Efficacy of Jordanian Isolates of Bacillus thuringiensis against the citrus leafminer,Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae)

Several laboratory experiments were conducted to test the efficacy of reference and local isolates of Bacillus thuringiensis ( Bt ) against the Middle East strain of citrus leafminer (CLM), Phyllocnistis citrella, on lemon leaves when they were applied to the surface of intact leafminer. Among the six reference strains examined, the strain Bt kurstaki H3a, 3b, 3c ( Bt 4) showed the highest toxicity after 3 days of application. Bt kurstaki also caused additive mortality to the second and third instar larvae of citrus leafminer when the bacteria were combined with Sunspray ® oil. This combination caused significantly higher mortality (63.3%) than did Bt kurstaki alone or Bt kurstaki mixed with the surfactant Surfix ® . Local Bt isolates J6 ( Bt kurstaki ) and J23 ( Bt thuringiensis, H1) showed no significant toxicity differences towards CLM when compared with the reference strain Bt 4. Addition of Bt kurstaki preparation with Vapcocidin ® (pyrethroid insecticide) reduced the required lethal concentration of the pyrethroid pesticide by up to 50%. These results emphasize the value of Bt as part of integrated programmes for controlling citrus leafminer.     

绿僵菌对云南松切梢小蠹的致病性

利用3个绿僵菌菌株2060-d、X-m、2014分生孢子分别制成液剂、油剂和粉剂通过室内和林间试验,3个绿僵菌菌株对云南松切梢小蠹成虫都具有较高的致病力。室内校正死亡率77.1%~97.9%,死虫僵虫率达100%;用2060-d菌株分生孢子制成不同的剂型在林间防治切梢小蠹成虫,试验结果,成虫死亡率依次为油剂(73.3%)>液剂(70.0%)>粉剂(20.0%),死虫僵虫率分别为67.0%、65.0%和20.0%。上述结果表明,绿僵菌对云南松切梢小蠹有一定的致病力,可以将绿僵菌分生孢子制成油剂进行低量喷雾防治。     

灭幼脲类对玉米螟幼虫的生物活性及防治效果

本文报道灭幼脲类——TH_(6040)对玉米螟幼虫具有很高的生物活性及显著的防治效果。室内测定证明:玉米螟低龄幼虫在含有3ppm浓度TH_(6040)的人工饲料中取食后,存活率降低88～100％。田间试验证明:在春玉米心叶末期施用一次0.045％TH_(6040)颗粒剂,第一代幼虫存活数量降低80％。由此看出,具有改变昆虫生理功能作用的TH_(6040)可应用于玉米螟的综合防治。     

Slow release pirimicarb granular formulations: Measurements of release rate under field conditions

Various granular formulations based on a non-disintegrating granular carrier of the aphicide, pirimicarb, were tested for release rate under natural conditions by placing the granules in small bags made of a non-woven fabric in various soils and analysing the contents at monthly periods. There was complete release from the control formulation within 1 month. The other formulations contained slow release additives. These slowed down the release rate but half of the active ingredient was still released in the first month from the formulation with the slowest release rate. It appears that if very slow rates of release are required than a different type of granule is needed. Laboratory release rates bear some relationship to field results justifying the use of laboratory tests as a method for selecting a short list of formulations for testing in the field.     

高孢子含量Bt制剂对桃小食心虫毒效的初步试验

本文报道国产高孢子含量Bt(1.6×10~4IU)可湿性粉剂对挑小食心虫初孵幼虫的室内和田间药效,及其与低浓度化学农药混用的试验结果。室内实验表明,在苹果上分别喷洒高含量Bt可湿粉1000和2000倍液后接虫,第3天幼虫蛀果率均为零;喷洒2.5％溴氰菊酯(3个供试浓度)的结果与之相同,亦无1头幼虫蛀入果内。但是,高含量Bt可湿粉2000倍液在田间的残效期较短,施药后第3和第6天在苹果上接虫,死亡率分别为45.5％和54.6％。本试验观察到,高含量Bt可湿粉2000倍与2.5％溴氰菊酯6×10~4倍液混配后,明显延长了田间残效期,施药后第3和第6天接虫,幼虫死亡率分别为84.4％和73.2％,其杀虫效果相当于生产上常用的50％对硫磷1500倍液。     

