Gaussian free-energy dependence of electron-transfer rates in iridium complexes

The kinetics of photoinduced electron-transfer (ET) reactions have been measured in a series of synthetic donor-acceptor complexes. The electron donors are singlet or triplet excited iridium(I) dimers (Ir(2)), and the acceptors are N-alkylpyridinium groups covalently bound to phosphinite ligands on the Ir(2) core. Rate constants for excited-state ET range from 3.5 x 10(6) to 1.1 x 10(11) per second, and thermal back ET (pyridinium radical to Ir(2)(+)) rates vary from 2.0 x 10(10) to 6.7 x 10(7) per second. The variation of these rates with driving force is in remarkably good agreement with the Marcus theory prediction of a Gaussian free-energy dependence.     

Faster interprotein electron transfer in a [myoglobin, b⁵] complex with a redesigned interface

Direct measurements of electron transfer (ET) within a protein-protein complex with a redesigned interface formed by physiological partner proteins myoglobin (Mb) and cytochrome b(5) (b(5)) reveal interprotein ET rates comparable to those observed within the photosynthetic reaction center. Brownian dynamics simulations show that Mb in which three surface acid residues are mutated to lysine binds b(5) in an ensemble of configurations distributed around a reactive most-probable structure. Correspondingly, charge-separation ET from a photoexcited singlet zinc porphyrin incorporated within Mb to the heme of b(5) and the follow-up charge-recombination exhibit distributed kinetics, with median rate constants, k(f)(s) = 2.1 × 10(9) second(-1) and k(b)(s) = 4.3 × 10(10) second(-1), respectively. The latter approaches that for the initial step in photosynthetic charge separation, k = 3.3 × 10(11) second(-1).     

Effect of observation scale on remote sensing based estimates of evapotranspiration in a semi-arid row cropped orchard environment

Understanding in detail the spatial distribution of evapotranspiration (ET) in row cropped fruit production areas with diverse water requirements is vital for monitoring water use and efficient irrigation scheduling. Spatially distributed ET for these environments can be estimated using remote sensing (RS). However, the computation of RS based ET under such conditions is complicated because of the complex parameterizations that are required to derive ET for the mixed pixels comprising of bare soil and well-watered plants typical of row cropped areas. Also, the parameterization of these processes is not scale invariant, owing to change in the percentage of vegetation cover in the mixed pixels across remote sensing observation scales. In this study, our main objectives were (1) to isolate and evaluate the effect of varying spatial scales (comparable to canopy sizes and larger) of the remote sensing data on ET estimates; and (2) provide an operational method for estimating remote sensing based ET for row cropped conditions. ET was computed using an empirical technique (S-SEBI: Simplified-Surface Energy Balance Index Algorithm) for almond and pistachio orchards from remote sensing imagery collected at a scale comparable to the canopy sizes of the trees (5.8 and 7.2 m) and a scale that was much larger than the canopy size (120 m) using the MASTER and Landsat sensors, respectively. In order to account for the effect of mixed pixels, a Normalized Difference Vegetation Index based correction factor was applied to the derived ET values and the results averaged for different fields were validated with Penman–Monteith based ET estimates. It was found that the corrected mean ET estimates at 120 m were in agreement with the Penman–Monteith based ET estimates (RMSE_average = 0.12 mm/h), whereas they were underestimated at the finer resolutions. Our results indicated that a remote sensing pixel resolution comparable to the row spacing and smaller and comparable to the canopy size overestimated the land surface temperature and consequently, underestimated ET when using operational models that do not account for vegetation and soil temperature separately. The results of the application of the NDVI correction factor indicates that good spatial estimates of crop ET can be made for crops growing in orchards using simple ET models that require minimal data and freely available Landsat imagery. These findings are very encouraging for the regular monitoring of crop health and effective management of irrigation water in highly water stressed agricultural environments.     

