Effects of water activity and lipid addition on secondary structure of zein in powder systems

The effects of water activity (A(w)) and lipid addition on the secondary structure of powdery zein were investigated using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Two fatty acid esters, i.e., the linolenic and eicosapentaenoic acid ethyl esters (LAE and EPE), were mixed with the zein powder. The powders were stored in the "dry" state (with silica gel) and the "humid" state (A(w) = 0.9). The powdery zein without the lipids was shown to have a high content of the intermolecular hydrogen-bonded beta-sheet in the "dry" state, indicating the presence of protein aggregates. An increase in A(w) induced a decrease in this beta-sheet, concomitant with increases in the alpha-helix and beta-turn structures. The addition of LAE caused decreases in the alpha-helix and intermolecular hydrogen-bonded beta-sheet of zein when the powder was stored in the "humid" state, suggesting the strong interaction of LAE and zein molecules. However, LAE did not affect the secondary structure of zein in the "dry" state. The addition of EPE hardly influenced the secondary structure of zein, irrespective of A(w). These results are discussed in relation to the antioxidative activity of zein in the powder system, which had studied previously.     

Effects of protein and peptide addition on lipid oxidation in powder model system

The effect of protein and peptide addition on the oxidation of eicosapentaenoic acid ethyl ester (EPE) encapsulated by maltodextrin (MD) was investigated. The encapsulated lipid (powder lipid) was prepared in two steps, i.e., mixing of EPE with MD solutions (+/- protein and peptides) to produce emulsions and freeze-drying of the resultant emulsions. EPE oxidation in MD powder progressed more rapidly in the humid state [relative humidity (RH) = 70%] than in the dry state (RH = 10%). The addition of soy protein, soy peptide, and gelatin peptides improved the oxidation stability of EPE encapsulated by MD, and the inhibition of lipid oxidation by the protein and the peptides was more dramatic in the humid state. Especially, the oxidation of EPE was almost perfectly suppressed when the lipid was encapsulated with MD + soy peptide during storage in the humid state for 7 days. Several physical properties such as the lipid particle size of the emulsions, the fraction of nonencapsulated lipids, scanning electron microscopy images of powder lipids, and the mobility of the MD matrix were investigated to find the modification of encapsulation behavior by the addition of the protein and peptides, but no significant change was observed. On the other hand, the protein and peptides exhibited a strong radical scavenging activity in the powder systems as well as in the solution systems. These results suggest that a chemical mechanism such as radical scavenging ability plays an important role in the suppression of EPE oxidation in MD powder by soy proteins, soy peptides, and gelatin peptides.     

干法发酵沼气工程无热源中温运行及效果

该文提出了覆膜槽干法发酵沼气工程在无热源条件下实现中温运行的方法：首先使固体生物质原料好氧发酵,利用好氧发酵产生的生物能,获得中温沼气发酵（20～45℃）上限的初始温度,通过加强反应器的保温,不用外加热源,实现干法发酵沼气工程中温运行。试验结果显示：物料温度的变化平缓,物料温度日下降幅度最大为0.5℃（第9天）,最小不到0.1℃（第3天）;发酵物料温度由初始时的40.6℃,逐渐下降为沼气发酵结束时的35.4℃,始终处于中温沼气发酵的较高温度范围内;平均容积产气率为0.598 m3/(m3·d),甲烷55%～60%。因此,利用好氧发酵的生物能,使物料获得中温沼气发酵范围内较高的初始温度,在沼气发酵过程中,通过加强保温,不用外加热源,实现干法沼气工程的中温运行是完全可行的。     

Antioxidant activity of zein hydrolysates in a liposome system and the possible mode of action

