尼罗罗非鱼制作传统上海熏鱼过程中的风味变化

为探究上海熏鱼制作过程中不同加工阶段风味物质的变化,本研究以尼罗罗非鱼肉为对象,通过高效液相色谱法、氨基酸自动分析法和固相微萃取—气相色谱—质谱联用技术对上海熏鱼4个加工阶段(生鲜罗非鱼、一次浸渍、一次浸渍后油爆和上海熏鱼成品)的风味物质进行分析和鉴定。结果显示,各阶段IMP含量呈逐渐上升趋势,是主要的鲜味核苷酸。游离氨基酸总量和呈味氨基酸含量也逐渐升高,并呈显著性差异,其中天冬氨酸和谷氨酸对上海熏鱼风味影响最大。生鲜罗非鱼、一次浸渍、一次浸渍后油爆和上海熏鱼成品中挥发性物质依次为50、84、78和82种,主要由醛类、酮类、醇类和烃类构成。因此,浸渍和油爆是上海熏鱼风味形成的主要原因,使得罗非鱼鱼体的腥味得以有效改善。     

鱼肉中挥发性风味物质的研究进展

风味(flavor)是食物刺激味觉和嗅觉受体而产生的综合生理反应。风味物质可分为滋味物质(非挥发性物质)和香味物质(挥发性物质)2类,其中挥发性风味成分占据相当大的比例,对鱼肉的整体风味起着重要作用。因此,研究确定优质鱼肉的挥发性风味成分势在必行。1挥发性化合物风味形成的     

水产品的风味研究进展

本文综述了不同种类水产品中的气味成分及其分类,简要阐述水产品加工业、水产品风味物质研究现状和存在的问题及其展望。     

混合乳酸菌发酵改善罗非鱼蛋白酶解液风味的研究

通过嗜热乳链球菌（Streptococus thermophilus）和保加利亚乳杆菌（Lactococcus bulgarcus）混合发酵,改善罗非鱼（Oreochromis niloticus）下脚料蛋白酶解液风味,采用响应面设计试验考察乳酸菌发酵时间（X1）、温度（五）及接种量（恐）对酶解液风味感官评分值（Y）的影响,并利用同时蒸馏萃取与气相色谱-质谱（GC—MS）联用技术测定挥发性成分。结果表明,响应面分析法（RSM）优化的乳酸菌发酵条件为时间9h,温度45℃,接种量16％,预测风味感官评分值为4．1;酶解液发酵后的挥发性成分由原来的27种增加至33种,增加的主要是酯类物质,另外产生了辛酸及十六醛等风味物质。乳酸菌发酵能减弱罗非鱼酶解液的腥味,但脱苦效果不明显。     

腌制方式对卵形鲳鲹理化指标及其挥发性风味成分的影响

为了探究干腌、湿腌、超声波辅助腌制对卵形鲳鲹的理化特性及挥发性风味成分的影响,实验对腌制加工后鱼肉的基本营养成分、盐含量、pH、硫代巴比妥酸(TBA)值、脂肪酸组成及挥发性风味成分等指标进行测定分析.结果显示,在腌制加工后,卵形鲳鲹粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量升高、而水分含量下降,其中干腌、湿腌、超声波辅助腌制鱼肉中水分含量分别...     

池塘内循环水“跑道”养殖与池塘传统养殖翘嘴鲌肌肉营养成分和挥发性风味物质的比较

为探究池塘内循环水"跑道"养殖与池塘传统养殖鱼类在肌肉营养品质与挥发性风味化合物方面的差异,以翘嘴鲌为研究对象,通过氨基酸自动分析仪、高效液相色谱法以及气相色谱-离子迁移谱(GC-IMS)联用技术对两种养殖方式下的翘嘴鲌肌肉进行了氨基酸、脂肪酸和挥发性风味物质的鉴定与分析,并建立了两种不同养殖模式下翘嘴鲌肌肉挥发性风味物质的指纹图谱。结果显示,两种养殖方式下的翘嘴鲌肌肉蛋白脂肪无显著性差异,"跑道"养殖组翘嘴鲌显著提高了肌肉中必需氨基酸[(8.54±0.01) g/100 g]和总氨基酸含量[(17.36±0.00) g/100 g]。在两种翘嘴鲌肌肉中共鉴定到23种挥发性风味化合物,相较于池塘传统养殖组,"跑道"养殖组提高了翘嘴鲌肌肉中2-庚酮、正己醇和1-辛烯-3-醇的含量,降低了乙醇、2-丁酮、3-羟基-2-丁酮、丁醛、3-甲基-丁醛、2-甲基-丁醛、正戊醛、正庚醛、苯甲醛、正辛醛和壬醛的含量。"跑道"养殖组翘嘴鲌相较于池塘传统养殖组,降低了部分能产生不愉悦气味的化合物的含量,具有改善肌肉挥发性气味的潜能。研究表明,"跑道"养殖翘嘴鲌在不改变肌肉成分的基础上,改善了翘嘴鲌肌肉氨基酸和风味物质的组成。以上结果为池塘内循环水"跑道"养殖模式养殖下的翘嘴鲌肉质评价提供了理论依据。     