Ultrafast electron crystallography of interfacial water

We report direct determination of the structures and dynamics of interfacial water on a hydrophilic surface with atomic-scale resolution using ultrafast electron crystallography. On the nanometer scale, we observed the coexistence of ordered surface water and crystallite-like ice structures, evident in the superposition of Bragg spots and Debye-Scherrer rings. The structures were determined to be dominantly cubic, but each undergoes different dynamics after the ultrafast substrate temperature jump. From changes in local bond distances (OH.O and O.O) with time, we elucidated the structural changes in the far-from-equilibrium regime at short times and near-equilibration at long times.     

不同灌溉水平下石竹的水分蒸散研究

为了评测园林常用宿根花卉石竹在北京地区的水分需求,2006年利用蒸散量反馈式灌溉原理,采用小型蒸渗仪研究了石竹一年生苗在100%ETc、75%ETc、50%ETc、25%ETc 4个灌溉水平下的水分蒸散。结果表明,6—10月石竹的蒸散量随灌溉量减少而降低,不同灌溉水平间蒸散量差异显著;同一灌溉水平下各月之间蒸散量差异显著。4个灌溉水平下石竹6—10月的总蒸散量分别为432.6、315.5、220.6、118.0 mm。利用Penman-Monteith蒸散量经验模型计算潜在蒸散量ET0,得出石竹6—10月的作物系数Kc为0.63～1.12。根据实测蒸发皿的蒸发量计算出石竹6—10月的需水系数α为0.93～1.77。随着植物的生长,Kc和α值在9月达到高峰。测量石竹在8—10月的日蒸散,在12:00时蒸散量最大,为单峰曲线;但在水分胁迫情况下会出现蒸腾午休现象,表现为双峰曲线。4个灌溉水平下石竹的蒸散量均低于北京地区的自然降雨,总降雨量可以满足石竹的水分需求,但鉴于降雨季节性分布不均衡,春秋季节适当灌溉可以延长观赏期。      

生态系统尺度水汽通量分配——以寒温带兴安落叶松林为例

目的蒸散发(ET)包括蒸发(E)和蒸腾(T), 是生态系统降雨(P)返回大气的最主要形式, 在气候变化背景下, 了解大兴安岭北部多年冻土区的寒温带兴安落叶松林的ET特征及其分配状况, 有助于进一步理解北方森林对气候变化的响应模式。方法在2015年7月10日至8月10日期间, 利用模型与野外实测的方法对寒温带兴安落叶松林蒸发(E)、蒸腾(T)及蒸散发(ET)进行研究。E包括林地蒸发(E_f)和林冠截留(E_c), 而林分蒸腾总量(T_tot)则为优势木(T_d)、中等木(T_i)、劣势木(T_s)蒸腾量之和。分析非降水和降水日的ET及其组分特征和分配, 探讨水汽通量对气象因子的响应。结果非降雨和降雨日的ET及其组分的日变化均呈单峰格局, 且非降雨日曲线的日峰值均高于降雨日。非降雨日, E_f、T_d、T_i、T_s和ET分别为10.3、25.6、15.2、10.8和66.3mm; 降雨日, E_f、E_c、T_d、T_i、T_s和ET则分别为2.2、24.3、11.2、5.1、3.8和47.8mm。非降雨日, E_f/ET为15.5%, 而T_tot/ET为78.0%, 其中T_d/ET、T_i/ET和T_s/ET分别贡献38.7%、23.0%和16.4%;降雨日, E_f/ET低至4.6%, E_c/ET则可以达到50.9%, 而T_tot/ET降低至42.2%, 其中T_d/ET、T_i/ET和T_s/ET分别为23.5%、10.6%和8.0%;表明非降雨日ET以T为主(具体为T_d), 降雨日则以E(具体为E_c)为主。观测期间94.7%的P主要以ET形式返回大气, 其中由T贡献57%, E贡献38%。总体上, 无论降雨与否, ET与23m处净辐射(R_n)的相关性均高于其与水汽压亏缺(VPD)的相关性, T_tot与二者的相关性则差异不大, 而E_f的表现则与ET相反, 说明R_n是生态系统能量循环和物质交换的最主要驱动力, T_tot同时主要受到R_n和VPD的约束, 而E_f优先受VPD的限制。结论兴安落叶松优势木的蒸腾能力强于中等木和劣势木, 以往研究多采用T_d(或包括较大径级的T_i)为林分尺度上推计算过程的基准值的方法会高估林分整体的蒸腾能力, 实际误差的大小取决于林分的分化程度以及是否降雨等因素。非降雨日的气象条件更有利于植被-大气界面的水汽交换, 降雨的发生会影响生态系统ET的分配模式。      

