伴生蕨类植物满江红提取物对水稻生长的影响

通过室内生物测定的方法研究满江红提取物对水稻种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响,并就提取物浓度与水稻生长相关指标间的关系进行回归分析。结果表明,与对照相比,250~4 000μg/mL的提取物对水稻种子萌发不产生显著影响;1 000μg/mL的醇提物和水提物分别对水稻幼苗根长和苗高产生显著促进作用,相对应的促进率为27.32%和9.15%;250~4 000μg/mL的醇提物和4 000μg/mL的水提物对水稻幼苗苗高,1 000~4 000μg/mL的水提物对水稻幼苗根长,2 000~4 000μg/mL的醇提物和4 000μg/mL的水提物对水稻幼苗单株鲜重产生显著抑制作用,最大抑制率分别为31.85%、14.28%、23.41%、16.49%和10.94%。拟合满江红醇提物浓度与水稻幼苗根长、苗高和单株鲜重的关系(根长y=-0.215x2+1.541x+5.133,p=0.001;苗高y=-0.035x2-0.062x+5.574,P<0.001;鲜重y=-0.685x2+1.484x+100.0,P<0.005)以及水提物浓度与水稻幼苗根长、苗高和单株鲜重的关系(根长y=-0.005x2-0.276x+7.012,P<0.001;苗高y=-0.123x2+0.760x+4.490,P<0.001;鲜重y=-1.742x2+10.49x+89.27,P<0.005)均以二次曲线函数较佳。     

By-Products of Opuntia ficus-indica as a Source of Antioxidant Dietary Fiber

Dietary fiber and bioactive compounds are widely used as functional ingredients in processed foods. The market in this field is competitive and the development of new types of quality ingredients for the food industry is on the rise. Opuntia ficus-indica (cactus pear) produces edible tender stems (cladodes) and fruits with a high nutritional value in terms of minerals, protein, dietary fiber and phytochemicals; however, around 20% of fresh weight of cladodes and 45% of fresh weight of fruits are by-products. The objective of this study was therefore to determine the nutritional value of by-products obtained from cladodes and fruits from two varieties of Opuntia ficus-indica, examining their dietary fiber and natural antioxidant compound contents in order to obtain quality ingredients for functional foods and increase the added value of these by-products.     

The Effect of Variety and Location on Cactus Pear (Opuntia ficus-indica) Fruit Quality

Little is known about the performance of South African cactus pear varieties in different agro-ecological regions. Effects of locality on internal quality parameters of available cactus pear varieties were examined. With only one exception, no significant differences among the mean replication values for the different parameters between the different locations were observed. The differences between mean values for most individual parameters at the three localities were highly significant. Highly significant differences between the mean values for the measured characteristics were observed, not only among the locations (except for the pulp glucose values), but also for the influences of genotype and interaction between locality and genotype. Significant variations existed between mean values of the different characteristics between localities. Genotype × environmental interactions were noted. It was concluded that Meyers is the most appropriate cultivar for economical purposes in South Africa.     

果园草被残体浸提液对日本草种子发芽与幼苗生长的化感效应

采用生物检测方法,研究果园草被植株残体浸提液处理后的日本草种子萌发和幼苗生长的变化。结果表明：（1）10％浓度浸提液处理果园土壤时,会影响果园杂草的萌发及优势种日本草根冠比;（2）用不同浓度果园草被的植株残体浸提液砂培日本草种子时,都会降低发芽势和发芽率,且竹节草处理的效果最明显,达到差异显著（p<0.05）或极显著水平（p<0.01）;（3）百喜草处理促进日本草幼苗生长,宽叶雀稗处理效果相反;竹节草处理5.0％和10.0％时抑制日本草根生长,而其它处理促进了日本草根生长;（4）不同处理的日本草生物量都不同程度地小于对照,且竹节草处理的效果最明显,达到差异显著或极显著水平;（5）各处理对受体日本草的化感综合效应指数都小于对照,起抑制作用,竹节草处理抑制效果最明显。     

