大豆胶制备竹刨花板的工艺参数探究

以大豆胶竹刨花板的静曲强度、弹性模量、内结合强度、2 h吸水厚度膨胀率作为考察指标,探究了刨花板密度、热压温度、热压时间、表层施胶量、防水剂用量等工艺参数对板材性能的影响。结果表明:大豆胶竹刨花板的力学强度随着刨花板密度的增大而增大,最佳密度为740 kg/m3;随着表层施胶量的增大,刨花板的力学强度也随之增大,表层施胶量应12%;随着热压温度的升高和热压时间的延长,刨花板的力学性能也得到了加强,最佳热压温度和时间为210℃和5 min。防水剂的加入能够显著降低刨花板的2 h吸水厚度膨胀率,加入量以0.4%为最佳。     

豆胶杨木/麦秸复合刨花板制造工艺

研究利用无醛豆胶生产杨木/麦秸复合刨花板的制造工艺。采用正交试验设计方法,探讨了施胶量、杨木/麦秸刨花质量比例、热压温度、热压时间等工艺因素对刨花板的静曲强度、弹性模量、内结合强度、吸水厚度膨胀率等性能的影响。试验结果表明:利用无醛豆胶生产杨木/麦秸复合刨花板是可行的,厚度11 mm复合刨花板的优化工艺参数为施胶量14%、杨木/麦秸刨花质量比70/30、热压时间10 min、热压温度170℃。     

主要工艺参数对生物油-酚醛树脂胶粘剂制备刨花板性能的影响

研究了5种主要工艺参数对生物油-酚醛树脂胶粘剂制备刨花板性能的影响。结果表明,密度对所制备刨花板的静曲强度、弹性模量、内结合强度和表面结合强度均具有显著影响。施胶量也是影响刨花板性能的主要因素之一,随着施胶量的不断增加,刨花板的各项性能显著提高;提高热压温度和延长热压时间,刨花板的性能也会随之提高,但影响因素并不显著;防水剂加入量对刨花板力学性能影响很小。     

麦秸/聚苯乙烯复合材料工艺参数研究

以麦秸和废旧聚苯乙烯塑料为原料,采用冷混-热压工艺,通过正交试验和单因子试验,研究热压时间、热压温度、复合材料密度、聚苯乙烯比例和施胶量等工艺参数对麦秸/聚苯乙烯复合材料性能的影响.结果表明:热压时间7 min、热压温度190℃、聚苯乙烯比例为35%、施胶量3%、复合材料密度0.6 g·cm-3和0.65 g·cm-3时,压制出的麦秸/聚苯乙烯复合材料各项物理力学性能指标达到刨花板国家标准(GB/T 4897.1-4897.7-2003)要求,确定了试验的最佳工艺参数和工艺条件.     

改性UF麦秸均质刨花板的工艺研究

通过试验确定了麦秸均质刨花板的主要工艺参数。其结果表明：１０ｍｍ厚麦秸均质刨花板的较优工艺参数为热压温度１５０℃、热压时间８ｍｉｎ、表层麦秸刨花的施胶量为１０％、芯层麦秸刨花的施胶量为８％、板密度０．７５ｇ／ｃｍ３、表芯层刨花比例为３：７。按照以上工艺条件压制的麦秸均质刨花板性能已达到均质刨花板的要求。     

芦苇碎料——木纤维复合板的工艺研究

通过试验确定了芦苇碎料—木纤维复合板的主要工艺参数。其结果表明:14 mm复合板的较优工艺参数为:木纤维比例30%,木纤维施UF胶、施胶量12%,芦苇碎料施MDI胶、施胶量5%,热压时间7 min,热压温度170℃。按照以上工艺条件压制的复合板性能可以达到刨花板国家标准的要求。     

蓖麻秆人造板制造

蓖麻秆是一种优质的木质原料,但还没有得到工业化利用。为了更好的开发和利用自然资源,将蓖麻秆用于制备人造板,在热压温度150℃、热压时间30s/mm、施胶量12%、刨花板石蜡乳液添加量6%、纤维板石蜡乳液添加量5%的情况下,板材的各项指标均可达到国标要求;并可与相同工艺条件下制造的杨木人造板的性能相媲美。     

狼尾草刨花板制造工艺研究

采用正交实验设计的方法,研究了施胶量、热压温度、热压时间等工艺因素对狼尾草刨花板的静曲强度、弹性模量、内结合强度、吸水厚度膨胀率等性能的影响.研究结果表明:狼尾草应用在刨花板制造中是可行的;其中狼尾草刨花板制造的最佳工艺参数为施胶量13%、热压时间40 s/mm(板厚)、热压温度180℃.     

蓖麻秆制造人造板研究初探

分析了蓖麻秆的供应现状和蓖麻秆的原料特性,认为蓖麻秆用作人造板工业化生产是可行的;并在实验室试制了蓖麻秆刨花板和蓖麻秆纤维板,按照相关国家标准测试了板材的主要性能.结果表明,当脲醛树脂胶施胶量为12%、热压温度180℃、热压时间30 s/mm、板材密度为0.8g/cm3时,蓖麻秆刨花板的主要性能均能达到国家刨花板标准要求;当施胶量达到16%、热压温度180℃、热压时间30 s/mm、密度为0.86 g/cm3时,不添加防水剂的蓖麻秆纤维板除了吸水厚度膨胀率外,其余指标均能达到国家标准要求.     

热压工艺对刨花板甲醛及其他有机挥发物释放总量的影响

以兴安落叶松刨花和脲醛树脂胶黏剂为原料,采用正交试验法研究热压温度、热压时间、施胶量、密度工艺因子对刨花板甲醛和其他挥发性有机化合物释放量的影响.结果表明:热压温度、热压时间、施胶量和密度4个工艺因子对刨花板甲醛的释放及其他有机挥发物的释放均影响显著;提高热压温度、延长热压时间、降低板密度能显著降低甲醛及有机挥发物的释放量;综合考虑甲醛及其他有机挥发物释放量确定优化工艺因子为热压温度180℃,热压时间37.5 s·min-1,施胶量11%,密度0.6 g·cm-3,压制出的刨花板甲醛及其他有机挥发物释放量明显下降,满足GB 18580-2001的要求.     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.