Maize zein was hydrolyzed for 0.5-5 h by alcalase or papain. Protein solubility increased (P < 0.05) with the degree of hydrolysis (DH) and was higher for alcalase-hydrolyzed zein than for papain-hydrolyzed zein. The zein hydrolysates with both enzymes consisted mostly of small peptides or amino acids nondetectable by 15% acrylamide gel electrophoresis. Alcalase-hydrolyzed zein exhibited a stronger (P < 0.05) antioxidant activity than papain-hydrolyzed zein, as indicated by peroxide and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance values in a liposome-oxidizing system. Zein hydrolysates possessed strong Cu(2+) chelation ability and marked reducing power, both of which were accentuated with hydrolysis time. The protein hydrolysates also showed strong radical-scavenging ability, which was not influenced by hydrolysis time. The antioxidant activity of alcalase-hydrolyzed zein at some specific low concentrations was close or comparable to those of butylated hydroxyanisole, alpha-tocopherol, and ascorbate. Although intact zein displayed an antioxidative effect, it was far less potent than hydrolyzed zein. The results demonstrated that enzyme-hydrolyzed zein can act as a metal ion chelator or a hydrogen donor, as well as a radical stabilizer to inhibit lipid oxidation. The effectiveness of the protein hydrolysates appeared to depend on both the concentration and the peptide/amino acid composition of the soluble protein fraction.     

Effects of the addition of amino acids and peptides on lipid oxidation in a powdery model system

The effects of the addition of amino acids and peptides on the oxidation of eicosapentaenoic acid ethyl ester (EPE) encapsulated by maltodextrin (MD) were investigated. The encapsulated lipid was prepared in two steps, that is, by mixing of EPE with MD solutions (+/-amino acids and peptides) to produce emulsions and freeze-drying of the resultant emulsions. The addition of amino acids and peptides improved the oxidation stability of EPE encapsulated with MD, and the inhibition of lipid oxidation by the amino acids and peptides was more effective at 70% relative humidity (RH). Met, Arg, and Trp were effective amino acids for antioxidation at RH = 10 and 40%, whereas at RH = 70%, His was the most effective amino acid, preventing the oxidation of EPE almost perfectly. Carnosine also exhibited a strong antioxidant effect at RH = 70%, but the effect of anserine was inferior. The addition of Met + Trp or Met + Arg inhibited the oxidation of EPE encapsulated with MD at RH = 40%. Cys accelerated the oxidation of EPE, indicating that the thiyl radical may act as a pro-oxidant. No close relationship was observed between the radical scavenging abilities of amino acids and peptides measured in the aqueous diphenylpicrylhydrazyl solution and their antioxidative effects in the powdery system. It is possible that the radical-scavenging ability of amino acids and peptides detected by ESR in the powder system is responsible for the antioxidative activity of these compounds.     

日光温室燃池-地中热交换系统加热效果的初步研究

为保证日光温室作物在寒冷季节正常生长,在日光温室中设置了燃池-地中热交换系统,该系统将燃池和地中热交换系统结合起来,以达到提高温室内土壤温度和气温的目的。初步研究表明,在地面以下0.35 m沿温室长度方向3个测点土壤平均温度分别为15.5℃、15.6℃、15.5℃,土壤温度分布均匀,较参考点平均温度分别提高1.9℃、2.0℃、1.9℃;沿温室跨度方向3个测点土壤平均温度分别为15.2℃、15.6℃、14.7℃,分别较对应参考点平均温度提高2.7℃、2.0℃、3.7℃;温室内平均气温为21.4℃,较参考点平均气温提高2.6℃,室内外温差达到34.0℃。使用燃池-地中热交换加热系统,对提高温室内土壤温度、气温均具有较好的效果。     

Consequences of microwave heating and frying on the lipid fraction of chicken and beef patties

Two types of commercial meat patties were analyzed to evaluate the effect of two applied cooking methods on the lipid fraction and the cholesterol oxidation process during heating. Microwave heating hardly modified the fatty acid profiles of both chicken and beef patties, whereas frying in olive oil increased oleic and eicosapentaenoic acids and decreased linoleic and docosahexaenoic acids in both types of products. Frying improved the omega6/omega3 fatty acids ratio in beef patties from 10.67 (raw) to 5.37 (fried). Total cholesterol oxidation product (COP) increments were 5.3-6.1-fold with microwave heating and 1.5-2.6-fold with frying. Chicken patties, raw and cooked, had a COP content twice as high as the corresponding beef ones.     

