uptake. Uptake increased when plants were darkened after treatment but the increase was not directly related to its duration, because after a time, uptake decreased. Three possible explanations for this decrease are considered: diquat exudation from the leaves, downward movement into the roots, and the adsorption of diquat in plant tissue. Evidence did not support exudation from leaves or downward movement into the roots.     

THE BIPYRIDYLIUM QUATERNARY SALTS

Summary. In a number of plant species, the biological activity of diquat and paraquat was increased by an increase in environmental humidity. This improved activity resulted from an increase in both uptake and movement.
High humidity was more effective after treatment than before it, and durations of 8 hr or more were required to produce the maximum effect. When periods of low humidity of up to 16 hr were interposed between treatment and high humidity, there was no significant effect on the activity of diquat in darkened tomato or sugar beet.
The increase in activity occurred both in the dark and in the light, and it is therefore concluded that humidity does not exert its effect by modifying the degree of stomatal opening.
Experiments were carried out with wheat using two air humidities combined with different soil moisture contents, ranging from saturated down to only 30% of water-holding capacity. Greatest movement occurred where high air humidity was combined with low soil moisture, and least where low air humidity was combined with high soil moisture. It is concluded that diquat and paraquat would be most effective in the field when sprayed under dry soil conditions in late afternoon or evening when increased humidity (and darkness) can follow soon after treatment.
Les sels quatemaires de bipyridylium
Effet de l'humidité atmosphérique et de l'humidité du sol sur l'absorption et la migration du diquat et du paraquat dans les plantes     

苏门白酒草对草甘膦等除草剂的多抗性检测及防治药剂筛选

苏门白酒草Conyza sumatrensis是中国华南地区常见的阔叶杂草,在果园和非耕地常造成严重危害。本研究采用整株剂量反应法,明确了采自广东省广州市的苏门白酒草疑似抗性种群 (GZ-R) 对草甘膦、百草枯和敌草快的抗性水平,比对了GZ-R种群和采自广东省清远市的敏感对照种群 (QY-S) 的草甘膦靶标酶基因EPSPS2片段的差异,并测定了灭草松、氯氟吡氧乙酸等5种茎叶处理剂对不同叶龄苏门白酒草的室内防除效果。结果表明:GZ-R种群对草甘膦和百草枯分别产生了中等水平和高水平抗性,并已对敌草快产生交互抗性,3种药剂对GZ-R种群的LD₅₀值分别是对QY-S种群LD₅₀值的7.2、72.3和6.6倍;与QY-S种群相比,GZ-R种群的EPSPS2基因106位由脯氨酸突变为苏氨酸。在灭草松、氯氟吡氧乙酸或2甲4氯钠推荐剂量下,于4~5叶期施药,苏门白酒草死亡率均为100%,但于6~7叶期和10~12叶期施药,苏门白酒草死亡率显著下降至44.4%~91.7%;而在草铵膦或苯嘧磺草胺推荐剂量下,不同叶龄期施药苏门白酒草的死亡率均为100%,因此在植株生长早期可使用草铵膦和苯嘧磺草胺防除已对草甘膦和百草枯等除草剂产生抗性的苏门白酒草。