奶牛热应激的发生与预防

长期以来，奶牛热应激直影响着奶牛业的发展，国内外专家很早就开始研究热应激对奶牛的影响，并取得了大量的研究成果。本文从热应激发生的原因及对母牛的影响、热应激对公牛生殖能力的影响、奶牛热应激的测定方法和奶牛热应激的综合调控措施四个方面综述了国内、外的研究进展。     

热应激影响奶牛繁殖力及其应对措施

随着全球气候变暖,热应激对奶牛生产和繁殖性能的影响日显突出,明确热应激如何影响奶牛繁殖并采取应对措施将减少热应激对奶牛养殖业造成的损失。文章就国内外报道的热应激对奶牛发情鉴定、卵子质量、胚胎发育、妊娠率和产科疾病发生率的影响进行了综述,同时还介绍了监测热应激强度的方法和应对热应激影响奶牛繁殖力的措施。     

热应激对奶牛生产性能的影响及应对方法

正奶牛耐寒怕热。热应激对奶牛的采食量、消化率、繁殖性能和泌乳性能等均有显著影响。本文从三个方面分析了热应激对奶牛生产性能的影响,即产前热应激、围产期热应激和产后热应激。应对奶牛热应激的方法有多种,如搭建可移动的遮阳建筑、使用弥雾器、联合使用喷淋系统和风扇、使用人工降温池等。1热应激对奶牛生产性能的影响1.1产前热应激在妊娠的最后3个月,环境温度升高可以改变流向子宫的血流和母体-胎儿激素的聚集,     

奶牛对热应激的适应性机制及牧场缓解热应激策略

热应激是限制奶牛生产最重要的因素之一,它对奶牛的生产力、健康、繁殖和整体福利都会产生重大影响,并且随着热应激程度的加深对奶牛造成致命性影响。全球变暖加剧了热应激的负面影响。动物会通过改变其表型和生理特征来应对不断变化的环境,动物的生存能力通常取决于其应对或适应现有条件的能力。奶牛是恒温动物,通过减少代谢热量产生与体温调节等来应对并适应热应激,但这会以牺牲掉部分生产性能为代价。本文综述了热应激对奶牛泌乳性能的影响、热应激下泌乳性能降低的原因、奶牛对热应激的适应机制以及牧场应对热应激的策略,为奶牛热应激的研究及生产中改善奶牛热应激等提供参考。     

热应激对牛奶中乳蛋白含量和组分的影响及作用机制

热应激不仅影响奶牛健康,而且易导致奶牛"热应激乳蛋白降低征"的发生,从而影响牛奶品质。本文综述了近些年来热应激影响牛奶中乳蛋白含量及酪蛋白和乳清蛋白组分的研究进展,探讨了热应激诱导的"热应激乳蛋白降低征"发生机理,以期为缓解奶牛热应激和提高牛奶品质提供参考。     

自然生产条件下热应激周期变化揭示泌乳中期奶牛出现“热应激乳蛋白降低征”

本试验在连续3年时间里测定了上海地区热应激周期变化对泌乳中期奶牛生产性能和牛奶品质的影响。通过实地测定并计算分析,绘制了上海地区热应激周期变化图谱,揭示了整个热应激周期中不同热应激程度的分布状况。研究对比了自然生产环境下无热应激与中度热应激对奶牛生产性能和牛奶品质的影响,发现中度热应激极显著降低了奶牛采食量、产奶量、乳脂校正乳产量、能量校正乳产量、乳脂率、乳蛋白含量、总固体含量(P<0.01),而且显著增加了乳中尿素氮含量(P<0.05)。在热应激周期变化研究中发现,中度热应激显著升高泌乳奶牛的直肠温度和呼吸频率(P<0.05),而且呼吸频率比直肠温度对热应激变化的反应更快、更敏感。热应激周期变化对奶牛干物质采食量、产奶量的影响取决于热应激程度,2012年整个热应激周期的热应激程度比较低,热应激周期变化对奶牛干物质采食量、产奶量无显著影响(P>0.05),但是2013年热应激程度更加严重,热应激周期变化对奶牛干物质采食量、产奶量产生了极显著影响(P<0.01)。在牛奶品质中,受热应激影响最大的是乳蛋白合成量(P<0.01)。2012年和2013年2个热应激周期变化对其他乳成分含量没有显著影响(P>0.05),但是两年的热应激周期变化都导致乳蛋白含量显著下降(P<0.05)和乳中尿素氮含量显著升高(P<0.05)。尤其值得注意的是,2012年热应激周期变化并没有导致奶牛采食量下降(P>0.05),而且产奶量也没有显著性差异(P>0.05),但是仍然出现了乳蛋白含量下降和乳中尿素氮含量升高(P<0.05)。这表明热应激周期变化改变了泌乳中期奶牛氮代谢的途径,发生了氮营养重分配(repartitioning)现象,而且这种现象不依赖于采食量和产奶量,可以称之为“热应激乳蛋白降低征”(heat-stressed milk protein decrease syndrome,HS-MPD)。     