alpha-Dicarbonyl compounds formed by nonenzymatic browning during the dry heating of caseinate and lactose

A method using high-performance liquid chromatography with UV and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry detection was developed for monitoring the alpha-dicarbonyl compound profiles generated from nonenzymatic browning using o-phenylenediamine (OPD) as a trapping agent. The alpha-dicarbonyl compounds were generated by the "dry" reaction of sodium caseinate and lactose heated at various relative humidities (RHs). The proportions of alpha-dicarbonyls formed were different for samples heated at low, intermediate, and high RHs. This study shows that relatively large amounts of 3-deoxypentosulose and galactosyl 2-pentosulose are produced under high RHs, while galactosyl hexosulose and 1,4-dideoxyhexosulose are elevated under low RH conditions. Both caramelization and Maillard reaction pathways contributed to the generation of alpha-dicarbonyls.     

生物质水蒸气氛围烘焙对后续热解影响

为了探究余热烟气中水蒸气对生物质烘焙及后续热解影响,该研究以榆木为研究对象,在立式炉中进行不同氛围（氮气及氮气-水蒸气）和不同温度（200、230、260、290 ℃）的烘焙试验,然后利用热重-质谱联用仪（TG-MS）和热裂解-色谱质谱联用仪（Py-GC/MS）进行惰性氛围的热解试验。结果表明：榆木在烘焙过程中发生了脱水、脱羰基、脱甲基反应,水蒸气的存在对后续热解油中乙酸的去除更有利。在所有样品中氮气氛围下290 ℃烘焙样品的失重速率峰值最低,仅为0.3%/℃。同时水蒸气的存在使氮气-水蒸气烘焙样品的最大失重峰后移。在热解主反应区,200、290 ℃烘焙温度下,水蒸气会提高热解反应活化能,而230、260 ℃烘焙温度下热解反应活化能却降低。此外,同一烘焙温度下水蒸气会抑制热解过程中H2、CH4、H2O、CO和CO2的生成。研究结果可为复杂气氛对生物质烘焙以及后续热解影响的研究提供参考。     

Effects of long-term feeding of chitosan on postprandial lipid responses and lipid metabolism in a high-sucrose-diet-impaired glucose-tolerant rat model

This study was designed to investigate the effects of long-term feeding of chitosan on postprandial lipid response and lipid metabolism in a high-sucrose (HS)-diet-impaired glucose-tolerant rat model. As the results, HS-diet-fed rats supplemented with 5 and 7% chitosan in diets for 9 weeks had lower postprandial plasma total cholesterol (TC) levels, but 7% chitosan in the diet had higher postprandial plasma triglyceride (TG) and TG-rich lipoprotein TG levels. Supplementation of chitosan significantly decreased the postprandial ratio of apolipoprotein B (apoB)48/apoB100 in TG-rich lipoprotein fractions of HS-diet-fed rats. Long-term supplementation of 5 and 7% chitosan in diets for 16 weeks had lower plasma TC, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) + very low density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C), TC/high-density lipoprotein (HDL-C) ratio, leptin, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels in HS-diet-fed rats. Moreover, it was noticed that the VLDL receptor (VLDLR) protein expression in skeletal muscles of HS-diet-fed rats was significantly decreased, which could be significantly reversed by supplementation of 5 and 7% chitosan. Rats supplemented with 7% chitosan in the diet significantly elevated the lipolysis rate and decreased the accumulation of TG in epididymal fat pads of HS-diet-fed rats. The plasma angiopoietin-like 4 (ANGPTL4) protein expression was not affected in HS-diet-fed rats, but it was significantly increased in 7% chitosan-supplemented HS-diet-fed rats. Taken together, these results indicate that supplementation of chitosan in the diet can improve the impairment of lipid metabolism in a HS-diet-fed rat model, but long-term high-dose chitosan feeding may enhance postprandial plasma TG and TG-rich lipoprotein TG levels in HS-diet-fed rats through an ANGPTL4-regulated pathway.     