不同干燥方式对卵形鲳鲹鱼片风味的影响

为探究不同方式干燥卵形鲳鲹鱼片的风味差异,实验选取冰鲜卵形鲳鲹为原料,采用热风干燥、热泵干燥和冷冻干燥3种方式干制卵形鲳鲹鱼片,分别测定并分析其TBA值、呈味核苷酸含量、游离氨基酸含量和挥发性风味物质等指标。结果显示,干燥后的卵形鲳鲹鱼片中TBA值与K值均显著上升,其中冷冻干燥鱼肉的TBA值仅比冰鲜鱼片增加1.6倍,但热泵干燥和热风干燥则分别增加了5.5和4.5倍。干燥后鱼肉中的总游离氨基酸含量及味精当量较冰鲜卵形鲳鲹鱼片显著降低,其中热风干燥鱼肉的味精当量则下降了50.83%。热泵干燥鱼肉中苦味氨基酸含量和鲜味氨基酸含量分别占总氨基酸含量的19.11%和7.37%,而冷冻干燥组鱼肉中甜味氨基酸相对百分含量最高,为53.62%。3种干燥方式中,热泵干燥卵形鲳鲹的味精当量最高,为4.47谷氨酸钠(MGS)/100 g,表明热泵干燥卵形鲳鲹鱼片的鲜味程度最高。就挥发性风味成分而言,热泵干燥鱼肉酯类和酮类较多,其主要呈现果香味和焙烤坚果味;热风干燥中烃类和芳香类的相对含量约占70%,醛类和酯类相对含量达20%;而冷冻干燥中烃类与芳香类相对含量占到90%以上,醛类和酯类相对含量不足8%,其风味...     

基于GC-MS联用技术分析传统鱼露发酵过程中挥发性风味成分和脂肪酸组分变化

为探明鱼露在不同发酵时间点挥发性物质的差异以及脂肪酸对传统鱼露的香气物质形成的影响,实验采用气相色谱—质谱联用(GC-MS)技术分析鱼露发酵过程中的挥发性风味成分和脂肪酸组成。结果显示,在5个不同发酵时间点的鱼露样品中共检测出7大类56种挥发性化合物,并用内标法对各挥发性化合物进行定量。以OVA值为依据,从56种挥发性化合物中筛选出12种对鱼露风味轮廓贡献显著的主体呈香化合物如3-甲硫基丙醛等。鱼露的主体特征风味可描述为蘑菇香味、土豆香味、麦芽香味、香草味、水果香味和鱼腥味。鱼露中的脂肪酸主要分布范围为C15~C26,不饱和脂肪酸(UFA)相对含量高达67.23%。在鱼露发酵过程中,风味相关的亚油酸和亚麻酸变化较为显著,与主体挥发性风味化合物的变化呈现一定的相关性,证明不饱和脂肪酸是鱼露发酵过程中产生特征风味的重要前体物质。     

史氏鲟（Acipenser schrenckii）鱼肉冻藏过程中的质量变化

为探讨适宜的冷冻鲟鱼片防冻剂,将鲟鱼肉分别浸泡于三种不同溶液后冻藏,每月测定其冻藏过程中挥发性盐基氮、自由液滴损失及加热液滴损失的变化,并测定了冻藏一年前、后的鲟鱼肉质地特性,经一年跟踪检测查明生产冷冻鲟鱼片以12%氯化钠＋0.2%三聚磷酸钠的混合液浸渍为佳,5%的让水量为宜。     