基于MaxEnt模型的检疫性害虫小蔗螟在中国的潜在分布预测

小蔗螟是重要的检疫性害虫,许多国家将其列入检疫性害虫名录,主要危害甘蔗、玉米等作物。本研究基于小蔗螟分布记录,结合环境数据,采用MaxEnt软件对其在中国潜在分布区进行预测。结果表明:小蔗螟在我国的高度和中度适生区主要分布在海南、云南、广东、广西及福建等。影响小蔗螟分布的最主要环境变量是最暖季平均降雨量和温度变化方差。阐明小蔗螟在我国潜在地理分布及限制其分布的环境变量,可为我国的检疫工作提供理论依据。     

Mobility and persistence of isazofos in granular and microencapsulated formulations in two soils,using field lysimeters

Field lysimeters were used to assess the mobility and persistence of microencapsulated and granular formulations of the soil insecticide, isazofos, in Plainfield sand, and the microencapsulated formulation in Vittoria loam soil, using two moisture regimes, rainfall and supplementary watering. Mobility and persistence comparisons were made with an earlier lysimeter study which used emulsifiable concentrate (EC) and granular formulations of isazofos in Plainfield sand. Isazofos mobility in Plainfield sand increased in the following order for the tested formulations: microencapsulated < granular ≦ EC. Atrazine, which was applied as a suspension concentrate to all lysimeters as an internal reference, appeared to exhibit retarded disappearance rates during initial stages of the study when in the presence of granular isazofos in the rainfall treatment. The degradation of isazofos was faster in Vittoria loam than in Plainfield sand for the microencapsulated formulation in the field lysimeters (only formulation tested), and for all three formulations in a laboratory study.     

广西苏云金杆菌资源调查研究

1978～1982年,对广两地区苏云金杆菌的资源,包括分布、种类、毒力等进行了系统调查。从不同经纬度的11个县44个点,采集土壤、虫尸样品4454份,分离出172个菌株。经过生理、生化和血清学的分析试验,作出分类鉴定;并找出广西苏云金杆菌的优势种为蜡螟变种,占94％,其毒力也是最强的。     

Studies on granular formulations of Bacillus thuringiensis berliner

Survival of the spores of Bacillus thuringiensis in granular formulations has been tested under storage conditions in the laboratory and also outdoor conditions exposed to weather. The granular formulations were prepared with attapulgite and aqueous and non-aqueous carriers. The virulence of the spore formulation was tested on Bombyx mori larvae. A 0.4% spore concentration, with an initial count of 64 × 10⁶, gave ultimately 0.3 to 0.4 × 10⁶ viable spores/g of the granule after 248 days of storage in the room. The viable count of spores in the granules exposed to outdoor weather conditions fell rapidly within two days; at the end of 65 days, it was maintained at between 3 × 10⁴ and 12 × 10⁴/g of the granules. Optimum concentrations required in granules for 100% mortality of the test insect was found to be 0.4 × 10⁶ spores/g, at the rate of 50 mg of granules per 85 cm² of leaf surface. The granular formulation of B. thuringiensis was found to be more virulent than “Thuricide” formulation on B. mori larva.     