地源热泵—地板散热系统在温室冬季供暖中的应用

针对浅层地能低品位的特点,在中国农业科学院Venlo型试验温室内设计建造了一套地源热泵与地板散热方式相结合的供暖系统,并对加热效果进行了试验,结果表明:温室内垂直方向的气温随着高度的增加而下降,水平方向气温分布均匀,温度分布有利于植物的生长。整套地源热泵系统的实际制热系数COP值达到3.14,与燃煤锅炉相比节能36.3%,节能效果明显。     

Effects of lamination and coating with drying oils on tensile and barrier properties of zein films.

Zein films plasticized with oleic acid have been considered potentially useful for biodegradable packaging applications. However, moisture was found to affect their tensile and gas barrier properties. We investigated the effects of two converting processes, fusion lamination and coating with drying oils, on tensile properties and gas permeability of zein films. Zein films were laminated to 4-ply sheets in a Carver press and coated with tung oil, linseed oil, or a mixture of tung and soybean oils. Tensile properties and permeability to water vapor, oxygen, and carbon dioxide were measured according to ASTM methods. Laminated films were clearer, tougher, and more flexible, and had a smoother finish than nontreated sheets. Lamination decreased O(2) and CO(2) permeability by filling in voids and pinholes in the film structure. Coating increased tensile strength and elongation and decreased water vapor permeability. Coatings acted as a composite layer preventing crack propagation and increasing film strength. They also formed a highly hydrophobic surface that prevented film wetting.     

Nonenzymatic browning of lactose and caseinate during dry heating at different relative humidities

Dry mixtures of lactose and caseinate were heated at 60 degrees C for up to 96 h at different relative humidities (RHs) ranging from 29 to 95%. The resulting nonenzymatic browning was studied by determining lactulosyl lysine formation in the caseinate (as measured by the conversion to furosine), amount of reacted lactose, loss of lysine, color formation, and fluorescent intensity. For each measurement, the maximum reaction occurred at intermediate RHs. While there is general agreement between the results obtained by different methods, discrepancies are understandable given the complex nature of nonenzymatic browning. It was shown that the degradation of the Amadori product, lactulosyl lysine, increased with RH. Moreover, the Maillard reaction, as opposed to caramelization of lactose, was the major pathway at all RHs. Visible browning occurred when the destruction of Amadori product became dominant, and interactions between sugar fragments and caseinate were not the rate-limiting steps in the nonenzymatic browning.     

连栋温室热水供热系统散热管道传热系数的计算与测试

设施农业是我国现代化进程中的一个重要内容，现代化温室作为设施农业的标志，正在受到大力发展和重点研究。为了对温室热水供热系统散热管道的热工性能进行研究和测试。论文主要进行了以下工作：对温室热水供热系统散热管道的热工性能进行理论分析和计算；在密闭小室内，对温室散热管道热工性能进行实际测试。通过理论计算与实际测试，得出了散热管道传热系数的实验公式，并分析了可信性与影响因素。     

升温模式对木质陶瓷性能的影响

以麦秸为原料,采用混合后热压再炭化的工艺制备出木质陶瓷,通过实验观察分析升温模式对其残碳率、密度、气孔率、抗弯强度、电阻率等性能的影响。结果表明降低升温速率并在关键温度点保温炭化后,木质陶瓷的真密度、气孔率、抗弯强度提高,电阻率下降,尤其是残碳率提高显著。该文提出了一种全新的木质陶瓷制备工艺,对传统的升温模式进行了改进,为麦秸的综合利用探索了新的方向。     

Separation of sardine oil without heating from surimi waste and its effect on lipid metabolism in rats

