Phenolic constituents in the fruits of Cinnamomum zeylanicum and their antioxidant activity

Defatted cinnamon fruit powder was successively extracted with benzene ethyl acetate, acetone, MeOH, and water. The concentrated water extract contained the maximum amount of phenolics and showed the highest antioxidant activities. Hence, it was fractionated by Diaion HP-20SS, Diaion HP-20, and Sephadex LH-20 column chromatographies. It gave five purified compounds, the purities of which were analyzed by HPLC. Compounds 1-5 were identified as 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid (protocatechuic acid), epicatechin-(2beta-->O-7,4beta-->8)-epicatechin-(4beta-->8)-epicatechin (cinnamtannin B-1), 4-[2,3-dihydro-3-(hydroxymethyl)-5-(3-hydroxypropyl)-7-(methoxy)benzofuranyl]-2-methoxyphenyl beta-d-glucopyranoside (urolignoside), quercetin-3-O-(6-O-alpha-l-rhamnopyranosyl)-beta-d-glucopyranoside (rutin), and quercetin-3-O-alpha-l-rhamnopyranoside by using extensive spectral studies. The antioxidant activities of purified compounds were screened for their antioxidative potential using beta-carotene-linoleate and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl model systems. All of the compounds showed antioxidant and radical scavenging activities. This is the first report of the isolation and identification of nonvolatile constituents and as well as antioxidant activities from cinnamon fruits.     

In vitro activity of the essential oil of Cinnamomum zeylanicum and eugenol in peroxynitrite-induced oxidative processes

The essential oil obtained from the bark of Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume (Lauraceae) and three of its main components, eugenol, (E)-cinnamaldehyde, and linalool (representing 82.5% of the total composition), were tested in two in vitro models of peroxynitrite-induced nitration and lipid peroxidation. The essential oil and eugenol showed very powerful activities, decreasing 3-nitrotyrosine formation with IC50 values of 18.4 microg/mL and 46.7 microM, respectively (reference compound, ascorbic acid, 71.3 microg/mL and 405.0 microM) and also inhibiting the peroxynitrite-induced lipid peroxidation showing an IC50 of 2.0 microg/mL and 13.1 microM, respectively, against 59.0 microg/mL (235.5 microM) of the reference compound Trolox. On the contrary, (E)-cinnamaldehyde and linalool were completely inactive.     

Chemical composition of the flower oil of Cinnamomum zeylanicum blume

The steam-distilled oil of cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) flowers was analyzed by GC and GC-MS. It consists of 23% hydrocarbons and 74% oxygenated compounds. A total of 26 compounds constituting approximately 97% of the oil were characterized. (E)-Cinnamyl acetate (41.98%), trans-alpha-bergamotene (7.97%), and caryophyllene oxide (7.2%) are found to be major compounds. This is the first report on the chemical composition of the flower oil of Cinnamomum zeylanicum.     

Supercritical CO2 extraction and purification of compounds with antioxidant activity

Supercritical fluid extraction (SCFE), based on the utilization of a fluid under supercritical conditions, is a technology suitable for extraction and purification of a variety of compounds, particularly those that have low volatility and/or are susceptible to thermal degradation. The interest in SCFE is promoted by legal limitations of conventional solvents for food and pharmaceutical uses. The physicochemical properties of supercritical CO2 (higher diffusivity, lower viscosity, and lower surface tension than conventional solvents) facilitate mass transfer and allow an environmentally friendly operation. This article presents a comprehensive compilation of data on the supercritical CO2 extraction of antioxidant compounds from vegetal materials, with particular attention to those of a phenolic nature. Aspects concerning the supercritical operation for extraction and fractionation of antioxidants compounds are considered, including equilibrium solubility of pure compounds and effects of the operational conditions on the antioxidant activity of isolated fractions. The data are compared to those reported for synthetic antioxidants and natural extracts obtained by conventional solvent extraction from vegetal matrices.     

