Anthropogenic Soils on the Territory of the New Jerusalem Monastery,Moscow Region

The soil cover inside the walls of the New Jerusalem Monastery (in the city of Istra, Moscow region) has been completely transformed during the long history of anthropogenic loads on the local landscape. Specific anthropogenic soils have been formed from the technogenic deposits on the top and slopes of the monastery hill. These soils contain numerous artifacts; in their upper part, horizons with characteristic features of the modern humus-accumulative process have been developed. The major types of anthropogenic soils on the territory of the monastery—urbiagrostratozems, soddy urbistratozems, and soddy-calcareous urbistratified soils—have been described. The composition of technogenic deposits determines the shift of pH values towards the alkaline reaction, the high content of available phosphorus compounds, and the soil contamination with heavy metals. The post-alluvial gray-humus soils close in their morphology and chemical properties to the natural soils of the floodplain predominate in the soil cover of the park zone adjacent to the walls of the monastery in the Istra River valley.     

Soil cover and landscape evolution in the Senegal floodplain: a review and synthesis of processes and interactions during the late Holocene

The aim of this paper is to summarize the successive biological, pedological, hydrodynamic, geomorphological and geochemical processes that have occurred in the Senegal valley, and to describe how their interactions during the late Holocene conditioned soil cover formation and landscape evolution. Potential acidity accumulated as pyrite in the floodplain sediment during the last marine transgressions, and was expressed during the following regressions because of oxidation. Soil acidification was mitigated by the soil buffer capacity and by the interaction with the slightly alkaline continental freshwater of the river. Two pedogenetic transformation processes that resulted from the succession of acidic and neutral conditions, transformed unripe muds with pyrite (potential Acid Sulphate soil) to actual Acid Sulphate soils, and then to Vertisols. Geochemical modelling with PHREEQC quantitatively confirmed the feasibility of the processes involved. These two pedogenetic processes also controlled two independent salt accumulation processes: (i) the transformation of shell accumulation beds into gypsum layers and (ii) aeolian deflation and formation of clay dunes. The study shows that pedogenetic effects on alluvial material can lead to contrasting horizons that cannot be explained stratigraphically. It also shows that the presence of saline areas in the Senegal middle valley results from much more complex processes than a simple salt deposition during transgressions.     

河南省地形、土壤和地表水体多样性格局特征

在水土资源多样性的研究中,地形要素对其空间分布形式和内在联系有重要影响。选取河南省作为研究区,在1 km×1 km网格尺度下以变形仙农熵公式计算河南省的地形空间分布多样性和土壤空间分布多样性(土类级别)及关联性,并将河南省划分为6个面积相近的次级区域,用空间分布面积指数(Y_h)计算地形、土壤的构成组分多样性,用空间分布长度指数(MSHDLI)计算地表水体多样性,对以上特征及关联性进行研究。结果表明:平原和潮土是河南省面积最大且空间分布离散性最高的地形类型和土类。地形与土壤之间关系密切,有76%以上的相关系数r值大于0.50,相关性高;6个分区中,东部分区为单一的平原地形但MSHDLI值次高,平原地形水系发育好,西部分区地形复杂且以山地为主但地表水体多样性指数MSHDLI值最小,山地条件下水系发育较简单;研究区面积相近的情况下,土类构成组分多样性值主要取决于土类间面积大小的均衡程度,与土类面积比例平均变化量之间呈负相关,R~2值为0.94;面状的地形和土壤构成组分多样性指数与线状的地表水体多样性指数间无明显相关性。综上所述,地形、土壤和地表水体三要素间关系密切,共同影响地多样性的空间格局。     

Investigation of environmental and land use impacts in forested permafrost headwaters of the Selenga-Baikal river system,Mongolia - Effects on discharge,water quality and macroinvertebrate diversity