花曲柳窄吉丁潜在飞行能力初步研究

为了评估花曲柳窄吉丁的飞行潜能,利用昆虫飞行磨系统测定雌雄花曲柳窄吉丁成虫在不同光照时间、交配状态、取食状态和日龄条件下的飞行能力。结果表明:雌虫24 h内最远飞行距离5 500 m,雄虫最远飞行距离1 397 m,雌雄成虫 间飞行距离差异显著;雌虫在24 h光照时间下飞行距离比L/D(昼/夜)=16 h/8 h光照周期下更远;交配雌虫与未交配雌虫在飞行距离上有显著差异,交配后雌虫飞行距离更远,而交配对雄虫飞行能力无显著影响;经取食并休息的雌虫飞行距离显著大于不取食不休息的雌虫;不同日龄未取食的花曲柳窄吉丁雌虫飞行能力存在一定差异,1日龄飞行能力最弱,13日龄最强,从1~2日龄开始飞行距离增加,2~4日龄飞行距离随日龄增加而减少,而在4日龄后飞行距离又随着日龄的增加而增加。说明花曲柳窄吉丁具有较长距离飞行的潜能,这可为该虫的传播扩散和风险评估提供一定依据。      

风沙土膜下滴灌灌溉水量对玉米生长和产量的影响

[目的]为了更好地为风沙土膜下滴灌灌溉制度的制定提供理论依据。[方法]通过田间试验对不同灌溉水量条件下风沙土地区膜下滴灌玉米生长和产量的影响进行研究。[结果]灌溉水量对玉米株高、茎粗、叶面积指数（LA,）和单株地上干物质重等营养生长指标影响较小;穗长、穗粗、行粒数、百粒重、穗粒重、穗重等产量构成性状和产量均随着灌水量的增加先增大后减小,灌溉水量为75％Er时产量最高,达到7．67t／hm3;水分利用效率（WUE）随着灌溉水量的增加线性下降,25％ET时WUE最大,为1．30kg／m3。[结论]在风沙土地区,玉米膜下滴灌灌溉水量宜控制在25％ET～75％ET。     

Oscillatory thermomechanical instability of an ultrathin catalyst

Because of the small thermal capacity of ultrathin ( approximately 200 nanometers) metal single crystals, it is possible to explore the coupling of catalytic and thermal action at low pressures. We analyzed a chemothermomechanical instability in this regime, in which catalytic reaction kinetics interact with heat transfer and mechanical buckling to create oscillations. These interacting components are separated and explored through experimentation, mathematical modeling, and scientific computation, and an explanation of the phenomenon emerges from their synthesis.     

Wireless power transfer via strongly coupled magnetic resonances

Using self-resonant coils in a strongly coupled regime, we experimentally demonstrated efficient nonradiative power transfer over distances up to 8 times the radius of the coils. We were able to transfer 60 watts with approximately 40% efficiency over distances in excess of 2 meters. We present a quantitative model describing the power transfer, which matches the experimental results to within 5%. We discuss the practical applicability of this system and suggest directions for further study.     