Volatile constituents from Cinnamomum zeylanicum fruit stalks and their antioxidant activities

Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume is an important spice and aromatic crop having wide applications in flavoring, perfumery, beverages, and medicines. The steam-distilled volatile oil from cinnamon fruit stalks was analyzed with GC and GC-MS. It showed the presence of hydrocarbons (44.7%) and oxygenated compounds (52.6%). Twenty-seven compounds constituting ca. 95.98% of the volatile oil were characterized. (E)-Cinnamyl acetate (36.59%) and (E)-caryophyllene (22.36%) are found to be major compounds. The volatile oil was screened for its potential as an antioxidant by using in vitro models, such as the beta-carotene-linoleate and phosphomolybdenum complex method. The volatile oil showed 55.94% and 66.9% antioxidant activity at 100 and 200 ppm concentration, respectively. Also, the volatile oil showed good antioxidant capacity, using the formation of the phosphomolybdenum complex. A comparison of the chemical composition of the volatile oil was made with that of buds, flowers, and fruits. This is the first report on the chemical composition of volatile oil of the fruit stalks of this species and its antioxidant activity.     

基于超临界CO2萃取技术的廿八碳醇富集研究

对于小麦胚芽油超临界 CO2 提取过程中廿八碳醇的浓缩问题进行了研究。分析了小麦胚芽油中廿八碳醇的溶解度特性 ,提出了通过直接的超临界 CO2 萃取和使用两级分离的途径提高所得小麦胚芽油中廿八碳醇的方法 ,以上试验均取得了一定效果。     

超临界CO2流体萃取槟榔中的槟榔碱

为了优化超临界CO2萃取槟榔碱的工艺参数,通过三元二次通用旋转组合设计实施试验,考察了萃取温度、萃取压力和萃取时间因素对槟榔碱萃取量的影响.试验结果表明:超临界萃取的温度对槟榔碱萃取量有极显著的影响,萃取时间和压力的影响较小.同时确定了槟榔碱萃取的最佳工艺参数为萃取温度72°C,压力57 MPa,时间26 min.在此条件下,槟榔碱的萃取量为6143.71/μg/g,达到理论最大萃取量的95.3%,所得萃取物中槟榔碱的百分含量晕为(25.85±0.41)%.     

柚子花芳香油超临界CO2萃取研究

介绍了新鲜柚子花中芳香性成分超临界CO2萃取分离工艺和分析检测方法,重点探讨了压力、温度、时间对萃取率的影响.应用正交试验优化得出:影响萃取的主次因素依次为为萃取压力、萃取温度、萃取时间;较佳工艺参数为:压力18MPa,温度50℃,时间90 min,流量25 L/min,得到超临界柚子花芳香油的萃取率高达2.7‰.应用气相色谱-质谱联用仪共鉴定出39个组分,占总芳香油的91.281%.通过对柚子花的深度加工研究,为开发高附加值的柚子花香精提供科学依据.     

α-生育酚在超临界 CO_2 中溶解度神经网络模型的建立

生育酚有很高的生理活性 ,油脂生产中得到的脱臭馏出物含有丰富的天然生育酚。作为萃取生育酚的基础 ,该文对甲酯化油脂脱馏出物中 α-生育酚在超临界 CO2 中的溶解度进行了测试 ,并用 Chrastil分子缔合模型和RBF神经网络模型对溶解数据进行了拟合。Chrastil分子缔合模型的相对误差为 2 5 .36 %。对于 RBF神经网络模型 ,经过网络学习和训练 ,训练集平均误差仅为 0 .32 % ,测试集误差为 6 .48% ,效果比较理想     

用超临界CO2脱除绿茶浓缩液中咖啡碱的工艺研究

对绿茶浓缩液中咖啡碱的超临界CO2萃取工艺进行了研究,通过4因素正交试验探讨了浓缩液的浓度、操作压强、操作温度、萃取时间对咖啡碱脱除率的影响.结果表明,超临界CO2萃取技术可以有效地脱除绿茶浓缩液中大部分的咖啡碱,在此基础上完成了用超临界CO2脱除绿茶浓缩液中咖啡碱的连续作业试验,从而获得了加工脱咖啡碱绿茶浓缩液或速溶绿茶的新工艺.     