Headwater streams play a major role for provision of ecosystem services, e.g. drinking water. We investigated a high-altitude headwater catchment of the Kharaa River (including 41 1st-order rivers) to understand the impact of land cover (especially forest cover), environment and human usage on runoff, chemical water quality and macroinvertebrate fauna in a river basin under discontinuous permafrost conditions in an arid, sparsely populated region of Mongolia. To verify our hypotheses that different landuses and environmental impacts in permafrost headwaters influence water quality, we investigated 105 sampling sites, 37 of them at intermittent stream sections without water flow. Discharge was positively impacted by land cover types steppe, grassland and forest and negatively by shrubland, forest burnt by wild fires (indicating a reduction of permafrost) and slope. Water quality was affected by altitude, longitude and latitude, shrub growth and water temperature. Shannon diversity of macroinvertebrates was driven by water temperature, iron content of the water, flow velocity, and subbasin size (adjusted R² = 0.54). Sample plots clustered in three groups that differed in water chemistry, macroinvertebrate diversity, species composition and bio-indicators. Our study confirms that steppes and grasslands have a higher contribution to runoff than forests, forest cover has a positive impact on water quality, and diversity of macroinvertebrates is higher in sites with less nutrients and pollutants. The excellent ecological status of the upper reaches of the Kharaa is severely threatened by forest fires and human-induced climate change and urgently needs to be conserved.     

Type-specific reference conditions of fluvial landscapes: A search in the past by 3D-reconstruction

River/floodplain restoration programs are often based on type-specific reference conditions of the respective river section. Most large rivers in the industrialized world are heavily degraded and lack near-natural reference sites. For that reason, historical analyses of the pre-channelization state have been used to define adequate restoration targets at the Austrian Danube section in the Alluvial Zone National Park downstream from Vienna. This study compares new reference data derived from 3D-reconstructions in the form of digital terrain models from two historical Danube river landscapes: the Machland floodplain in 1812 and the former floodplain in Vienna in 1849. The focus is on the original hydrological surface and subsurface connectivity of the river-floodplain systems related to different flow situations. Here, we use water cover, shorelines, depth of the groundwater table and inundation depth as surrogates for measuring connectivity. The results show that the two study sites naturally constituted extreme formations of the Austrian anabranching Danube sections. The Machland section was one of the narrowest floodplains but highly dynamic, and the Vienna/Lobau section was one of the broadest, whereby only the central part close to the main channel originally showed high morphological turnover. The analyses of hydrological surface connectivity relative to total floodplain extension reveal significant differences due to their basic geological and geographical conditions. Despite these basic differences, both study sites – in absolute numbers – showed similar extensions of the water bodies at low and mean flow. The depths of the groundwater table related to mean flow were also comparable. Prior to channelization, the groundwater conditions in both floodplains favored the formation of wet to moist alluvial forest communities.     

汶川地震生态治理区土壤种子库及其与地上植被的关系

为了比较地震灾区不同气候类型植被恢复区土壤种子库时空分布特征,采用野外调查取样和室内试验相结合的方法,研究了四川省汶川县威州镇和绵竹市汉旺镇4类生态治理区[干旱干暖河谷受损治理区(DHD)、干旱干暖河谷未受损区(DHU)、亚热带湿润季风气候受损治理区(HMD)、亚热带湿润季风气候未受损区(HMU)]土壤种子库的萌发动态、数量特征、物种组成、多样性特征及其与地上植被之间的关系。结果表明:未受损区具有2个萌发高峰期,受损治理区只有1个萌发高峰期,不同气候类型治理区土壤种子库在不同土壤深度表现出不同的萌发潜力;4类治理区土壤种子库平均密度为192~1 544粒·m?2,表层密度和平均密度均为未受损区受损治理区,干旱干暖河谷气候区亚热带湿润季风气候区;4类治理区共有50种植物萌发,草本植物占显著优势;HMU、HMD、DHU、DHD地上植被与土壤种子库物种组成的S?rensen相似性系数分别为26.23%、44.9%、30.77%、16.00%,Jaccard相似性系数分别为15.09%、28.95%、18.18%、9.09%;不同类型样地土壤种子库特有种和共有物种均表现出不同的生活型格局。基于以上分析结果,在灾区进行植被恢复时,应该考虑治理区的气候环境,因地制宜的进行人工引种和制定恢复措施。     

靠椅状土质滑坡形成条件及时空演化特征

[目的]对三峡库区靠椅状土质滑坡的形成条件和时空演化进行研究,为滑坡的监测预警提供理论基础支撑。[方法]以三峡库区典型靠椅状土质滑坡——白家包、八字门滑坡为例,通过与三峡库区典型滑坡的比较,从此类滑坡的特点入手,分析其形成条件;并结合香溪河流域的地形地貌特征分析此类滑坡时空演化过程。[结果]靠椅状土质滑坡形成条件与三峡库区其他典型滑坡有明显差异,香溪河流域的此类滑坡形成受河谷地貌影响明显。[结论]靠椅状土质滑坡的形成受岩性条件、滑面形态、地层状态等因素决定,香溪河流域的靠椅状土质滑坡是随着河谷的演化而逐渐形成的。     