不同程度热应激对泌乳中期奶牛产奶量和乳成分的影响

选取36头临床健康、头胎、泌乳中期奶牛,通过实时监控外界温湿度指数,结合奶牛呼吸、心率、肛温等生理指标,确定奶牛热应激状态,并测定奶牛产奶量和乳成分。结果,与无热应激相比,中度热应激使奶牛日均产奶量降低16.33%,轻度热应激对此影响不明显。中度热应激奶牛乳脂率较轻度热应激显著降低,但与无热应激组相比差别不显著。轻度热应激使奶牛乳蛋白水平极显著降低,但随热应激程度加深,乳蛋白水平有升高趋势。试验结果表明:不同程度热应激对泌乳中期奶牛产奶量和乳成分有不同影响。     

热应激模型评价及其降低猪采食的机制研究进展

热应激会引起猪采食量降低,严重影响猪的生产性能。生产实践中对猪的营养调控措施尚不能有效缓解热应激效应。综合目前国内外对猪热应激的相关研究发现,现有的热应激模型条件还缺乏统一标准,且多局限在热应激效应的生理生化指标变化的检测与分析。热应激降低猪采食分子机制研究主要集中在热应激对外周采食因子的影响,通过细胞能量感受通路mTOR和AMPK通路作用于采食中枢进而影响采食。热信号在热应激研究中受到广泛关注,下丘脑中热信号和采食信号的互作、传递可作为新的研究方向。本文主要综述了猪的热应激模型评价、热应激影响采食的分子机制研究,为猪生产实践中探索有效的缓解热应激措施提供理论参考。     

家禽生产热应激的营养调控措施

热应激是影响家禽生产的重要环境应激因素之一。热应激对家禽的采食量、生长速度、死亡率、产蛋率、孵化率和其他生产性状有严重的威胁。因此缓解热应激的方法一直是研究的重点。本文介绍了高温对家禽生产的影响,重点讨论了缓解热应激的营养干预措施。     

奶牛的热应激及其防控措施

综述了热应激的发生及热应激对奶牛生产性能、繁殖力和免疫力等方面的影响,并提出奶牛热应激防控措施。     

传染性胸膜肺炎及其疫苗对山羊繁殖性能的影响

繁殖母羊群在繁殖季节突然流行山羊传染性胸膜肺炎时 ,疾病引起的临床反应及注射疫苗引起的应激反应会引起公羊精液品质下降。疾病引起的临床反应和羊群体况下降及注射疫苗引起的应激反应会影响母羊的受胎率。     

Infectivity of bovine adenovirus type 5 recovered from a polyarthritic calf with weak calf syndrome.

Bovine adenovirus type 5, isolated from newborn calves with a polyarthritic disease known as "weak calf syndrome" caused a mild, self-limiting illness in susceptible calves. The induced illness was characterized by marked pyrexia and occasionally by mild diarrhea. It was concluded that the virus may contribute to morbidity and mortality associated with the weak calf syndrome by adding to the stress and debilitation caused by cold wet weather and by bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) virus, which has also been isolated from tissues of calves affected with weak calf syndrome.     