昆虫病原线虫与Bt联用对黏虫的防治效果

为明确昆虫病原线虫与Bt联用后对黏虫致病力的协同增效作用, 本研究分别测定了自主分离获得的一种新嗜菌异小杆属线虫Heterorhabditis sp.(LF)和实验室保存的Heterorhabditis bacteriophora(Hb)线虫对黏虫的致病力; 比较了两种Bt菌株(HD1和G03)对黏虫的毒力差异, 开展了G03对黏虫的毒力测定试验; 明确了室内和田间试验条件下两种线虫(LF和Hb)与G03联用对黏虫的交互作用。结果表明, 黏虫的死亡率随两种线虫剂量的增加而增加, 在100 IJs/mL剂量下黏虫死亡率均达到了90%以上; Bt菌株G03对黏虫的毒力显著高于HD1, G03对黏虫的LC50为3.55×10 10 cfu/mL; 室内条件下LF 25 IJs/mL+G03(LC50)联用处理6 d对黏虫的防治具有显著的协同增效作用, 较单独LF线虫和G03处理死亡率分别提高了50.72和50.0百分点, Hb 25 IJs/mL+G03(LC50)联用处理6 d对黏虫的防治也具有显著的协同增效作用, 较单独Hb线虫和G03处理死亡率分别提高了76.67和50.0百分点; 田间小区试验表明线虫与Bt联用对黏虫的防治具有协同的加成或增效作用, 其中LF线虫与G03联用具有显著的增效作用, 较单独LF线虫和Bt处理死亡率分别提高了47.96和46.80百分点。本研究为黏虫的防治提供了新的技术措施, 拓宽了黏虫生防研究的思路。     

提升Bt和球孢白僵菌防治蛴螬效果的颗粒载体

为提升微生物杀虫剂对地下害虫蛴螬的防治效果,本研究研制了一种颗粒载体。首先,选择了生产企业常用的单螺杆膨化机作为生产设备,进一步通过颗粒大小、结构稳定性、生产过程等关键因素比较,确定了颗粒载体的物料配方（玉米粉、花生粕、膨润土比例为1：3：2,加水量20%）。进一步研究结果显示,Bt、球孢白僵菌等对蛴螬有效的杀虫微生物能够在颗粒载体上增殖生长。此外,本研究还发现对暗黑鳃金龟有效的Bt185与球孢白僵菌间无拮抗;暗黑鳃金龟幼虫的生物活性测定结果表明,颗粒载体与Bt185或球孢白僵菌结合后的校正死亡率为使用Bt185或球孢白僵菌单一粉剂的2倍,并且颗粒载体与这两种菌株协同使用的校正死亡率达77.55%,显著提升了Bt和球孢白僵菌单一粉剂对蛴螬的杀虫效果。上述研究结果为研制新型高效蛴螬生物杀虫剂提供了新思路,对突破目前蛴螬生物防治的瓶颈具有重要意义。     

转苏云金杆菌毒蛋白基因水稻抗螟性的离体叶片测定法

提出了转苏云金杆菌ｃｒｙｌＡｂ基因水稻抗螟性的快速离体叶片测定法,并用该方法评价了转ｃｒｙ１／Ａｂ基因水稻对二化螟、三化螟和大螟的抗性程度。结果表明,３种螟虫蚁螟取食纯合株系ＰＲ１６及分离株系ＰＲ１８、ＰＲ５７或ＰＲ５８中抗性植株中片后,食叶量与对照和分离株系中的非抗性植株相比极显著下降,接虫后第４ｄ的幼虫死亡率高达１００％。该方法评价转ｃｒｙ１／Ａｂ基因水稻对３种螟虫的抗性结果与活化成株测定法评     

一株虫生真菌杀线虫活性代谢产物的分离与结构鉴定

以生物活性为导向,利用硅胶、凝胶柱层析法以及高效液相色谱等技术对一株虫生真菌拟青霉菌Paecilomyces sp.的活性次生代谢产物进行了研究。从其活性组份中共分离得到2个杀线虫活性次生代谢产物,经质谱和核磁共振等波谱分析方法鉴定其结构分别为脑苷酯类化合物Cerebroside A( 1 )和 Cerebroside B( 2 )。活性测定结果显示,这2个化合物均具有杀松材线虫Bursaphelenchus xylophilus活性,其中化合物 1 在质量浓度分别为1 000,100和10 μ g/mL下对松材线虫的致死率分别为100%,100%和11.1%。     

