排水沟塘分布特性及与农田水力联系对水质净化能力的影响

湿地是一种能够有效治理农业非点源污染的生态设施;在一些无法建设人工湿地的地区,现存的排水沟塘系统具有类似湿地的水质净化效果。为研究排水沟塘的分布以及其与农田水力联系对其水质净化能力的影响,该文以扬州市江都区昭关灌区为例,首先通过实地调查,明确研究区不同形式沟塘的分布规律,确定沟塘与农田逐级详细水力联系,然后建立理论分析模型,分别计算考虑与不考虑水力联系2种情况下,沟塘的污染物去除能力。结果表明,考虑水力联系后,污染物去除能力为不考虑水力联系的70%~84%;水质净化作用主要集中在一些面积较大的支沟和池塘。从农田排水的角度考虑,尺寸较大沟塘会出现一定的水力冗余,但是从水质改善的角度看,则有必要保留。研究区可通过较为简单的工程措施来优化水力联系,提高其污染物的去除能力。     

From experimental research to an on‐farm tool for participatory monitoring and evaluation: an assessment of soil erosion risk in organic olive orchards

The conservation of soil in agricultural systems prone to erosion can occur as a result of conscientious soil management practices by individual farmers. Although soil is one of the world's most important and highly threatened natural resources, and should be among the top priorities in organic agriculture, soil management practices and the effect of those practices on erosion risk are rarely, if ever, taken into account as a part of organic certification. In order to fulfil the need for a tool to monitor soil erosion in organic olive orchards in Southern Spain, we have developed a methodology that assesses erosion risk through an easy to use, illustrated erosion risk field manual to be used by farmers, inspectors for certifying agencies and field technicians. The methodology developed for the assessment is based on a simplified version of the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE), combined with an evaluation of key visual symptoms of soil erosion. The methodology is described, and the results from use of the assessment in the field and in workshops with farmers are presented. The potential for use of the methodology for other crops and in other regions is discussed and also the future relevance of farmer‐oriented tools in the context of changing regulations within the common agricultural policy of the European Union. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于便携式作物生长监测诊断仪的江西双季稻氮肥调控研究

建立基于便携式作物生长监测诊断仪的江西双季稻氮肥调控模型,利用模型推荐穗肥追氮量,实现江西双季稻氮肥追施的精确管理。基于不同株型品种和氮肥处理的田间试验资料,构建了双季稻叶面积指数光谱监测模型,利用拔节期的差值植被指数实时估测叶面积指数,进而结合江西双季稻高产栽培经验和建立的氮肥调控模型,对双季稻穗肥追氮量进行实时推荐,并和当地农户施肥方案和产量进行比较。双季稻关键生育期(分蘖期、拔节期、孕穗期、抽穗期和灌浆期)的冠层差值植被指数DVI(810,720)与叶面积指数均呈显著正相关,线性函数拟合效果优于其他函数。利用独立试验资料对所建模型进行了检验,单生育期的模型预测效果优于全生育期模型;其中,拔节期的光谱监测模型表现最佳,早稻和晚稻叶面积指数的光谱监测模型的R2分别为0.880 6和0.878 8,模型预测早稻和晚稻叶面积指数的均方根误差、相对均方根误差、相关系数分别为0.30和0.25、7.28%和6.18%、0.923 2和0.926 9。氮肥调控模型推荐施肥应用表明,紧凑型品种的穗肥用量高于松散型品种;与农户方案相比,氮肥调控模型推荐施肥的调控方案在产量不降低的情况下减少氮肥用量6.58kg/hm2,提高氮肥农学利用率0.82个百分点、净收益103元/hm2和产投比0.9,而产量比农户方案略高或持平。与传统非定量农户施肥法相比,基于便携式作物生长监测诊断仪的双季稻氮肥调控方法可在保证产量的情况下,减少施氮量,提高氮肥农学利用率,获得更高经济效益,在江西双季稻生产中具有推广应用价值。