氯化铵和氯化钾对太湖黄泥土磷的吸持动力学影响的研究

土壤中磷的移动性、植物有效性和对水体环境的潜在危害性与土壤对磷的吸持反应有关,而铵钾磷共施是农业生产中的普遍现象,因此,本文通过批量培养法,研究了相同摩尔数的氯化铵和氯化钾对磷的吸持动力学的影响,并对磷的吸持动力学进行了不同模型的拟合.结果表明,氯化铵、氯化钾均显著增加了土壤对磷的吸持,在培养初期(5 min),相同摩尔数的氯化铵、氯化钾对磷的吸持量无显著差异,但在15 min ～ 10 d阶段,相同摩尔数的氯化钾对磷吸持量的影响显著大于相同摩尔数的氯化铵.而铵钾共施时,两者对磷的吸持具有协同作用,并主要表现为氯化钾的作用.氯化铵对土壤磷吸持总量无显著影响,氯化钾则显著增加了土壤磷吸持总量,氯化钾和氯化铵处理土壤磷吸收总量则无显著差异.通过比较不同模型拟合的决定系数(R2)大小,不同模型拟合效果顺序为Elovich方程＞双常数方程＞Parabolic扩散方程＞零级方程＞一级方程＞二级方程.     

总氨态氮和pH对菲律宾蛤仔“斑马蛤2号”品系幼贝潜沙的影响

为研究总氨态氮(TAN)和pH对菲律宾蛤仔Ruditapes philippinarum“斑马蛤2号”(简称“Zebra 2”)品系幼贝潜沙的影响,在实验室内以天然海水为对照,研究了不同TAN质量浓度(0.12、0.51、1.03、1.64、2.93、5.93、12.30、28.00、54.90 mg/L)和pH(7.00、7.31、7.55、7.77、8.15、8.27、8.54、8.81、9.09)对“Zebra 2”蛤仔幼贝(壳长为4.78 mm±0.60 mm)潜沙的影响。结果表明:TAN胁迫试验显示,在水温20.7℃、盐度29和pH 8.12条件下,ρ(TAN)≤54.90 mg/L时对幼贝竖壳ET5无显著性影响(P>0.05),对竖壳ET50和潜沙ET50的最大毒物允许浓度(MATC)为28.00~54.90 mg/L,对潜沙ET100的MATC为0.51~1.03 mg/L,对24 h潜沙率的MATC为5.93~12.30 mg/L;pH胁迫试验显示,在水温27.1℃、盐度22.8及pH 7.00~9.09条件下,幼贝均能潜沙,但不同pH条件下潜沙速度有差异,pH为7.00~9.09时对幼贝竖壳ET5无显著性影响(P>0.05),pH为7.55~9.09时对竖壳ET50无影响,pH为7.31~9.09时对潜沙ET50无影响,pH为7.31~8.27时对潜沙ET100无影响,pH为7.00~9.09时对24 h潜沙率无显著性影响(P>0.05)。研究表明:适宜“Zebra 2”蛤仔幼贝潜沙ET100的TAN为0.12~0.51 mg/L或pH为7.31~8.27;pH为7.00~9.09时对蛤仔幼贝24 h潜沙率无影响,而TAN≥28.00 mg/L时导致其24 h潜沙率明显下降。     

高血压病患者血浆内皮素和一氧化氮含量的变化及其意义

目的 :探讨高血压病 (EH)患者血浆内皮素 (ET)和一氧化氮 (NO)含量变化及其意义。方法 :检测 60例高血压病患者血浆 ET和 NO含量 ,选择 30例健康体检者作对照组。结果 :(1 ) EH患者血浆 ET浓度明显高于对照组 (P<0 .0 1 ) ,NO浓度明显低于对照组 (P<0 .0 1 ) ;且随着高血压程度的加重 ,血浆 ET升高及 NO降低均越明显 (P<0 .0 1或 <0 .0 5)。 (2 )经治疗后 EH患者的 ET浓度明显降低(P<0 .0 1 ) ,NO浓度明显升高 (P<0 .0 1 )。 (3) EH患者血浆 ET与 NO呈负相关 (r=- 0 .51 4 6,P<0 .0 1 )。结论 :ET和 NO均参与高血压的发生和发展 ,血浆 ET和 NO变化可作为判断 EH患者病情一个重要指标。     

Water-mediated proton hopping on an iron oxide surface

The diffusion of hydrogen atoms across solid oxide surfaces is often assumed to be accelerated by the presence of water molecules. Here we present a high-resolution, high-speed scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) study of the diffusion of H atoms on an FeO thin film. STM movies directly reveal a water-mediated hydrogen diffusion mechanism on the oxide surface at temperatures between 100 and 300 kelvin. Density functional theory calculations and isotope-exchange experiments confirm the STM observations, and a proton-transfer mechanism that proceeds via an H(3)O(+)-like transition state is revealed. This mechanism differs from that observed previously for rutile TiO(2)(110), where water dissociation is a key step in proton diffusion.     