外源ABA对干旱胁迫下多年生黑麦草光合特性的影响

为探究干旱胁迫下外源脱落酸（Abscisic acid,ABA）对多年生黑麦草（Lolium perenne）抗旱性的影响。本研究以多年生黑麦草品种“冬牧”为材料,采用盆栽试验,利用聚乙二醇（Polyethylene glycol,PEG）模拟不同程度的干旱胁迫,通过LI-6400XT光合-荧光测定仪,研究了正常、中度和重度干旱胁迫下外源0,200和500 μmol·L^-1的ABA对多年生黑麦草光合特性及叶绿素荧光参数的影响。结果表明,干旱对多年生黑麦草的叶绿素含量和光合特性产生了显著影响（P<0.05）,重度干旱下共喷施225 ml的ABA 500 μmol·L^-1能够显著提高叶绿素含量,而ABA仅对气孔导度（Gs）产生了影响（P<0.05）。外源ABA能缓解干旱胁迫对多年生黑麦草初始荧光（Fo）、最大荧光（Fm）、可变荧光（Fv）、PSII最大光化学量子产量（Fv/Fm）、PSII潜在活性（Fv/Fo）和光化学猝灭（NPQ）的影响（P<0.05）,使受损的PSII反应中心快速得到修复,从而降低干旱胁迫对叶绿体光合机构的破坏。     

Effect of diurnal or nocturnal heat stress on egg formation.

1. Mature laying hens were subjected to ambient temperatures sufficient to maintain body temperature of 43 degrees C for periods of 6 to 7 h during the day (eight periods) or the night (five periods). This did not reduce total daily food consumption. 2. The effect of heat stress during the day was mostly on egg-shell quality, being adverse and significant. During the night heat stress caused a significant decrease in egg production, its effect during the day was less marked in this respect. 3. Heat stress thus seems mostly to affect the early stages of shell formation, while its effect on egg production seems to depend on the time at which it occurs in relation to ovulation. 4. These results suggest that egg production is directly affected by heat stress; prolonged heat stress probably also acts indirectly, by suppression of food intake.     

高温胁迫下不同激素处理对高羊茅生理生态指标及耐热性的影响

以凌志高羊茅为试验材料,研究在高温胁迫下喷施SA,6-BA和H2O2对其生理生态指标及耐热性的影响。结果表明:(1)喷施6-BA,SA及H2O2对高羊茅草坪草的生态性状有显著的影响,他们都不同程度地减轻了高温胁迫对高羊茅草坪草的伤害;(2)浓度为0.1 mmol/L的SA比浓度为0.5mmol/L和1.0 mmol/L的SA能更有效地减轻高羊茅草坪草由于高温胁迫导致的伤害;(3)浓度为0.01 mmol/L的6-BA在所有处理中效果最好,使得高羊茅草坪草的叶色、质地、盖度、均一性、生长速度、叶绿素含量和净光合速率都明显优于其他种类及浓度的喷施方式;(4)H2O2对提高高羊茅草坪草的抗热性相比另外两种物质并不明显;(5)喷施SA,6-BA和H2O2对高温胁迫下高羊茅光合速率的提高有很大作用。     

Effect of fasting on plasma thyroid and adrenal hormone levels in turkey poults infected with Bordetella avium.

Plasma triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), and corticosterone (CS) were measured in fasted and nonfasted control and Bordetella avium-infected poults. The stress of B. avium infection increased plasma CS, and fasting for 24 hours caused a further significant increase in CS levels. Plasma T3 was not affected by the infection, but fasting caused a significant reduction in both control and infected poults. Plasma T4 of fasted poults was increased in both control and infected groups, but infection attenuated the plasma T4 response. Total iodothyronines were increased in the control-fasted poults more than in infected-fasted poults, indicating a reduced responsiveness to stress by the thyroids of infected poults. Changes in plasma thyroid hormones and CS partially explain the decreased body weight gain and decreased body temperature after exposure to B. avium.     

免疫应激对肉仔鸡苏氨酸、赖氨酸需求比例的影响

选用300只16日龄的AA肉公鸡,研究了免疫应激对内源氨基酸损失和日粮氨基酸消化率的影响.选用750只1日龄AA肉公鸡,采用2×5因子设计,研究了免疫应激和日粮苏氨酸/赖氨酸比例对1～21日龄期间生长性能、内分泌激素水平和血清尿酸浓度的影响.结果表明,免疫应激直接增加肉仔鸡内源氨基酸损失,同时又通过降低干物质采食量显著减少内源损失,但没有影响日粮氨基酸消化率.免疫应激也降低了肉仔鸡生长性能,日粮苏氨酸/赖氨酸比例对肉仔鸡增重的影响与免疫状态有关.对照组获得最大增重和最低耗料/增重比需要的日粮苏氨酸/赖氨酸比例均为64/100,应激组相应的需求比例分别为70/100和71/100.     

