水稻抗稻瘿蚊基因的研究与利用现状

综述了稻瘿蚊(Orscolia oryzae)的生物学特征及其分布、生物类型,重点介绍了抗稻瘿蚊基因的鉴定和定位研究以及应用现状,并对今后抗稻瘿蚊的研究提出了几点建议。     

利用分子标记辅助选择改良水稻恢复系的稻瘿蚊抗性

以含有华南4种稻瘿蚊生物型显性抗性基因Gm6的籼稻材料KG18为供体,三系优质恢复系广恢998为受体,通过杂交、多次回交和自交结合分子标记辅助选择技术,将Gm6基因导入广恢998中。综合目标基因的分子检测、田间农艺性状表现以及遗传背景的回复率,筛选获得6个株系。采用稻瘿蚊生物型1和生物型4对这些改良株系进行人工接虫鉴定,6个改良株系的标葱率为0,表现免疫,而对照标葱率均在98%以上,表现高感;由改良株系组配的杂种F1标葱率在10%～20%,表现中抗。农艺性状分析表明,除1个株系在千粒重方面与对照广恢998有显著差异外,其余改良株系性状与对照无显著差异。     

超级杂交稻分子育种研究

结合作者开展的研究工作,特别是近年来在水稻籼粳特异性DNA标记筛选与应用、数量性状基因定位和分子标记辅助抗病育种等研究上取得的研究进展,综述了水稻分子标记辅助选择在超级杂交稻育种中的应用情况及其取得的重要成果。     

分子标记辅助聚合抗小麦黄花叶病和白粉病育种

抗白粉病基因Pm21和PmV定位于不同簇毛麦种质的6VS染色体臂,对已知白粉病生理小种均表现高抗。小麦-簇毛麦小片段顶端易位系NAU421(T4VS-4DS·4DL)携带Wss1基因,高抗小麦黄花叶病。为选育兼抗小麦黄花叶病和白粉病的育种新材料,以NAU421为亲本,分别与携有Pm21基因的品系Y16-Pm和携有PmV基因的品种扬麦22杂交,构建F2代分离群体,然后利用与Wss1和Pm21/PmV基因连锁的共显性分子标记CINAU301和MBH1对F2代进行检测。结果表明,在286个NAU421/Y16-Pm的F2单株中,同时携有纯合Wss1和Pm21基因的单株有18株,比例为6.38%;在232个NAU421/扬麦22的F2单株中,同时携有纯合Wss1和PmV基因的单株有5株,比例为2.16%。细胞学与分子标记鉴定结果一致,说明CINAU301和MBH1可用于对Wss1和Pm21/PmV基因的高效选择。F3代株系抗病性鉴定表明,筛选出的23个双抗基因聚合体对白粉病免疫并高抗黄花叶病,可用于下一步双抗聚合品种(系)的筛选或作为抗病中间亲本。     

抗稻瘿蚊品种“植选一号”的栽培试验

抗稻瘿蚊品种“植选一号”的栽培试验陈景辉，陈井山，赖耀先（漳州市植保植检站）（华安县植保植检站）（平和县植保植检站）稻瘦蚊Ｏｒｓｃｏｌｉａｏｒｇｚａｅ（ＷＯＯｄ一Ｍａｓｏｎ）是漳州市山区半山区中晚稻的主要害虫之一。近年来，发生为害逐渐扩大和加重。１９...     

小麦抗白粉病基因 Pm4的分子标记辅助育种研究

Pm4是我国目前有效的小麦抗白粉病基因之一,该基因对陕西关中当前流行的白粉病菌系关中4号表现高抗。本研究利用与Pm4基因紧密连锁的STS470分子标记对7个小麦品种间的6个杂交组合F3代单株进行分子标记检测并结合田间抗性鉴定筛选出抗病单株14个。对由这14个单株衍生出的64个F5代品系进行分子检测和田间抗性鉴定,发现53个品系表现抗病,占总品系的82.81%,其中51个抗病品系可以检测到与Pm4基因紧密连锁的STS470特异带,占总品系的79.69%。本研究结果表明,STS470是Pm4基因的可靠标记,可有效的用于分子标记辅助育种。     

