Control of thickness and orientation of solution-grown silicon nanowires

Bulk quantities of defect-free silicon (Si) nanowires with nearly uniform diameters ranging from 40 to 50 angstroms were grown to a length of several micrometers with a supercritical fluid solution-phase approach. Alkanethiol-coated gold nanocrystals (25 angstroms in diameter) were used as uniform seeds to direct one-dimensional Si crystallization in a solvent heated and pressurized above its critical point. The orientation of the Si nanowires produced with this method could be controlled with reaction pressure. Visible photoluminescence due to quantum confinement effects was observed, as were discrete optical transitions in the ultraviolet-visible absorbance spectra.     

A liquid-solution-phase synthesis of crystalline silicon

A liquid-solution-phase technique for preparing submicrometer-sized silicon single crystals is presented. The synthesis is based on the reduction of SiCl(4) and RSiCl(3) (R = H, octyl) by sodium metal in a nonpolar organic solvent at high temperatures (385 degrees C) and high pressures (> 100 atmospheres). For R = H, the synthesis produces hexagonal-shaped silicon single crystals ranging from 5 to 3000 nanometers in size. For R = octyl, the synthesis also produces hexagonal-shaped silicon single crystals; however, the size range is controlled to 5.5 +/- 2.5 nanometers.     

Fabrication and magnetic properties of arrays of metallic nanowires

Arrays of ferromagnetic nickel and cobalt nanowires have been fabricated by electrochemical deposition of the metals into templates with nanometer-sized pores prepared by nuclear track etching. These systems display distinctive characteristics because of their one-dimensional microstructure. The preferred magnetization direction is perpendicular to the film plane. Enhanced coercivities as high as 680 oersteds and remnant magnetization up to 90 percent have also been observed.     

A laser ablation method for the synthesis of crystalline semiconductor nanowires

A method combining laser ablation cluster formation and vapor-liquid-solid (VLS) growth was developed for the synthesis of semiconductor nanowires. In this process, laser ablation was used to prepare nanometer-diameter catalyst clusters that define the size of wires produced by VLS growth. This approach was used to prepare bulk quantities of uniform single-crystal silicon and germanium nanowires with diameters of 6 to 20 and 3 to 9 nanometers, respectively, and lengths ranging from 1 to 30 micrometers. Studies carried out with different conditions and catalyst materials confirmed the central details of the growth mechanism and suggest that well-established phase diagrams can be used to predict rationally catalyst materials and growth conditions for the preparation of nanowires.     

Virus-enabled synthesis and assembly of nanowires for lithium ion battery electrodes

The selection and assembly of materials are central issues in the development of smaller, more flexible batteries. Cobalt oxide has shown excellent electrochemical cycling properties and is thus under consideration as an electrode for advanced lithium batteries. We used viruses to synthesize and assemble nanowires of cobalt oxide at room temperature. By incorporating gold-binding peptides into the filament coat, we formed hybrid gold-cobalt oxide wires that improved battery capacity. Combining virus-templated synthesis at the peptide level and methods for controlling two-dimensional assembly of viruses on polyelectrolyte multilayers provides a systematic platform for integrating these nanomaterials to form thin, flexible lithium ion batteries.     

Virus-based toolkit for the directed synthesis of magnetic and semiconducting nanowires

We report a virus-based scaffold for the synthesis of single-crystal ZnS, CdS, and freestanding chemically ordered CoPt and FePt nanowires, with the means of modifying substrate specificity through standard biological methods. Peptides (selected through an evolutionary screening process) that exhibit control of composition, size, and phase during nanoparticle nucleation have been expressed on the highly ordered filamentous capsid of the M13 bacteriophage. The incorporation of specific, nucleating peptides into the generic scaffold of the M13 coat structure provides a viable template for the directed synthesis of semiconducting and magnetic materials. Removal of the viral template by means of annealing promoted oriented aggregation-based crystal growth, forming individual crystalline nanowires. The unique ability to interchange substrate-specific peptides into the linear self-assembled filamentous construct of the M13 virus introduces a material tunability that has not been seen in previous synthetic routes. Therefore, this system provides a genetic toolkit for growing and organizing nanowires from semiconducting and magnetic materials.     