桃金娘果实提取物抗氧化活性研究

以去除种子后的桃金娘果实为试验材料,分别采用等体积的水与体积分数80%甲醇进行提取,测定2种提取物的总酚与总黄酮含量,并对2种提取物的DPPH自由基与ABTS自由基清除能力以及总抗氧化能力进行评价。结果表明,桃金娘果实的2种提取物均具有不同程度的多酚含量与抗氧化活性,体积分数80%甲醇提取物的总酚与总黄酮含量、DPPH与ABTS自由基清除能力以及总抗氧化能力均显著高于水提取物。研究结果表明,桃金娘果实多酚物质具有良好的抗氧化活性。     

Hypocholesterolemic Activity from the Leaf Extracts of Cnidoscolus chayamansa

The aim of this study was to determine the hypocholesterolemic activity of Cnidoscolus chayamansa. In an in vivo model, high-cholesterol diet administered to mice Balb/c induced hypercholesterolemia. Three extracts from Cnidoscolus chayamansa (ethanol, methanol and an aqueous extract) were tested on hypercholesterolemic mice. Active extracts were assessed against the in vitro inhibitory activity of the same three extracts on the HMG-CoA reductase enzyme by using Vero cells. The specific chemical groups present in the phytochemical extracts were also determined. Only the aqueous extract (at either doses employed) showed a significant cholesterol reduction (27.9 and 31.1%, for 50 and 100 mg kg⁻¹, respectively P < 0.01). The extract did not inhibit the HMG-CoA reductase enzyme, suggesting that its compounds act at another level in cholesterol metabolism. Reactions to secondary metabolites indicate the presence of alkaloids in the aqueous and ethanol extracts and phenol hydroxyls in the ethanol and methanol extracts.     

Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Activities of Aphanes arvensis Extracts

The objectives of this study were to examine the free radical scavenging activity and the protective effects against macromolecular oxidation as well as the cytotoxic activity of Aphanes arvensis aqueous and methanolic extracts. Free radical scavenging activity was determined by DPPH method. The methanolic extract showed a scavenging activity nearly equivalent to Trolox and Vitamin C and has an IC₅₀ value of 4.54 μg/mL. Total antioxidant capacity was determined by CUPRAC method. The antioxidant capacity of aqueous and methanolic extract was 0.792 and 1.550 mmol TE/g DWE, respectively. The protective effect of A. arvensis extracts against lipid peroxidation was evaluated using a liposome oxidation system. The methanolic extract was more active than the aqueous extract. The aqueous extract possessed protective effect against protein oxidation in a dose dependent manner. Both extracts showed inhibitory effect on DNA oxidation as measured by plasmid relaxation assay. Results presented here indicate that A. arvensis possess strong antioxidant activity and protective effects with very little cytotoxic effect, and they can therefore be used as a natural additive in food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries.     

假臭草和九里香甲醇提取液对橡胶树白粉病菌抑菌活性的测定

为筛选防治橡胶树白粉病安全有效的植物源杀菌剂,采用孢子萌发抑制法测定22种植物甲醇提取液对橡胶树白粉病菌孢子的抑菌活性.结果表明,假臭草和九里香提取液浓度在0.1 g/mL时,对橡胶树白粉病菌孢子的萌发抑制率分别为43.98％和47.62％,极显著优于其它植物和对照.进一步测定假臭草和九里香提取液的EC50和EC75值,以及其盆栽试验的防治效果与橡胶树叶片丙二醛(MDA)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)的活性.结果表明,假臭草和九里香对病原菌孢子的EG50值分别为0.26 g/mL和0.20 g/mL,EC75值分别为1.12 g/mL和0.99 g/mL.假臭草和九里香提取液浓度在EC75值时,防病效果分别为20.00％和18.67％,显著高于对照.假臭草和九里香提取液处理后,橡胶树叶片的MDA含量极显著低于对照,CAT、SOD和PAL活性则显著或极显著高于对照.由此可见,假臭草和九里香提取液不仅能抑制病原菌的萌发和生长,而且能提高橡胶树的抗病性.     