饥饿及恢复投饵过程中花鲈肌肉组成及非特异免疫水平的变化

探讨了饥饿及恢复投饵过程中花鲈（Lateolabrax japonicus）（196±38g）肌肉组成分及鱼体非特异免疫水平的变化。实验设S0组（对照组,持续正常投喂）,S5组（饥饿5d后恢复正常投喂）,S10组（饥饿10d后恢复正常投喂）,S15组（饥饿15d后恢复正常投喂）。S0组每隔5d取样,S5,S10和S15组分别在结束饥饿及恢复投饵后每隔5d取样测定。结果显示：饥饿程度对花鲈肌肉组成有显著影响。与对照组相比,S10组饥饿结束时肌肉的总脂含量显著降低;S15组饥饿结束时肌肉的总脂含量和粗蛋白含量都显著降,同时显著增加了肌肉的水分含量。表明饥饿过程中花鲈先动用肌肉脂肪,后动用肌肉蛋白。在恢复投饵过程中,S10和S15组总脂含量表现出先降后升的规律,而S15组蛋白表现为逐步回升的趋势。表明花鲈在饥饿后恢复投饵的过程中,先恢复肌肉蛋白含量,后恢复肌肉脂肪含量。饥饿15d时花鲈血清蛋白浓度显著降低。与对照组相比,S5组血清、脾脏和头肾溶菌酶活性均无显著变化;S10组头肾溶菌酶活性在恢复投饵10d时补偿性升高。S15组在饥饿结束时显著降低了花鲈头肾溶菌酶活性,但在恢复投饵5d时恢复到对照组水平。花鲈白细胞的吞噬活性也受饥饿程度及恢复投饵的影响。饥饿会降低花鲈血液白细胞的吞噬活性。在恢复投饵过程中,饥饿（5d）后恢复投饵会引起白细胞吞噬百分率和吞噬指数的补偿性升高。表明饥饿及恢复投饵也影响花鲈的非特异免疫水平。     

Changes of proximate composition and extractive components in narezushi, a fermented mackerel product, during processing

ABSTRACT:   During the processing of mackerel narezushi , the fish body was strongly dehydrated by permeation of salt, the low pH of fish meat, and pressure applied to the fish and rice mixture. In the proximate components, moisture, protein and lipid flowed out from the fish meat into the rice mixture, and sugar permeated from the rice mixture into the fish meat. That the total amount of outflow was larger than that of permeation into the fish is thought to contribute to the decrease in fish body weight during processing. In the extractive components, although the nucleotides completely decomposed, free amino acids and peptides increased remarkably because of the decomposition of proteins in fish meat during processing. Especially, six kinds of free amino acid, Glu, Asp, Gly, Ala, Leu, and Ile, which are thought to be the taste components in marine resources, increased. Organic acid increased remarkably because of the fermentation of rice and permeation into the fish meat. The marked increase of the extractive components is thought to contribute to the umami taste and the sour taste of narezushi .     

Influence of death struggle on the structural changes in chub mackerel muscle during chilled storage

ABSTRACT: Chub mackerel (34–35 cm, approximately 500 g), which were caught by fishing with a rod and line at the Bungo Channel, Oita prefecture, were rested overnight in a fish preserve and either killed by decapitation (control group) or allowed to struggle in air for 30 min (struggled group). Muscle samples were excised every 4 h, and measurements on breaking strength and histological observations were done for both groups. The breaking strength of muscle in the control group was significantly higher than that in the struggled group, whereby a decrease in breaking strength was delayed for 12 h compared to the struggled group. Light microscopy showed space extension among muscle cells in association with a decrease in breaking strength. Especially in the struggled group, the extended area was larger and the difference in area was significant at the time when breaking strength showed a significant difference. Using electron microscopy, the extended area showed cut and/or disappeared collagen fibrils. From these results, it was demonstrated that struggling to death promoted the degradation of collagen fibrils and the weakening of connective tissue and, resultantly, led to the faster softening of muscle of chub mackerel.     

咸鱼中的挥发性风味成分

为了探明咸鱼挥发性气味特征物质,采用顶空固相微萃取和气相色谱—质谱联用分析技术,对柳叶鱼、红牙、小黄鱼以及带鱼等4种常见鱼的咸鱼进行萃取和分离鉴定。结果表明,这4种咸鱼的挥发性风味成分的组成和种类各不相同,分别得到105种、89种、88种以及72种挥发性风味物质(匹配度超过80%),以醛类、醇类以及烃类物质为主,总量分别占了这4种鱼的49.99%、53.09%、60.54%以及86.18%。研究表明,咸鱼的特征香气以鱼腥味、青草味-脂肪味为主;咸鱼特征风味物质是3-甲基丁醛、己醛、(z)-4-庚醛、庚醛、苯甲醛、辛醛、壬醛、1-戊烯-3-醇、3-甲基丁醇、1-辛烯-3-醇、庚醇、三甲胺。     

低盐乳酸菌法与传统法腌干鱼制品的风味比较

为了研究不同腌制方法对鱼肉风味的影响,为腌干鱼制品加工新技术的进一步优化和应用提供理论依据,采用固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱(SPME-GC-MS)联用法分析,鉴定比较了鲜红牙原料采用低盐乳酸菌法和传统法腌干鱼制品的风味成分变化。结果表明:鲜红牙、低盐乳酸菌法腌干鱼和传统腌干鱼肉中分别检测出80、110、91种挥发性成分,醛、醇、酮类化合物是构成腌干鱼肉独特风味的主要成分。经低盐乳酸菌法腌干的鱼肉挥发性物质对风味贡献较大的醛、醇、酮类化合物总量达35种,而鲜鱼和传统腌干鱼肉中分别只有17和21种。低盐乳酸菌法腌干鱼肉风味物质中含有大量的醇、醛类物质,但不含有胺类物质,在保持传统腌制鱼肉风味的基础上增加了特有的花香味、水果香味及酒香味,提升了鱼肉感官品质。所以采用低盐结合复合乳酸菌法制备腌干鱼,不仅能缩短腌制时间,还能提升腌干鱼肉特有的风味,而且防止了胺类物质的产生,显著提高产品的品质和安全性。     