Wet belly in reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) in relation to body condition,body temperature and blood constituents

Wet belly, when the reindeer becomes wet over the lower parts of the thorax and abdomen, sometimes occurs in reindeer during feeding. In a feeding experiment, 11 out of 69 reindeer were affected by wet belly. The problem was first observed in 7 animals during a period of restricted feed intake. When the animals were then fed standard rations, 3 additional animals fed only silage, and 1 fed pellets and silage, became wet. Four animals died and 1 had to be euthanized. To investigate why reindeer developed wet belly, we compared data from healthy reindeer and reindeer affected by wet belly. Urea, plasma protein, glucose, insulin and cortisol were affected by restricted feed intake or by diet but did not generally differ between healthy reindeer and those with wet belly. The wet animals had low body temperature and the deaths occurred during a period of especially cold weather. Animals that died were emaciated and showed different signs of infections and stress. In a second experiment, with 20 reindeer, the feeding procedure of the most affected group in the first experiment was repeated, but none of the reindeer showed any signs of wet belly. The study shows that wet belly is not induced by any specific diet and may affect also lichen-fed reindeer. The fluid making the fur wet was proven to be of internal origin. Mortality was caused by emaciation, probably secondary to reduced energy intake caused by diseases and/or unsuitable feed.     

Effects of phenoxyethanol on the innate immune system of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.) exposed to crowding stress

Phenoxyethanol is routinely used in seabream aquaculture to minimise fish stress response despite the secondary negative effects which have been observed. In this study, two different doses (60 and 200 microl/l) of phenoxyethanol, sedative and narcotic, were tested for their ability to reduce the stress caused in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.) by crowding. Blood glucose and serum cortisol concentrations were measured as stress indicators. In order to study the effects of the treatment on the innate immune system of crowded specimens, two parameters of the innate immune response, serum complement activity and phagocytosis, were assessed. The results show that anaesthesia itself produced a stress response in the fish and affected the immune system, although the effects were greater with the narcotic dose. When the effects of anaesthesia on crowded fish were analysed, the results pointed to a slight reduction in stress as a result of the sedative dose of phenoxyethanol (lower increase in cortisol and lower reduction in phagocytosis). However, additive negative effects were seen in crowded fish when the narcotic dose of phenoxyethanol was used. Since the use of phenoxyethanol is a common practice in aquaculture, the significance of the results should be considered.     

Hepatic tyrosine aminotransferase activity is affected by chronic heat stress and dietary tyrosine in broiler chickens

1. Two experiments were conducted to investigate the impact of high temperature and dietary tyrosine (Tyr) content on performance and activity of hepatic tyrosine aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.5.), an enzyme that catalyses the first step in the metabolic degradation of Tyr in broiler chickens. 2. Two-week-old birds were allocated to one of three temperature treatments: 24 degrees C (control), 36 degrees C (heat stress, HS) and 24 degrees C pair-fed (24PF) for 2 weeks and fed on diets containing 100% (Experiment 1) and 50, 100 and 200% (Experiment 2) of the NRC requirement for Tyr. 3. In Experiment 1, exposure of chickens to 36 degrees C for 2 weeks caused significant increase in hepatic tyrosine aminotransferase activity but no significant change in activity of hepatic phenylalanine 4-hydroxylase (EC 1.14.16.1) (an enzyme that catalyses conversion of phenylalanine to Tyr) compared with the 24PF birds. No significant changes attributable to heat stress were detected in hepatic glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (EC 2.6.1.1) activity. 4. In Experiment 2, heat stress caused reductions in weight gain and feed intake in chickens on all diets, compared with their control counterparts. Hepatic tyrosine aminotransferase activity was increased by heat stress compared with their 24PF counterparts in chickens fed on the 100 and 200% Tyr diets, while in chickens fed the 50% Tyr diet, it was reduced by heat stress. 5. From these results, it is suggested that hepatic tyrosine aminotransferase activity is affected by heat stress and dietary Tyr content and the increased tyrosine aminotransferase activity with, in part, relatively low phenylalanine hydroxylase activity in hepatic tissues may be involved in the Tyr metabolism characteristic of heat-stressed chickens.