小麦胚芽饼干加工技术研究

小麦胚芽营养丰富,开发富含小麦胚芽饼干意义显著,其品质仍受诸多因素的影响。为了提高饼干品质,从小麦胚芽添加量、焙烤温度及时间等因素研究对产品品质影响。结果表明,以饼干感官和脆值为衡量指标,小麦胚芽添加16%（g/100 g面粉）,采用焙烤温度为180℃,焙烤时间为15 min的生产工艺具有较佳的效果。在同一温度下,随着贮藏环境湿度的增加,饼干的吸水速率随之增加。     

隔水焙烤对黑色辅食饼干品质的影响

以低筋面粉、黑米粉、木耳粉、奶粉、白砂糖、黄油、鸡蛋为主要原料,无化学添加剂,采用隔水焙烤工艺,研究上下火温度和焙烤时间等因素对黑色辅食饼干质构、口感、风味等品质的影响。经过混合搅拌、和面,揉面、烘焙等工艺而制成的黑色辅食饼干制品,通过单因素试验和正交试验进行研究。温度过低、焙烤时间过短,产品未熟;温度过高、焙烤时间过长,产品焦煳严重,感官品质难以接受。为了黑色辅食饼干的安全和品质,得出该饼干制品最佳工艺条件为上火温度170℃,下火温度140℃,焙烤时间15 min。     

焙烤预处理对光皮树籽油水代法提取工艺的影响

以焙烤预处理条件作为主要因素,对水代法制取光皮树籽油工艺进行研究。在单因素试验的基础上,通过正交试验探讨焙烤预处理条件对水代法制取光皮树籽油提取率的影响。确定以焙烤条件为主要因素的水代法提取光皮树籽油的最佳工艺条件为液料比5∶1,焙烤温度170℃,焙烤时间30 min和提取时间150 min。在此优化条件下,光皮树籽油提取率可达17.65%。     

白芸豆饼干的工艺研究

以白芸豆粉、白砂糖和黄油为主要原料制作白芸豆饼干。以感官评定分数为判断标准,将单因素试验和正交试验方法相结合,探讨出各成分用量的最适比例,确定了此款饼干最佳配方为白芸豆粉用量50 g,黄油用量30 g,白砂糖用量9 g,全蛋液用量12 g。也研究了烘焙条件,最适烘焙温度上下火165℃,最佳焙烤时间15 min。在最佳配方和烘焙条件下制得的白芸豆饼干感官品质最好,综合感官评分最高为93分。     

绿豆酥性饼干的制作工艺

以绿豆和低筋面粉为主要原料制作绿豆酥性饼干,通过单因素试验和正交试验,以感官评价和质构分析的综合评分为指标,确定了绿豆酥性饼干的最佳工艺配方为绿豆粉35 g,白砂糖30 g,黄油35 g。通过正交设计试验确定了制作绿豆酥性饼干的最佳烘烤条件为面火温度190℃,底火温度180℃,烘烤时间10 min,并且通过SAS软件分析,感官评分和质构数据中饼干硬度呈负相关且相关性显著。     

糯玉米胚芽曲奇饼干的研制

以低筋面粉、鸡蛋、白砂糖、黄油、糯玉米胚芽粉为原料,研制糯玉米胚芽曲奇饼干。通过单因素试验和正交试验,并用感官指标进行评分,确定出糯玉米胚芽曲奇饼干的最佳配方为以面粉为基数,鸡蛋添加量25%,黄油添加量80%,白砂糖添加量30%,糯玉米胚芽粉添加量15%;焙烤条件为底火温度150℃,面火温度180℃,焙烤时间20 min。该条件下制作的曲奇饼干色泽金黄、口感酥脆、香甜可口。     

藕粉红枣酥性饼干的工艺研究

将藕粉取代部分低筋粉并加入保健食材红枣,研制出更为营养美味的藕粉红枣酥性饼干。设置影响饼干品质较大的因素:藕粉添加量、枣浆添加量、糖粉添加量作为试验因子,通过单因素试验和正交试验,得出产品的最佳配方(以低筋粉和藕粉总质量为基准100%)为低筋粉添加量60%,藕粉添加量40%,糖粉添加量30%,枣浆添加量40%,黄油添加量43%,色拉油添加量24%,纯牛奶添加量5%;焙烤条件为上火180℃,下火120℃,烘烤时间10 min。在此条件下制作出的藕粉红枣酥性饼干色泽深红、口感酥脆、口味香甜、后味浓郁、枣香四溢。     

黑豆馅饼制作工艺的优化

为探究黑豆馅饼的最优制作工艺流程,以黑豆为原料,辅以红豆、白砂糖、花生油等制作黑豆馅饼,研究黑豆馅饼的最佳制作工艺。结果表明,随着馅料添加量、焙烤时间、焙烤温度的增大,制作出的馅饼感官品质均呈现先增后减的趋势,通过响应面试验确定生产馅饼的最佳工艺为馅料比例50%,焙烤时间9 min,焙烤温度210℃。     

小米豆渣低糖纤维饼干工艺条件的优化

以面粉、小米粉、豆渣粉为主料,木糖醇为甜味剂制作小米豆渣低糖纤维饼干。以感官评价为指标,通过单因素试验确定各因素的最适条件,通过正交试验确定饼干的最佳配方为小米粉用量15 g,豆渣粉用量15 g,低筋面粉用量26 g,鸡蛋液用量22 g,木糖醇用量20 g,黄油用量22 g,擀压成5 mm厚的面坯后,于上层温度105℃,下层温度115℃的烤箱中烘烤10 min。此条件下可获得色泽焦黄、香味浓郁、口感松脆、硬度适中的小米豆渣饼干。     

双孢菇饼干的生产工艺研究

以感官评价为指标,选择双孢菇粉、糖粉和黄油添加量为单因素进行梯度试验,并在此基础上进行正交试验优化双孢菇饼干的制作工艺。结果表明,最佳工艺参数为以低筋面粉量为烘焙百分比100%,双孢菇粉10%,白砂糖35%,黄油70%,全蛋液15%,奶粉5%,面火180℃,底火190℃下焙烤15 min得到的双孢菇饼干感官品质最佳。     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.