空心莲子草水浸液对水稻种子萌发和幼苗生长的化感效应

用浓度为0(对照),0.05,0.1,0.2,0.4 g/mL的空心莲子草宿根和根状茎的浸提液和浓度为0(对照),0.01,O.05,0.1,0.2g/mL该草的宿根和根状茎粉碎液处理水稻种子和幼苗.结果显示:与对照相比,随着水浸液浓度增加,水稻种子发芽势、发芽率、苗高、根长、鲜重、叶绿素含量和根系脱氢酶活性等均呈下降的变化趋势,而丙二醛含量呈上升的变化趋势.表明空心莲子草地下部水浸液对水稻种子萌发和幼苗生长均有抑制作用,且浓度越高抑制作用越强;就同一浓度浸提液和粉碎液而言,粉碎液处理对它们的抑制作用大于浸提液的.     

诱导子对海南粗榧悬浮细胞生长及三尖杉酯类碱合成的影响

为提高海南粗榧悬浮细胞三尖杉酯类碱产量,本实验在悬浮培养第15天后,分别添加不同浓度的茉莉酸甲酯和水杨酸。通过测定细胞比生长速率、细胞活力、关键酶活力、产物合成量等,研究诱导子对海南粗榧悬浮细胞生长及三尖杉酯类碱合成的影响。结果表明：茉莉酸甲酯、水杨酸均可抑制细胞生长,增加细胞中苯丙氨酸解氨酶活力,促进酚类物质生成,但对6-磷酸葡萄糖脱氢酶活力无显著影响。在产物合成方面,100 μmol/L茉莉酸甲酯和50 μmol/L水杨酸效果最显著,三尖杉酯类碱总量依次为10.32和7.27 mg/L,分别是对照的3.40和2.26倍。因此,在海南粗榧悬浮培养第15天分别添加100 μmol/L茉莉酸甲酯和50 μmol/L水杨酸最有利于三尖杉酯类碱的合成。     

砂生槐根瘤内抗小麦纹枯病生防菌株的筛选及其鉴定

为了筛选对小麦纹枯病菌具有生防作用的菌株,从西藏米林县采集的砂生槐根瘤中分离到45株内生细菌,采用平板对峙法、菌丝生长速率法进行拮抗菌株筛选,用显微观察法研究受抑制病原菌菌丝变化;通过摇瓶培养法测定所筛选拮抗菌株的溶磷、固氮及分泌IAA功能,并对其进行盆栽接种防效试验;依据形态观察、生理生化反应及16S rDNA序列同源性分析确定所筛选菌株系统发育地位。结果表明,经过初筛和复筛,45株内生菌中,菌株R4对小麦纹枯病菌的拮抗效果较明显,对其抑菌圈直径达20.5 mm,抑菌率达98.2%,显著推迟菌核的萌发。受R4作用的小麦纹枯病菌菌丝末端分枝增多、部分原生质浓缩、形成瘤状结。菌株R4抗菌谱广,具有溶磷、固氮和分泌IAA活性。盆栽防效试验中,经菌株R4发酵液处理后,小麦纹枯病发病率和病情指数均显著降低,防治效果最高达73.82%。通过形态、生理生化特性及16S rDNA基因序列同源性比对分析,该菌株被鉴定为土地类芽孢杆菌Paenibacillus terrae。     

Extracts from Cladiella australis, Clavularia viridis and Klyxum simplex (Soft Corals) are Capable of Inhibiting the Growth of Human Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cells

Many biomedical products have already been obtained from marine organisms. In order to search more therapeutic drugs against cancer, this study demonstrates the cytotoxicity effects of Cladiella australis, Clavularia viridis and Klyxum simplex extracts on human oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC4, SCC9 and SCC25) cells using cell adhesion and cell viability assay. The morphological alterations in SCCs cells after treatment with three extracts, such as typical nuclear condensation, nuclear fragmentation and apoptotic bodies of cells were demonstrated by Hoechst stain. Flow cytometry indicated that three extracts sensitized SCC25 cells in the G₀/G₁ and S-G₂/M phases with a concomitant significantly increased sub-G₁ fraction, indicating cell death by apoptosis. This apoptosis process was accompanied by activation of caspase-3 expression after SCC25 cells were treated with three extracts. Thereby, it is possible that extracts of C. australis, C. viridis and K. simplex cause apoptosis of SCCs and warrant further research investigating the possible anti-oral cancer compounds in these soft corals.     