黑莓籽油的超临界萃取及脂肪酸成分分析

为了获得高品质保健油脂,采用超临界CO2萃取黑莓籽油,以气相色谱-质谱（GC-MS）对黑莓籽油脂肪酸成分进行分析。样品最佳粉碎粒度60目,超临界CO2萃取适宜工艺条件为：萃取压力20 MPa,分离罐压力10 MPa,萃取罐温度45℃,萃取时间30 min,萃取得率为(17.73±0.19)%。GC-MS检测结果显示黑莓籽油中含有丰富的不饱和脂肪酸,尤其是亚油酸、油酸、亚麻酸,质量分数分别为58.04%、11.76%、8.38%,占总脂肪酸的78.18%。研究结果为黑莓籽的综合开发加工利用提供了参考。     

超临界CO2静态膨胀-动态循环萃取灵芝孢子油

为了直接从未破壁的灵芝孢子中萃取油脂,在超临界CO2动态循环萃取之前引入静态膨胀工艺,考察了各膨胀因素对灵芝孢子油萃取率的影响。试验结果表明,膨胀压力越高,膨胀时间越短,静态萃取时间越长,越有利于灵芝孢子油的萃取,而膨胀温度过高或过低均不利于灵芝孢子油的萃取。超临界CO2静态膨胀-动态循环萃取灵芝孢子油的优化工艺为:膨胀压力30MPa,膨胀时间30s,膨胀温度70℃,静态萃取时间20min,在此条件下灵芝孢子油的萃取率达94.3%。     

超临界CO2提取分离银杏叶药用成分的工艺研究

该文从理论与实践两方面着手,研究探讨超临界CO2提取分离银杏叶药用成分的适用性和可操作性,提出溶剂浸提与超临界流体萃取相结合的生产工艺,既可降低生产成本,保证产品质量,又可大幅度削减设备造价,为超临界流体萃取技术的实际应用创造条件.     

Supercritical CO(2) extraction of beta-carotene and lycopene from tomato paste waste

Lycopene and beta-carotene were extracted from tomato paste waste using supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO(2)). To optimize supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) results for the isolation of lycopene and beta-carotene, a factorial designed experiment was conducted. The factors assessed were the temperature of the extractor (35, 45, 55, and 65 degrees C), the pressure of the extraction fluid (200, 250, and 300 bar), addition of cosolvent (5, 10, and 15% ethanol), extraction time (1, 2, and 3 h), and CO(2) flow rate (2, 4, and 8 kg/h). The total amounts of lycopene and beta-carotene in the tomato paste waste, extracts, and residues were determined by HPLC. A maximum of 53.93% of lycopene was extracted by SC-CO(2) in 2 h (CO(2) flow rate = 4 kg/h) at 55 degrees C and 300 bar, with the addition of 5% ethanol as a cosolvent. Half of the initially present beta-carotene was extracted in 2 h (flow rate = 4 kg/h), at 65 degrees C and 300 bar, also with the addition of 5% ethanol.     

CO2浓度升高与增施钾肥对土壤化学性质的影响

采用土培和开顶箱法,研究了大气CO_2浓度升高与增施K肥共同作用对土壤化学性质的影响.结果表明,土壤中N、P的含量在高CO_2浓度和高K肥水平下下降,K的含量随K肥用量增加而增加.高K(200、300 mg/kg)处理和高浓度CO_2下温室次生盐渍化土壤中的NO_3~(-)、PO_4~(3-)、Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+) 含量也显著降低.因此,在未来CO_2浓度升高的环境中,更多的K肥供应能促进作物对此生盐渍化土壤中养分的吸收,降低此生盐渍化土壤中盐分的积累.     

Synthesis and antityrosinase mechanism of benzaldehyde thiosemicarbazones: novel tyrosinase inhibitors

p-Hydroxybenzaldehyde thiosemicarbazone (HBT) and p-methoxybenzaldehyde thiosemicarbazone (MBT) were synthesized and established by (1)H NMR and mass spectra. Both compounds were evaluated for their inhibition activities on mushroom tyrosinase and free-cell tyrosinase and melanoma production from B(16) mouse melanoma cells. Results showed that both compounds exhibited significant inhibitory effects on the enzyme activities. HBT and MBT decreased the steady state of the monophenolase activity sharply, and the IC(50) values were estimated as 0.76 and 7.0 μM, respectively. MBT lengthened the lag time, but HBT could not. HBT and MBT inhibited diphenolase activity dose-dependently, and their IC(50) values were estimated as 3.80 and 2.62 μM, respectively. Kinetic analyses showed that inhibition type by both compounds was reversible and their mechanisms were mixed-type. Their inhibition constants were also determined and compared. The research may supply the basis for the development of new food preservatives and cosmetic additives.     