Sardine oil was obtained by centrifugation of surimi wastewater without heating or chemical refining. This oil (CE) showed light yellow color and the peroxide value was less than 1.0 meq/kg. The main lipid class of CE was triacylglycerol (TG) (>99%). These features indicate that CE can be directly used as food materials without further purification. Commercial sardine oil (CO) is usually prepared via some kind of refining process with high temperature (250 degrees C) and chemical treatment. The comparative study on the physiological effects of these sardine oils (CE and CO) revealed that the dietary sardine oils were more effective in reducing abdominal fat pads, plasma total cholesterol, and TG levels of rats than was a soybean oil diet (control). Furthermore, these effects were greater in CE than CO, although there was little difference in the fatty acid composition of both oils. Although the main lipid class of CE was TG (>99%), CE was prepared by centrifugation from surimi waste and directly used as dietary fat without further purification. Therefore, CE may contain some kinds of minor components, which could be attributed to the higher physiological activity of CE. To reveal the involvement of the minor compounds in CE, we prepared TG from CE by column chromatography and measured its effect on lipid metabolism of rats. TG from CE also showed the reducing effects on abdominal fad pads and plasma lipid levels. The effect of TG from CE was almost the same as that of original CE, suggesting that the higher nutritional activity of CE than CO may not be due to the minor compounds in CE.     

灌溉定额和绿肥交互作用对小麦/玉米带田产量和养分利用的影响

【目的】研究灌溉定额、绿肥及其交互作用对河西绿洲灌区带田小麦、玉米产量和养分利用的影响,探寻适合灌区带田的水肥管理模式。【方法】试验采用裂-裂区设计,主区处理为灌溉定额,设三个水平为4500、6000和7500 m^3/hm^2;裂区处理为绿肥,设两个水平为不种绿肥和种植绿肥;裂-裂区处理为化肥,设两个水平,为不施化肥和施用化肥,化肥处理氮、磷、钾肥料用量分别为N 525 kg/hm^2、P2O5 150 kg/hm^2、K2O 90kg/hm^2。【结果】与4500 m^3/hm^2的灌溉定额相比,6000 m^3/hm^2和7500 m^3/hm^2的灌溉定额极显著增加了小麦和玉米的籽粒产量及其收获指数,增加了小麦和玉米籽粒的氮磷钾吸收量及其养分收获指数,小麦籽粒产量形成的氮生理效率和玉米籽粒产量形成的氮磷钾生理效率;极显著降低了小麦百公斤籽粒氮需求量和玉米百公斤籽粒氮磷钾需求量。绿肥种植与否对小麦、玉米籽粒产量均没有显著影响。种植绿肥极显著降低了玉米籽粒的收获指数和钾收获指数。灌溉定额4500 m^3/hm^2与种植绿肥交互作用下,玉米磷收获指数最低;灌溉定额6000m^3/hm^2与种植绿肥交互作用下玉米磷收获指数最高。种植绿肥处理显著增加了玉米百公斤籽粒氮磷钾需求量,显著降低了玉米百公斤籽粒磷钾生理效率。4500 m^3/hm^2灌溉定额下种植绿肥进一步加剧了干旱的胁迫程度,导致玉米百公斤籽粒氮、磷需求量显著增加,对钾的需求量极显著增加,磷生理效率显著下降,钾生理效率极显著下降。【结论】灌溉定额是河西绿洲灌区带田小麦玉米籽粒产量和收获指数、籽粒氮磷钾吸收量和氮磷钾收获指数、百公斤籽粒氮磷钾需求量和氮磷钾生理效率的决定因素。亏缺灌溉定额(4500 m^3/hm^2)下,种植绿肥会降低小麦/玉米带田籽粒产量及肥料利用效率。在6000 m^3/hm^2的灌溉定额下,建议河西绿洲灌区小麦/玉米带田应配合种植绿肥,提高产量和肥料效益。     