肿柄菊茎叶提取物除草活性的研究

采用培养皿滤纸法,以水田稗（Echinochloa oryzoides）、玉米（Zea mays）、黄瓜（Cucumis sativus）和鳢肠（Eclipta prostrata）为供体植物,测定肿柄菊（Tithonia diversifolia）茎叶水提液的除草活性;以水田稗为供体植物,测定肿柄菊茎叶乙醇提取物的不同溶剂萃取物的除草活性。结果显示,肿柄菊茎叶水提液浓度为0.1 g/mL时,对水田稗和玉米种子萌发具有显著抑制作用,抑制率分别达92％和72％;对黄瓜和鳢肠种子萌发抑制率低。肿柄菊茎叶水提     

青葙提取物对螺旋粉虱的杀虫活性研究

采用室内生物测定方法研究6种植物提取物对螺旋粉虱的生物活性,并对青葙提取物生物活性进行研究。结果表明,供试6种植物甲醇提取物均对螺旋粉虱表现出一定的生物活性,其中以青葙和假臭草活性最高,浓度为1%水平时对螺旋粉虱成虫处理5 h后校正死亡率分别为69.87%和64.94%;青葙的不同溶剂提取物中,以甲醇和乙醇提取物活性最高,对螺旋粉虱3龄若虫处理后24 h的LC50值分别为13.14 mg/mL和14.96 mg/mL;青葙甲醇提取物的不同极性萃取物活性测定结果中,乙醚和乙酸乙酯萃取物活性最高,对螺旋粉虱3龄若虫处理后24 h的LC50分别为5.35 mg/mL和9.66 mg/mL。     

Methanolic Extracts of Uncaria rhynchophylla Induce Cytotoxicity and Apoptosis in HT-29 Human Colon Carcinoma Cells

In this paper, we report the anticancer activities of Uncaria rhynchophylla extracts, a Rubiaceae plant native to China. Traditionally, Uncaria rhynchophylla has been used in the prevention and treatment of neurotoxicity. However, the cytotoxic activity of Uncaria rhynchophylla against human colon carcinoma cells has not, until now, been elucidated. We found that the methanolic extract of Uncaria rhynchophylla (URE) have cytotoxic effects on HT-29 cells. The URE showed highly cytotoxic effects via the MTT reduction assay, LDH release assay, and colony formation assay. As expected, URE inhibited the growth of HT-29 cells in a dose-dependent manner. In particular, the methanolic URE of the 500 microg/ml showed 15.8% inhibition against growth of HT-29 cells. It induced characteristic apoptotic effects in HT-29 cells, including chromatin condensation and sharking occurring 24 h when the cells were treated at a concentration of the 500 microg/ml. The activation of caspase-3 and the specific proteolytic cleavage of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase were detected over the course of apoptosis induction. These results indicate that URE contains bioactive materials with strong activity, and is a potential chemotherapeutic agent candidate against HT-29 human colon carcinoma cells.     

31种热带植物乙醇提取物对朱砂叶螨的生物活性研究

室内测定31种植物乙醇提取物对朱砂叶螨的触杀和驱避作用.结果表明,大山芝麻、蜂巢草、仔榄树和许树乙醇提取物对朱砂叶螨具有明显的触杀作用,24h后平均校正死亡率达80％以上,其中大山芝麻的触杀效果最好,高达96.35％;23种植物提取物对朱砂叶螨产卵驱避作用显著,平均驱避率达90％以上;牛筋果、云南野桐、多花瓜腹木、黄椿木姜、酒饼簕和毛瓣鸡血藤提取物对成螨驱避作用明显且较为稳定,48 h的平均驱避率达91％以上.     