分子标记辅助选择育种研究进展

综述了分子标记辅助选择技术的概况、基本原理与特点,对其在作物育种上的应用情况等技术方面的问题进行了探讨和展望。     

水稻广谱抗瘟基因Pigm紧密连锁分子标记开发及其育种应用

根据广谱抗瘟基因Pigm精细定位结果,筛选获得共显性InDel标记DG-3在Pigm基因供体亲本谷梅4号与9个籼稻受体亲本之间存在明显且稳定的多态性。在T98B×谷梅4号和R640×谷梅4号2个组合的BC1F1群体中随机取单株进行稻瘟病抗性表型及基因型分析,结果表明,无论是田间病圃鉴定,还是室内接种鉴定,分子标记DG-3对这2个组合回交群体的抗稻瘟病表型选择效率达95%以上,说明DG-3与Pigm基因紧密连锁。在此基础上,采用分子标记辅助选择与回交育种相结合的方法,利用DG-3在9个组合的回交群体中选择含有目的基因的单株分别与相应轮回亲本逐代回交,分别获得了9个组合的BC3F1群体,为进一步连续回交定向改良轮回亲本的稻瘟病抗性奠定了基础。     

水稻Pi9基因序列标记的开发及其抗瘟育种应用

利用广谱抗稻瘟病基因Pi9的3'UTR序列设计特异DNA标记pi9utr,通过分子标记辅助选择和连续回交育种实践,改良7份籼稻亲本(316B、金23B、R207、R228、R288、R389、明恢86)的稻瘟病抗性。结果表明:pi9utr是一个高效显性分子标记,除R207外,在其余6份受体亲本与Pi9供体亲本75-1-127间均存在明显而稳定的多态;在室内接种后的316B×75-1-127 BC4F1群体和R288×775-1-127 BC6F1群体中随机取样,进行稻瘟病抗性表型和基因型鉴定及Pi9基因表达分析,证明pi9utr对两个组合回交后代个体的抗病性辅助选择效率均为100%,且在所有抗病单株中均能检测到Pi9基因的高效表达,在所有感病单株中均没有检测到Pi9基因的表达。利用pi9utr在回交世代中的连续辅助选择,获得了3个组合的BC4F1及3个组合的BC6F2代群体,为选育抗稻瘟病新品种打下了基础。     

具抗稻瘟病基因Pi25杂交稻恢复系的分子标记辅助选育

 从组合中156/谷梅2号所衍生的重组自交系群体中选择携带抗稻瘟病基因Pi25的3个株系,分别与高产恢复系9308和3 11配组,通过单粒传法获得的6个F6重组自交系群体用于研究。在Pi25先前定位的遗传图谱上,新增加与该基因紧密连锁的分子标记RM3330和A7,并结合RM3330和A7分子标记辅助选择的结果,共筛选到了109个Pi25基因纯合的株系。用现有的与恢复基因连锁的标记对这109个株系进行二次筛选,最终获得20个Pi25基因和恢复基因均纯合的株系。对育性恢复力鉴定试验表明,选育出的抗病恢复系具有较好的恢复能力,并已应用于育种实践;人工稻瘟病接种试验证实,所用标记不同,分子标记辅助选择的效率差异显著,单个标记辅助选择符合率均不高,而采用目标基因两侧连锁的标记同时进行辅助选择,则可以明显提高分子标记辅助选择符合率。     

水稻抗稻瘟病育种新技术

本文着重介绍了近年来水稻抗稻瘟病育种的新技术、新方法,并分析了每种技术的优缺点。     

水稻品种RP1976-18-6-4-2对褐飞虱和稻瘿蚊的抗性评价及其遗传分析

对水稻品种RP1976-18-6-4-2进行褐飞虱和稻瘿蚊的抗性评价及其遗传分析。结果表明,该品种抗褐飞虱生物型Ⅱ、孟加拉型及稻瘿蚊中国Ⅱ型和中国Ⅳ型,它对褐飞虱生物型Ⅱ和孟加拉型的抗性由1对显性基因和1对隐性基因控制;对稻瘿蚊中国Ⅱ型和中国Ⅳ型的抗性由1对显性基因控制。     

Identification of Bangladeshi rice varieties resistant to ufra disease caused by the nematode Ditylenchus angustus

The rice stem nematode Ditylenchus angustus causes “Ufra” disease in rice resulting in substantial yield losses. Although it is predominant in deep water rice in South and Southeast Asia, this nematode also infects irrigated and rainfed low land rice. This study evaluated rice genotypes (irrigated, rainfed, deep water and landraces) for resistance to the Bangladeshi population of D. angustus. The experiment was executed using artificial inoculation, in both rainfed and irrigated ecosystems. The rice varieties were first scored at 28 days post inoculation (dpi), and ranked based on the postinfectional reactions and severity of symptoms on a 0–16 rating scale. The susceptibility of the varieties was also evaluated at a later time point, i.e. 55 dpi, based on the percentage of tiller infections, using a disease index scoring system ranging from 0 to 9. Both screening methods showed a similar ranking of the varieties for susceptibility/resistance against this nematode. The experiment was initially conducted in plastic pots, and the promising varieties were analyzed further in field conditions. Out of the 85 varieties, one landrace named ‘Manikpukha’ proved to be highly resistant, while 6 other varieties showed resistance and 13 varieties showed moderately resistant responses under both pot and field conditions. The promising varieties found in the present investigation can be used in rice breeding programs as well as for further detailed studies to develop a sustainable ufra management strategy.     