仿刺参性腺酶解过程风味变化

生物酶解是提高水产品蛋白质利用率的有效手段,且酶解过程往往伴随肽类、氨基酸、小分子挥发性成分等的生成或反应,进而引起酶解液风味变化。仿刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)性腺富含蛋白质和多种功效成分,具有良好的开发利用前景。为探究仿刺参性腺酶解过程中蛋白质和风味的变化规律,采用中性蛋白酶对其进行酶解,对酶解过程中可溶性蛋白质、氨基酸态氮、游离氨基酸组成、挥发性成分的变化情况进行了检测分析。结果显示,仿刺参性腺匀浆液中可溶性蛋白质和氨基酸态氮的初始含量分别为1.14和0.15 g/100 g,可溶性蛋白质在酶解前30 min内迅速增加,之后基本保持不变,氨基酸态氮含量在前90 min内随时间延长而逐渐增加,90 min后略有下降,90 min时水解度最大,达43.66%。随着酶解时间的延长,酶解液的鲜味有所增强,腥味减弱,甜味和苦味也略有增强。酶解后游离氨基酸含量显著增加(P<0.05),其中,呈鲜味的谷氨酸含量最高,其次为呈甜味的甘氨酸和丙氨酸。仿刺参性腺酶解过程气味发生明显变化,烃类种类和相对含量均明显增加,二甲基硫醚含量显著降低,这可能是酶解液腥味减弱的主要原因     

Mitochondrial DNA variation in the East China Sea and Yellow Sea populations of Japanese Spanish mackerel <Emphasis Type="Italic">Scomberomorus niphonius</Emphasis>

Japanese Spanish mackerel Scomberomorus niphonius is a commercially important species in the East China Sea and Yellow Sea, but there is limited knowledge of its genetic population structure. In order to detect its genetic structure, sequence variation of the first hypervariable segment of the control region was analyzed among eight populations of S. niphonius from the East China Sea and Yellow Sea. A total of 119 polymorphic sites were detected in the 505-bp segment of the control region among 134 individuals of S. niphonius, defining 112 haplotypes. Mean haplotype diversity and nucleotide diversity for the eight populations were 0.9963 ± 0.0017 and 0.0236 ± 0.0119, respectively. As expected, analysis of molecular variance detected no significant differences at all hierarchical levels, and most of the conventional population Φ_ST statistics were negative, indicating that no significant population genetic structure exists in the East China Sea and Yellow Sea. Moreover, the exact test of differentiation supported the null hypothesis that S. niphonius within the East China Sea and Yellow Sea constitutes a panmictic mtDNA gene pool. Neutrality tests and mismatch distribution revealed that S. niphonius underwent population expansion in the late Pleistocene. Strong dispersal capacity of larvae and adults, long-distance migrations, and ocean currents in the studied area could be the reasons for genetic homogeneity in this species in the East China Sea and Yellow Sea. Insufficient time to accumulate genetic variation might be another explanation for the lack of genetic structure in the East China Sea and Yellow Sea.     

Vertical distribution of jack mackerel Trachurus japonicus larvae in the southern part of the East China Sea

ABSTRACT:   The vertical distribution of jack mackerel Trachurus japonicus larvae was described based on discrete depth sampling using a MTD net system from the surface down to 100 m depth at 13 stations in the southern East China Sea between 27 February and 10 March 2002. Of the 20 782 fish larvae collected, T. japonicus larvae were most abundant, accounting for 37.0% of the total catch. The average abundance of the larvae was 419.0 individuals/10 m², with the average (± standard deviation [SD]) body length of 2.6 ± 0.3 mm (range 1.8–7.5 mm). The larvae were concentrated in the mixed layer, with peak densities in the 10–30 m layer. The average (±SD) weighted mean depth was 21.5 ± 7.8 m. There was no evidence of either diel or ontogenetic vertical migration for the early larvae of <5 mm. More than 90% of the T. japonicus larvae were collected in the water temperature ranging from 21 to 23°C. Vertical profiles of the larval densities and chlorophyll a coincided with each other, which might reflect the abundance of their main prey organisms, copepod nauplii and copepodites, since copepod production is known to be closely related with the chlorophyll a concentration.