水茄提取物对香蕉和芒果炭疽病菌的活性研究

前期研究发现水茄甲醇提取物有优良的抑菌活性,为明确水茄甲醇提取物的活性分布和进一步直接开发利用作技术储备,采用生长速率法研究水茄甲醇提取物不同溶剂萃取相及水茄植株不同部位提取物对香蕉炭疽病菌和芒果炭疽病菌的抑制活性。结果表明：氯仿萃取相对2种病原菌的抑制活性显著高于其它溶剂萃取相,在5 mg/mL氯仿萃取相的抑菌率分别为64.50％、73.28％,EC50分别为2.104 9、1.642 6 mg /mL;对不同部位甲醇提取物的活性研究表明,在1 mg/mL叶部提取物对香蕉炭疽病菌和芒果炭疽病菌抑制率分别82.70％和84.41％,EC50分别为0.379 8、0.195 2 mg/mL,茎部提取物对二者的抑制率分别为68.27％和71.54％,EC50分别为0.476 4、0.431 4 mg/mL,叶部提取物对二者抑制活性最好,其次为茎部,根部提取物活性最低。     

红树林植物海莲不同部位提取物抗氧化活性研究

植物抗氧化研究对寻找高效率、低毒性天然抗氧化剂具有重要的指导意义。以在海南分布较广的红树林植物海莲进行抗氧化活性研究,以期对海莲开发利用的可能性提供理论依据。采用清除DPPH自由基和清除ABTS自由基对海莲不同部位———根、茎、叶、花的乙酸乙酯提取物进行抗氧化能力评价,采用比色法和福林酚法测定总黄酮和总酚含量。结果显示,海莲茎的提取物在4个部位中抗氧化活性最好,清除二者的IC50分别为(0.234±0.053)mg/m L和(0.196±0.080)mg/m L,海莲中酚类物质含量较大,4个部位中茎的总酚含量最多,含量为13.2 mg。说明海莲各部位均显示出了较好的抗氧化能力,具有较好的开发潜力。     

顶孢霉菌代谢产物对玉米圆斑病菌生长和发育的影响

利用菌丝生长速率法和孢子萌发法研究顶孢霉代谢产物对玉米圆斑病菌生长的抑制能力。结果表明,顶孢霉发酵液对玉米圆斑病菌分生孢子萌发和菌丝生长均有抑制作用。菌丝生长速率测定表明,含有顶孢霉菌代谢产物的培养基（D+P）圆斑病菌菌丝的生长速率低于含有玉米圆斑病菌代谢产物的培养基（Y+P）和空白对照PDA的生长速率,菌丝生长速率分别为65.0、86.5、87.5 mm/d;以Y+P和PDA为对照,D+P对玉米圆斑病菌在第1天和第2天时抑制率最高,均达58%以上;在1 mL PDA体系中,顶孢霉发酵液添加量为0.5 mL时,抑制率可达100%,不同浓度处理间及其与对照处理间顶孢霉发酵液抑制率差异显著（P=0.05）;同一处理不同培养天数顶孢霉发酵液抑制率也有显著差异（P=0.05）。孢子萌发实验表明,经顶孢霉发酵液处理后的玉米圆斑孢子萌发率降低,在发酵液浓度为0.9 mL/mL时,萌发率仅为24%,抑制率可达66.67%, EC50约为68 mL/100 mL,且孢子经发酵液处理后产生畸形,不能正常发育。     

Inhibitory Effects of Rosemary Extracts, Carnosic Acid and Rosmarinic Acid on the Growth of Various Human Cancer Cell Lines

The leaves of Rosmarinus officinalis harvested from three different locations of Turkey were extracted by both methanolic and supercritical CO₂ extraction. Subsequently, six extracts and the active compounds, carnosic acid, and rosmarinic acid were applied to various human cancer cell lines including NCI-H82 (human, small cell lung, carcinoma), DU-145 (human, prostate, carcinoma), Hep-3B (human, black, liver, carcinoma, hepatocellular), K-562 (human chronic myeloid leukemia), MCF-7 (human, breast, adenocarcinoma), PC-3 (human, prostate, adenocarcinoma) and MDA-MB-231 (human, breast, adenocarcinoma) by MTT assay. Supercritical CO₂ extracts had superior antiproliferative effect compared to the soxhlet extracts. Although the extracts exhibited various cytotoxic effects against different cell lines, comparatively low IC₅₀ values ranging between 12.50 and 47.55 μg/ml were attained against K-562, being the most sensitive cell line. Moreover, carnosic acid caused the lowest cell viability with values ranging from 13 to 30 % at a concentration of 19 μM after 48 h of treatments, resulting in superior antiproliferative effect. Rosemary extract is a potential candidate to be included in the anti-cancer diet with pre-determined doses avoiding toxicity.