中国大豆胞囊线虫抗源筛选及抗病育种研究进展

大豆胞囊线虫病是大豆生产上，危害最大且发生最普遍的病害，对大豆产量影响极大。应用抗病品种是防治大豆胞囊线虫病最经济有效的措施，介绍了我国大豆胞囊线虫抗源筛选及抗病育种的研究进展。     

Effects of semidry flour milling on the quality attributes of rice flour and rice noodles in China

To investigate the effects of semidry-milling on the quality attributes of rice flour and rice noodles, the properties of rice flours and cooking properties of rice noodles prepared with wet-, dry- and semidry-milled rice flours were characterized. The level of starch damage of semidry-milled rice flour at 30% moisture was significantly decreased to the level of wet-milled rice flour (P < 0.05); the whiteness of dry-milled rice flour was decreased compared with wet-milled rice flour (P < 0.05), while that of semidry-milled rice flour was not; the wet- and semidry-milled rice flours showed similar morphology and water hydration properties; the dry milling method reduced significantly the hardness, chewiness, and resilience of rice noodles (P < 0.05) compared with wet-milling, but semidry-milling did not; the cooking qualities of rice noodles produced by semidry-milling were comparable to wet-milling. It indicated the semidry-milling at 30% moisture may provide the protective effects on the characteristics of rice flours, which could be used to produce similar qualities of rice noodles to the wet-milling.     

水稻骨干亲本育种价值分析

在介绍粳稻丰锦、辽粳5号、盐粳32、盐粳68等来源及特点的基础上,以配合力为指标,分析了这4个品种的产量性状的遗传潜势,结合系谱分析,论证了骨干亲本的育种价值,并探讨了骨干亲本的利用方式。     

Starch digestibility and the estimated glycemic score of different types of rice differing in amylose contents

Three types of rice cultivars (indica, japonica and hybrid rice) with four levels of amylose were selected for assessing variability in starch digestibility. A vitro enzymatic starch digestion method was applied to estimate the glycemic index in vivo based on the kinetics of starch hydrolysis in vitro. The results indicated that significant differences in term of glycemic response were observed in three types of rice. Amylose content had an obviously impact on the estimated glycemic score (EGS) value and resistant starch (RS) content. The contents of RS were increased with the increasing amylose in the same type of rice. Japonica rice was significantly lower in RS content compared to indica rice and hybrid rice with similar amylose. The high amylose rice cultivar ZF201, which was characterized by low major RVA parameters, i.e. peak viscosity (PKV), hot paste viscosity (HPV) and cool paste viscosity (CPV), were obviously higher in RS content and lower in EGS. The retrogradation of cooked rice led to a reduction of HI and EGS of all varieties. Starch hydrolysis tends to be more quick and complete for the waxy and low amylose rice than for the intermediate and high amylose rice.     

南方新育成花生品种产量与性状表现

为筛选适宜福建省种植的花生新品种，对从南方花生区引进的9个新育成的品种（泉花6号、泉花8号、龙花163、龙花243、莆花1号、粤油93、粤油45、桂油21和泉花7号）进行比较试验。结果表明，品种间荚果差异不显著，均适宜福建花生区种植。但各品种主要性状存在差异，可根据主要性状以及当地条件因地制宜加以利用。     

水稻品种对稻瘟病抗性组分的研究

 应用主成分分析法研究了21个水稻品种对稻瘟病9个抗性组分。结果表明，第一主成分为抗稻瘟病病害基本因子，它主要由产孢量、成株叶瘟严重度、成株病斑孢子层级指数、苗期叶瘟严重度和苗期病斑孢子层级指数5个有效组分构成；第二主成分为抗穗瘟因子，主要由穗颈瘟严重率构成。两主成分的特征根之和占全部特征根的96.2%。该两综合因子几乎能反映原来抗性组分的全部信息量。此外，研究还表明，选用苗期病斑孢子层级指数、产孢量、成株期或苗期叶瘟严重度和穗颈瘟严重率作持久抗性的病区病圃抗性组分鉴定的定量指标是可行的。     

优质稻核心种质育种的进展与研究重点

概述了近年来水稻核心种质育种取得的研究进展,提出了未来几年水稻核心种质育种的研究重点.