Bt蛋白在水稻不同遗传背景下的含量及对抗虫性的影响

为明确Bt基因在水稻杂交转育过程中抗虫作用的稳定性,以分别转入cry1C和cry2A基因的抗虫水稻品系T1C-19和T2A-1为供体亲本,与10个恢复系杂交并回交,筛选BC1F3代转基因纯合株系,用ELISA法测定水稻叶片和茎秆中Bt蛋白含量。结果表明,4个转cry1C株系和5个转cry2A株系叶片和茎秆的蛋白含量显著低于亲本,且降低了16.62%~62.03%;相同遗传背景下,叶片和茎秆中的Bt蛋白含量之间呈显著正相关;在室内转cry1C株系和转cry2A株系上二化螟幼虫的校正死亡率分别为62.50%~95.83%和37.50%~83.33%,其中在cry2A株系上的校正死亡率与茎秆中的Cry2A蛋白含量呈极显著正相关;在田间自然发虫条件下,纯合株系的单株卷叶数和枯心率最高仅为3.97和9.37%,受害程度与相应组织中Bt蛋白含量之间存在相关性。表明Bt蛋白含量会受到水稻遗传背景的影响,但杂交后代株系在田间仍能表现出很好的抗性。     

Efficacy of noviflumuron gel bait for control of the German cockroach, Blattella germanica (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae)-laboratory studies

The insecticidal activity of a cockroach gel bait containing a chitin synthesis inhibitor, noviflumuron, was evaluated using laboratory and field strains of the German cockroach, Blattella germanica (L.). Noviflumuron gel bait (0.01-5 mg g(-1)) caused > or = 90% nymphal mortality to laboratory and field strains of B. germanica in choice tests after 11 and 19 days of continuous exposure respectively. In 1 m x 1 m bioassay arenas, laboratory strain B. germanica population levels exposed to 5 mg g(-1) noviflumuron bait or 0.1 mg g(-1) fipronil gel bait were significantly lower than untreated population levels after 3 weeks and 1 week of exposure respectively. Various noviflumuron bait exposure periods (2, 4 and 7 weeks) caused similar population reductions, with a mean of 99.3 (+/- 0.3)% at 7 weeks. Fipronil gel bait caused 100% population reduction at 2 weeks post-exposure. The control population increased 89.0% at 7 weeks. In a simulated kitchen experiment with mixed stage laboratory populations, cockroach trap catches decreased 96.8 (+/- 2.0)% at 8 weeks in the 0.5 mg g(-1) noviflumuron bait treatment. The trap catches in the control increased 506.5 (+/- 493.7)% during the same period. Trap catch reduction by 0.1 mg g(-1) fipronil gel bait reached 100% at 4 weeks. Noviflumuron bait caused significantly lower nymph/total ratios to B. germanica populations in bioassay arenas from 2 weeks after exposure, demonstrating its effectiveness as a control agent for B. germanica with a pattern of activity similar to that expected from a chitin synthesis inhibitor.     

Uptake, translocation and bioavailability of imidacloprid in several hop varieties

The neonicotinoid insecticide imidacloprid is the most important insecticide in hop cultivation in Germany. A laboratory study was undertaken to investigate its systemic properties and translaminar bioavailability in hop leaves. Radiolabelled [methylene-14C]imidacloprid was applied either alone or in combination with different additives onto leaves of several hop varieties. Uptake and translocation were evaluated 1 and 7 days after foliar application under greenhouse conditions. The uptake of imidacloprid into hop leaves was most pronounced in the first 24 h after application and only negligible amounts were taken up after this period. Significant differences in the quantitative uptake occurred when imidacloprid was combined with additives, such as Amulsol, Genapol C-100, Hasten and LI 700. The uptake of imidacloprid applied without additives was less than 10% 7 days after application, whereas the combination with LI 700 provided 70-80% uptake. Genapol C-100 and Amulsol induced considerable phytotoxicity at the application site. Comparing hop varieties revealed differences up to twofold in foliar penetration of imidacloprid. The translaminar and acropetal bioavailability of imidacloprid foliarly applied to hop leaves was determined by a laboratory bioassay using the damson hop aphid, Phorodon humuli (Schrank). Significantly higher mortality was observed with laboratory formulations containing imidacloprid and the additive LI 700. In contrast to these results from systemic tests, contact mortality at the application site was constantly high over the testing period of 7 days, highlighting the importance of this mode of entry for aphid intoxication.     