Synthesis and antityrosinase activities of alkyl 3,4-dihydroxybenzoates

In insects, tyrosinase plays important roles in normal developmental processes, such as cuticular tanning, scleration, wound healing, production of opsonins, encapsulation and nodule formation for defense against foreign pathogens. Thus, tyrosinase may be regarded as a potential candidate for novel bioinsecticide development. A family of alkyl 3,4-dihydroxybenzoates (C?-C?), new tyrosinsase inhibitors, were synthesized. Their inhibitory effects on the activity of tyrosinase have been investigated. The results showed all of them could inhibit the activity of tyrosianse effectively. The order of potency was nonyl 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate (C?DB) > octyl 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate(C?DB) > heptyl 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate(C?DB) > hexyl 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate (C?DB). The kinetic analysis of these four compounds on tyrosinase was taken to expound their inhibitory mechanism. The research of the control of insects in agriculture was taken as C?DB for example. C?DB could inhibit the development and molting of Plutella xylostella effectively. To clarify its insecticidal mechanism, we researched the expression of tyrosinase in the P. xylostella treated with C?DB by real-time quantitative PCR. The results showed C?DB could inhibit the expression of tyrosinase in the P. xylostella as expected.     

Supercritical CO2 extraction of beta-carotene from a marine strain of the cyanobacterium Synechococcus species

Dynamic extraction of carotenoids from a marine strain of Synechococcus sp. (Cyanophyceae) with supercritical CO2 (SC-CO2) was investigated with regard to operation pressure and temperature effects on extraction efficiency. Extraction yield (milligrams of pigment per gram of dry weight) for SC-CO2) was compared with the extraction yield for dimethylformamide (DMF). Carotenoids extracted with SC-CO2 were beta-carotene (Ct), zeaxanthin (Z), beta-cryptoxanthin (Cr), and equinenone; chlorophyll a was poorly extracted, whereas myxoxanthophyll, another major carotenoid, was not extracted under any experimental condition. The highest relative yield, which is defined here as y(r) = [(mg of pigment(SC-CO2)/mg of pigment(DMF))] x 100, was 76.1 +/- 8.6% for Ct, but it rose to 87.0 +/- 3.4% when 15% ethanol was used as cosolvent. The pressure effect on y(r) was found to be significant (p < 0.05) for both Cr and Z, along with total carotenoids, whereas the effect of square T (TT) was significant for only Ct. From empirical correlations, pairwise pressure (bar) and temperature (degrees C), respectively, for optimal extraction were determined to be (358, 50) for Ct, (454, 59) for Cr, and (500, 60) for Z. Cell disruption by sonication or detergent treatment of the biomass did not improve the extraction efficiency. Matrix structure together with material state could explain the low carotenoid extraction yield obtained with SC-CO2 as compared to DMF in Synechococcus sp. However, the process can be applied to selective extraction of different carotenoids.     

Antitermitic activity of leaf essential oils and components from Cinnamomum osmophleum

The antitermitic activities of the essential oils from the leaves of two Cinnamomum osmophloeumclones (A and B) and their chemical ingredients against Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki were investigated according to direct contact application. Results from this experiment have demonstrated that the indigenous cinnamon B leaf essential oil has a more effective antitermitic activity than indigenous cinnamon A leaf essential oil. Furthermore, when cinnamaldehyde, eugenol, and alpha-terpineol are extracted from indigenous cinnamon leaf essential oil and used at the strength of 1 mg/g, their antitermitic effectiveness is much higher than that using indigenous cinnamon leaf essential oil. Among the congeners of cinnamaldehyde examined, cinnamaldehyde has exhibited the strongest termiticidal property.     

Effects of Processing Parameters on Physical Properties of Corn Starch Extrudates Expanded Using Supercritical CO2 Injection

Corn starch was extruded with a corotating twin-screw extruder (24:1 L/D ratio, 31-mm screw diameter) and supercritical CO₂ was injected as a blowing agent. The effects of barrel temperature (80–90°C), screw speed (150–250 rpm), and water injection (30–54 g/min) on specific mechanical energy (SME) input for the process and the physical properties of extrudates, such as expansion ratio, water absorption (WA), water solubility (WS), breaking stress, and elastic modulus, were examined using a response surface methodology. Barrel temperature had the greatest effect on physical properties of extrudates but not on SME input, whereas screw speed and water injection had significant effects on SME input. Extrudates had a smooth surface, and air cells were uniform and closed, providing low WA and WS. Using superimposed contour plots, optimum barrel temperature, screw speed, and water injection rate, based on maximum expansion ratio and minimum SME input, were 94–96°C, 155–175 rpm, and 36–39 g/min, respectively.