施氮和燕麦/箭筈豌豆间作比例对系统干物质量和氮素利用的影响

【目的】 本研究于大田试验条件下探究了燕麦 (Avena sativa L.)/箭筈豌豆 (Vicia sativa L.) 间作系统饲草干物质产量、土地当量比 (LER) 及氮素吸收利用等对施氮和不同间作比例的响应,以期为该地区多元化粮改饲种植模式的建立提供理论依据。 【方法】 大田试验于2012年在兰州大学庆阳黄土高原试验站进行,设不施氮 (N₀) 和施氮N 46 kg/hm2 (N₄₆) 两个氮水平,在每个氮水平下各设7个燕麦与箭筈豌豆间作比例 (1∶0、4∶1、2∶1、1∶1、1∶2、1∶4和0∶1)。于箭筈豌豆的花期和乳熟期,测定并分析了饲草的干物质产量、土地当量比及吸氮量;在花期,分析测定了箭筈豌豆的生物固氮量;在箭筈豌豆的乳熟期,分析了不同间作比例下间作系统的氮肥偏生产力 (PFP_N)。 【结果】 生长至第60 d (花期) 和第90 d (乳熟期) 时,N₄₆水平下系统的平均干物质总产量较N₀水平分别提高了31.6%和24.2%;N₀水平下系统的干物质产量分别在2∶1和1∶0下达到最大值,较箭筈豌豆单作分别提高了102.5%和107.9%,N₄₆水平下分别在1∶1和4∶1下最大,较箭筈豌豆单作分别提高了103.5%和111.1%。生长至花期 (第60 d) 时,N₀水平下间作系统的LER值均大于1,生长至乳熟期 (第90 d) 时,N₄₆水平下除4∶1外均小于1。施氮后箭筈豌豆的生物固氮量降低了50.6%,燕麦的吸氮量占比平均增加了17.2%。4∶1间作比例下系统的氮肥偏生产力 (PFP_N) 最大。无论施氮与否,燕麦相对于箭筈豌豆的氮素营养竞争比率 (CR_OV) 在4∶1间作比例下均达到最大值,之后随着箭筈豌豆种植比例的增加而呈降低趋势。 【结论】 施氮提高了间作系统中燕麦的吸氮量占比和体系干物质总产量,但降低了箭筈豌豆的固氮量。在4∶1间作比例下,系统具有较高的作物产量、土地当量比和氮肥利用效率。      

Temperature effect on lactose crystallization, maillard reactions, and lipid oxidation in whole milk powder

Whole milk powder with an initial water content of 4.4% (w/w) and a water activity of 0.23 stored in hermetically sealed vials for up to 147 days below (37 and 45 degrees C) and above (55 degrees C) the glass transition temperature (T(g) determined to have the value 48 degrees C) showed a strong temperature dependence for quality deterioration corresponding to energies of activation close to 200 kJ/mol for most deteriorative processes. The glass transition was found not to cause any deviation from Arrhenius temperature dependence. Lactose crystallization, which occurred as a gradual process as monitored by isothermal calorimetry, is concluded to liberate bound water (a(w) increase to 0.46) with a modest time delay (approximately 2 days at 55 degrees C) and with concomitant surface browning as evidenced by an increasing Hunter b-value. Browning and formation of bound hydroxymethyl-furfural determined by HPLC seem to be coupled, while formation of another Maillard reaction product, furosine, occurred gradually and was initiated prior to crystallization. Initiation of lipid oxidation, as detected by lipid-derived radicals (high g-value ESR spectra), and progression of lipid oxidation, as detected by headspace GC, seem not to be affected by lactose crystallization and browning, and no indication of browning products acting as antioxidants could be determined.     

活化磷矿粉的生物学效果研究初报

温室砂培试验研究了活化磷矿粉对玉米生长和吸收磷肥的影响。结果表明：1）与未经活化的低品位磷矿粉相比较，活化磷矿粉能够显著促进玉米的生长和氮磷钾的吸收，其中，活化磷矿粉B和腐殖酸配施与过磷酸钙效果相当；2）对于活化磷矿粉的各种施用方法，活化磷矿粉B效果好于A，配施效果好于单施，而在配施中腐殖酸好于有机肥。