Effect of seed treatment in preventing transmission of dwarf bunt of winter wheat to new areas

The effectiveness of various fungicide formulations containing carboxin and thiabendazole in eradicating teliospores of Tilletia controversa (dwarf bunt) from winter wheat seed was evaluated in the laboratory and the field. In the laboratory tests, the viability of teliospores washed from treated infested seed was greatly reduced as compared to the viability of teliospores washed from untreated infested seed, suggesting that carboxin and thiabendazole were primarily fungicidal. Field tests in two different years were established to determine if teliospores from treated infested seed could infect nearby untreated noninfested seed. Formulations containing carboxin were highly effective in reducing infection of healthy seed. No dwarf bunt infected plants developed in either year from seed treated with ‘Vitaflo 250’. Furthermore, seedborne common bunt caused by Tilletia foetida was nearly eradicated by carboxin-containing formulations in one field test. Carboxin treatment of winter wheat seed infested with dwarf bunt teliospores will greatly reduce the danger of introducing this pathogen into new areas.     

抗根癌菌剂防治核果类果树根癌病的研究

本文利用引进的放射土壤杆菌K84菌株对我国果树根癌病进行了防治效果的研究，主要包括室内、温室和田间抑菌效果的检验、生产用培养基的改进和菌剂剂型的选择等。室内和温室试验表明，K84菌株能够抑制所有供试的生物Ⅱ型和部分生物Ⅰ型的根癌土壤杆菌，而对来自葡萄的Ⅲ型病菌无效。桃树的田间试验表明K84菌株对人工接种的病菌预防效果可达100％，对自然重茬土壤内的根癌菌也有明显的防治效果，苗龄越小、处理越早，防治效果越好。草炭制剂明显优于液体制剂，其保存期长而且易于运输。本文还介绍一种适于大规模生产的培养基WY。     

合理施用选择性杀虫剂促进瓜绢螟天敌的控害作用

田间小区药效试验表明，乐斯本、氰戊菊酯、抑太保、Bt对葫芦科作物主要害虫瓜绢螟低龄幼虫都有很高的毒杀效果，其中抑太保、Bt效果较为缓慢。室内生测表明，乐斯本对寄生于瓜绢螟卵的赤眼蜂高毒，Bt则无毒。在秋黄瓜作物生长前中期连续施用乐斯本或Bt防治瓜绢螟，施药期间瓜绢螟均可得到较好的控制；但随着季节推移，在施用乐斯本的地块，瓜绢螟卵被寄生率很低，而在使用Bt的地块持续上升，高达70％以上；在停止使用杀虫剂12d后，施用乐斯本的地块瓜绢螟为害严重，而使用Bt的地块虫害被有效控制。结果表明，合理使用选择性农药可对天敌起到显著的保护和促增作用，并使瓜绢螟得到有效控制。     

崇左甘蔗螟虫种群动态及螟黄赤眼蜂防治效果评价

本文阐明了崇左甘蔗螟虫发生规律和探索利用螟黄赤眼蜂防治蔗螟的田间效果,为应用该天敌控制螟虫危害提供参考。在崇左市龙州县连续两年开展了甘蔗螟虫人工合成性诱剂诱集成虫,监测其种群动态和释放螟黄赤眼蜂防治蔗螟的田间试验。结果表明,在崇左市诱集到的甘蔗螟虫种类以条螟和二点螟为主,黄螟少;2016年条螟成虫高峰期分别在3月下旬、5月下旬、7月中旬和8月下旬,2017年条螟成虫的高峰期在3月中旬、5月中旬、6月中旬和8月中旬;而二点螟主要诱集到第1代成虫,2016和2017年二点螟第1代成虫的高峰期分别在4月中旬和3月中旬,其他时期诱蛾数量少。释放螟黄赤眼蜂两年后,甘蔗田螟虫造成的枯心苗率和死尾率均控制在1.56%～8.76%,螟害节率控制在4.45%～7.39%,两年平均挽回产量和减少损失为15194.4 kg/hm²和18.68%,糖分含量增加1.18%～2.25%,甘蔗产糖量增加3529.9～3879.3 kg/hm²,可挽回蔗农经济损失7293.31元/hm²,平均每公顷可增加纯收入6873.25元。本研究表明释放螟黄赤眼蜂对甘蔗螟虫的田间防治效果和经济效益较显著。