Structural and electronic properties of la@c82

The structural and electronic properties of the La@C(82) fullerene have been investigated by means of the Car-Parrinello method, which is based on the local density approximation of the density functional theory. The topological arrangement of the C(82) cage was assumed to be a C(3v) symmetry isomer. Three configurations were considered, one with the lanthanum atom at the center of the cluster, one with it along the threefold axis, and one with it at a low-symmetry, highly coordinated site. The structure was fully relaxed and it was found that the last of these configurations is energetically preferred. In this position, the lanthanum atom is nearly in a La(3+) state and the unpaired electron is somewhat delocalized on the cage, in agreement with available experimental data. This arrangement suggests that the chemical shifts of the 5s and 5p lanthanum states can be used as a structural probe and as a way of further validating this picture. It is argued that this conclusion is not affected by the assumed fullerene structure.     

苎麻茎秆轴向压缩力学试验与分析

采用复合材料力学弹性参数测试的试验方法,利用WDW 10微机控制电子万能试验机对苎麻木质部和茎秆整体的整秆进行了轴向压缩力学特性的研究。试验结果表明：中苎一号品种苎麻木质部整秆的轴向压缩弹性模量平均值为241.93 MPa,最大抗压强度平均值为12.61 MPa,茎秆整秆的轴向压缩弹性模量平均值为304.85 MPa,最大抗压强度平均值为12.58 MPa;木质部和茎秆整体的弹性模量和抗压强度没有显著差异,茎秆复合中木质部和韧皮部靠自身粘附力在表层粘结,其粘附力不能阻止韧皮部沿木质部表层滑移,在压缩试验中,表现更多为木质部的承载作用。     

Encoding of spatial location by posterior parietal neurons

The cortex of the inferior parietal lobule in primates is important for spatial perception and spatially oriented behavior. Recordings of single neurons in this area in behaving monkeys showed that the visual sensitivity of the retinotopic receptive fields changes systematically with the angle of gaze. The activity of many of the neurons can be largely described by the product of a gain factor that is a function of the eye position and the response profile of the visual receptive field. This operation produces an eye position-dependent tuning for locations in head-centered coordinate space.     

Extreme oxygen sensitivity of electronic properties of carbon nanotubes

The electronic properties of single-walled carbon nanotubes are shown here to be extremely sensitive to the chemical environment. Exposure to air or oxygen dramatically influences the nanotubes' electrical resistance, thermoelectric power, and local density of states, as determined by transport measurements and scanning tunneling spectroscopy. These electronic parameters can be reversibly "tuned" by surprisingly small concentrations of adsorbed gases, and an apparently semiconducting nanotube can be converted into an apparent metal through such exposure. These results, although demonstrating that nanotubes could find use as sensitive chemical gas sensors, likewise indicate that many supposedly intrinsic properties measured on as-prepared nanotubes may be severely compromised by extrinsic air exposure effects.     

纳米二氧化硅在涂料中的应用及其增强木材表面特性的构想

对纳米二氧化硅表面的改性方法及其与涂料作用的结合方式和机理做了详细概述。重点介绍了纳米二氧化硅在各种涂料中的应用现状,根据纳米二氧化硅能有效改善涂料的性能,提出了纳米二氧化硅增强木材表面涂饰特性的设想,最后就纳米二氧化硅涂料应用于木材表面改良展望了其发展前景。     

表面特性的构想

对纳米二氧化硅表面的改性方法及其与涂料作用的结合方式和机理做了详细概述。重点介绍了纳米二氧化硅在各种涂料中的应用现状,根据纳米二氧化硅能有效改善涂料的性能,提出了纳米二氧化硅增强木材表面涂饰特性的设想,最后就纳米二氧化硅涂料应用于木材表面改良展望了其发展前景。 参58     

Quantum interference device made by DNA templating of superconducting nanowires

The application of single molecules as templates for nanodevices is a promising direction for nanotechnology. We used a pair of suspended DNA molecules as templates for superconducting two-nanowire devices. Because the resulting wires are very thin, comparable to the DNA molecules themselves, they are susceptible to thermal fluctuations typical for one-dimensional superconductors and exhibit a nonzero resistance over a broad temperature range. We observed resistance oscillations in these two-nanowire structures that are different from the usual Little-Parks oscillations. Here, we provide a quantitative explanation for the observed quantum interference phenomenon, which takes into account strong phase gradients created in the leads by the applied magnetic field.     