灌溉水平对蛇莓和五叶地锦蒸散与生长的影响

为了解蛇莓和五叶地锦在北京地区的蒸散耗水(ET)规律,2006年利用小型蒸渗仪,采取蒸散量反馈式灌溉方法研究100%ETEc、75%ETc、50%ETc、25%ETc 4个灌溉水平下的蒸散和生长。结果表明,2006年6月~10月100%ETc灌溉水平下蛇莓和五叶地锦的蒸散总量分别为474.94mm、493.94mm。不同灌溉水平下蛇莓的蒸散曲线基本一致,均在7月达到蒸散高峰。五叶地锦7月和9月蒸散较强,100%ETc和75%ETc处理下9月的蒸散量高于7月,而50%ETc和25%ETc处理下7月的蒸散量高于9月,说明长期的控制灌溉处理抑制了植株生长,使9月的蒸散降低。生长测定结果显示,蛇莓对水分胁迫比五叶地锦更敏感,五叶地锦在75%ETc的轻度干旱胁迫下可基本维持观赏性,而蛇莓要求100%ETc的灌溉水平。     

紫花苜蓿碳水通量日变化对土壤水分处理的响应

采用透明通量箱连接Li-6400光合作用系统的方法,研究了不同土壤水分处理条件下(自然降水+人工灌溉(PRAW)、自然降水(PRCP)和干旱(DROU))紫花苜蓿群体水平上碳水交换特征变量(生态系统净碳交换(NEE)、生态系统蒸散(ET)、水分利用效率(WUE)、生态系统呼吸(Rec)o)的日变化特征及其与环境因子(光合有效辐射(PAR)、土壤温度(T)s、冠层温度(T)c、空气温度(T)a和相对湿度(RH))之间的关系。结果表明:PRAW和PRCP之间的WUE(NEE,ET)日变化差异不显著;PRCP和DROU之间的WUE(NEE)日变化差异显著;PRAW和DROU之间的WUE(ET)日变化差异显著;3种土壤水分处理之间,Reco日变化差异均达显著水平。与PRCP相比,PRAW明显增大了植物对光能的利用效率(初始表观量子效率α),使得Ts成为影响ET日变化的主要因素,且减小了Ts对Reco的影响;与PRCP相比,DROU条件下,NEE与ET显著正相关,在PAR和Tc一定的条件下,随Ta增加ET呈显著线性减小趋势,另外,Reco仅与Tc呈极显著指数增长关系。     

The effect of elevating temperature on the growth and development of reproductive organs and yield of summer maize

Compared to other crops, maize production demands relatively high temperatures. However, temperatures exceeding 35℃ lead to adverse effects on maize yield. High temperatures(≥35℃) are consistently experienced by summer maize during its reproductive growth stage in the North China Plain, which is likely to cause irreversible crop damage. This study investigated the effects of elevating temperature(ET) treatment on the yield component of summer maize, beginning at the 9th unfolding leaf stage and ending at the tasseling stage. Results demonstrated that continuous ET led to a decrease in the elongation rate and activity of silks and an elongated interval between anthesis and silking stages, and eventually decreased grain number at ear tip and reduced yield. Although continuous ET before tasseling damaged the anther structure, reduced pollen activity, delayed the start of the pollen shedding stage, and shortened the pollen shedding time, it was inferred, based on phenotypical and physiological traits, that continuous ET after the 9th unfolding leaf stage influenced ears and therefore may have more significant impacts. Overall, when maize plants were exposed to ET treatment in the ear reproductive development stage, the growth of ears and tassels was blocked, which increased the occurrence of barren ear tips and led to large yield losses.     

不同来源威灵仙常春藤皂苷元和齐墩果酸的含量测定

[目的]测定不同来源威灵仙药材中常春藤皂苷元和齐墩果酸的含量。[方法]采用反相高效液相色潽法,色谱条件为:色谱柱为Waters XbridgeTM-C18(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),流动相为乙腈-水(90∶10,V/V),体积流量为1 ml/min,检测波长为205 nm,柱温为25℃。[结果]计算得常春藤皂苷元的回归方程为Y=7×106X-429 884,R2=0.999 8,齐墩果酸的回归方程为Y=8×106X-94 259,R2=0.999 1,表明常春藤皂苷元在2.008～25.100 ng/ml范围内,齐墩果酸在2.238～22.380 ng/ml浓度范围内与峰面积有良好的线性关系。不同来源的威灵仙药材齐墩果酸含量基本大于0.3%;来源于两广的威灵仙品种粉灵仙中常春藤皂苷元含量较高,其他来源的威灵仙药材中常春藤皂苷元含量极低。[结论]该方法简单、准确、稳定,可用于威灵仙药材质量评价;不同来源的威灵仙药材在含量上存在较大差异,其中来源于两广的粉灵仙含量较高。     

稻纵卷叶螟与褐稻虱混合种群经济阈值的研究

采用二次回归通用旋转组合设计，探讨了１９８７年晚稻“圭巴”品种小区笼罩条件下稻纵卷叶螟、褐稻虱及其混合种群为害损失率和经济阈值．稻纵卷叶螟经济阈值因生育期不同而异，每百蔸幼虫分蘖期为１２１．３头，抽穗期为１３１．２头．褐稻虱抽穗期的经济阈值为百蔸４９４头若虫．本文提出了抽穗期稻纵卷叶螟、褐稻虱混合为害的产量损失率模型，在生产实践中，可直接利用此模型进行防治决策．     

Comparison of evapotranspiration and energy partitioning related to main biotic and abiotic controllers in vineyards using different irrigation methods

Knowledge of evapotranspiration (ET) and energy partitioning is useful for optimizing water management, especially in areas where water is scarce. A study was undertaken in a furrow-irrigated vineyard (2015) and a drip-irrigated vineyard (2017) in an arid region of north-west China to compare vineyard ET and energy partitioning and their responses to soil water content (SWC) and leaf area index (LAI). ET and soil evaporation (E) and transpiration (T) were determined using eddy covariance, microlysimeters, and sap flow. Seasonal average E/ET, T/ET, crop coefficient (Kc), evaporation coefficient (Ke), and basal crop coefficient (Kcb) were 0.50, 0.50, 0.67, 0.35, and 0.29, respectively, in the furrow-irrigated vineyard and 0.42, 0.58, 0.57, 0.29, and 0.43 in the drip-irrigated vineyard. The seasonal average partitioning of net radiation (Rn) into the latent heat flux (LE), sensible heat flux (H) and soil heat flux (G) (LE/Rn, H/Rn, and G/Rn), evaporative fraction (EF) and Bowen ratio (β) were 0.57, 0.26, 0.17, 0.69 and 0.63, respectively, in the furrow-irrigated vineyard and 0.46, 0.36, 0.17, 0.57 and 0.97 in the drip-irrigated vineyard. The LE/Rn, H/Rn, EF, and β were linearly correlated with LAI. The E, Kc, Ke, E/ET, LE/Rn, LEs/Rn (ratio of LE by soil E to Rn), H/Rn, EF and β were closely correlated with topsoil SWC (10 cm depth). Responses of ET and energy partitioning to the LAI and SWC differed under the two irrigation methods. Drip irrigation reduced seasonal average E/ET and increased average T/ET. From the perspective of energy partitioning, seasonal average H/Rn increased whereas LE/Rn, especially LEs/Rn, decreased. Compared with furrow irrigation, drip irrigation decreased the proportion of unproductive water consumption thereby contributing to enhanced water use efficiency and accumulation of dry matter.