新型哑铃形轴压长柱面外力学性能分析

对不同长细比的新型哑铃形钢管混凝土轴压长柱进行了试验研究.结果表明,在加载过程中,试件的弹塑性和延性都很好,失稳模式为整体失稳.与传统哑铃形长柱相似,试件的面外极限承载力和弹塑性阶段切向刚度均随着试件长细比的增大而减小.在长细比相同情况下,新型哑铃形轴压长柱由于中间部分H型钢加劲的联结形式,其面外稳定性远强于其两肢单圆...     

Accurate experimental electronic properties of dl-proline monohydrate obtained within 1 Day

A 1-day x-ray diffraction experiment on dl-proline monohydrate was performed at 100 kelvin with synchrotron radiation and a charge-coupled device area detection technique. The accuracy of the charge density distribution and of the related electronic properties extracted from these data is comparable or even superior to the accuracy obtained from a 6-week experiment on dl-aspartic acid with conventional x-ray diffraction methods. A data acquisition time of 1 day is comparable to the time needed for an ab initio calculation on the isolated molecules. This technique renders larger molecular systems of biological importance accessible to charge density experiments.     

Surface electronic properties of tungsten, tungsten carbide, and platinum

The local electronic structures of the surface regions of tungsten, tungsten carbide, and platinum have been compared. Contrary to the hypothesis that the platinum-like catalytic activity of tungsten carbide results from the contribution of carbon valence electrons to the 5d band of tungsten, the width of the unfilled portion of the d band increases on going from tungsten to tungsten carbide.     

复合硅改性热处理杨木的制备及性能

[目的]针对木材树脂改性剂释放甲醛不环保,无机改性材吸湿性高等问题,将廉价易得的硅石粉溶液化,再有机杂化,制得高渗透、环保、防火的水溶性木材复合硅改性剂,通过真空加压浸渍处理和热处理联合改性,可以有效提高木材的物理力学和阻燃等性能.[方法]分别制备硅油复合硅改性剂(SC2)和偶联剂杂化硅改性剂(HS2),对人工林杨木进...     

Micropatterning of organic electronic devices by cold-welding

A simple and general postdeposition electrode patterning technique for active organic electronic devices is demonstrated and is applied to patterning the metal cathodes of organic light-emitting devices. Selective lift-off of the metal cathode layer is achieved by pressing a prepatterned, metal-coated silicon stamp on the unpatterned device layers. Under pressure, the metal coating on the stamp cold-welds to the metal cathode coating the underlying organic films. Subsequent separation of the stamp from the substrate results in removal of the cathode metal in the regions contacted by the stamp, resulting in submicrometer feature definition. A 17x17 passive matrix display, with a pixel size of 440 micrometers by 320 micrometers, was fabricated with this process. Cold-welding followed by lift-off of the cathode metal allows simple, cost-effective, and high-throughput large-area fabrication of organic electronic devices.     

硅对水稻吸收镉的影响

通过盆栽试验,以水稻土为供试土壤,采用完全因素试验设计方法,研究硅对土壤中外源镉的活性及其对水稻吸收镉的影响。结果表明,外源镉的添加量越大,水稻根、茎叶和糙米中镉含量越大;在外源镉的添加量为2和5 mg.kg-1时,施硅可降低水稻根、茎叶和糙米中的镉含量;随着施硅量的增加,水稻各部位的镉含量呈现降低趋势,且水稻根部和茎叶的镉含量比例上升,糙米的镉含量比例减少;土壤中的可交换态、碳酸盐结合态镉含量呈降低趋势,铁锰氧化物态、有机结合态和残渣态镉含量呈增加趋势。硅降低土壤中镉对水稻毒害的机制之一是硅改变了土壤中镉的形态,降低了镉的活性和生物有效性。     

可乐饮料的电子鼻检测研究

电子鼻用于饮料检测方面,国内外研究较少,且检测效果不理想.本文利用电子鼻并同时采用三种样品预处理方法:直接用电子鼻进行检测(零处理),经富集与解吸附单元处理和经Na2CO3粉末干燥处理,对可口可乐、百事可乐和非常可乐三种饮料进行了检测.对实验数据进行主成分分析和线性判别函数分析以考察三种实验方法的检测效果,分析结果表明,采用Na2CO3对样品进行干燥处理后,可明显提高检测的效果.