石羊河尾闾-青土湖水面形成对土壤分形维数和植被的影响

以石羊河尾闾青土湖水面形成区的土壤及植被为研究对象,利用植被及土壤调查取样方法,调查分析了水平距水面0～450 m,垂直0—60 cm土层的土壤粒径及植物多样性。利用分形几何学方法对土壤颗粒的分形特征进行分析,以探讨土壤颗粒分形维数与植被特征间的关系。研究结果表明:不同土层及不同水面距离的土壤分形维数在2.10～2.92,平均值为2.55;呈现随距水面距离增大而波动变小的趋势,0—20 cm土层在0~150 m土壤粒径分形维数呈缓慢增加趋势,在150 m处达到最大,随后逐渐降低;而20—40 cm,40—60 cm土层在0~100 m呈缓慢增加趋势,在100 m处达到最大;植物物种多样性变化与土壤分维数的变化具有较好的对应关系;各多样性指数随水面距离变化趋势一致,在距水面0~50 m和400~450 m处多样性达到最大。草本的重要值在距水面200 m处达到最大,灌木的重要值在距水面300 m处达到最大值,草本植物对区域植物多样性影响较大,但灌木植物重要值与土壤特征的变化关系更密切;线性回归分析表明在0—20 cm,40—60 cm土层,分形维数与多样性、均匀度和优势度指数呈显著负相关,在干旱沙漠地区,土壤颗粒分形维数也可作为一个反映评价土壤演变程度的综合定量指标。     

Hyporheic flow as a potential geomorphic agent in the evolution of channel morphology in a gravel-bed river

Morphologic and hydrologic properties of head-cut gullies formed in meandering bends of a gravel-bed river in northern Japan were examined to investigate their topographic development. head-cut gullies had incised to 2 m below the floodplain surface and had perennial seepage outflows. Because no surface runoff was observed across the meandering necks, we hypothesized that hyporheic flow erosion cutting into the down-river edge of the meandering necks is one factor for the development of head-cut gullies. Several topographic features caused by sapping and piping erosion were observed within the head-cut gullies. A tracer experiment and examination of the water table, water chemistry, and water table responses in wells on the floodplain and within the head-cut gully revealed that significant preferential hyporheic flow occurred between coarse cobble and fine sediment layers of the floodplain materials. During a storm event, water tables around the head-cut gully quickly responded to changes in the water table of the stream channel; this result also suggests that hyporheic flow occurred across the meandering bends. Hyporheic flow around the head-cut gullies had higher hydraulic conductivities and preferential flow paths that may relate to buried beds of paleochannels. An erosion model suggests that it is unlikely that hyporheic flow alone had enough energy to account for all the soil erosion. Thus, a combination of hyporheic flow (sapping erosion) and channel erosion (bank erosion) appeared to contribute to the formation of the head-cut gullies. Hyporheic flow is an important component in the geomorphic evolution of channels and the floodplain in a gravel-bed river.     

Differentiation of the soil cover in the lower Ob River valley

Specific features of the soil cover in the lower reaches of the Ob River are analyzed. The physicochemical properties and composition of the floodplain soils in different parts of the valley and on different floodplain elements are given. A comparative geographical analysis of the accumulation of macro-and microelements in the floodplain soils as a result of alluviation processes in the middle and lower reaches of the Ob River is suggested. The evolution of the floodplain soils and the results of the development of stratified humus horizons, changes in the hydrological regime, and cessation of floods are discussed.     

不同植被类型对不同土层黑土土壤微生物群落功能多样性的影响

土壤微生物群落功能多样性对评估土壤生态系统稳定性具有重要作用。本文采用Biolog方法,对比研究长期不同植被类型：自然恢复(GL)、农作物(AL)、人工林(FL)及无植被覆盖(BL)对表层(0～15 cm)和亚表层(15～35 cm)土壤微生物群落功能多样性的影响。结果表明：不同土层土壤微生物的平均颜色变化率(AWCD)变化均表现为GL>AL>FL>BL,且0～15 cm土层的AWCD值均高于对应植被15～35 cm土层。GL、AL和FL处理的土壤微生物Shannon指数和McIntosh指数、总的碳源利用能力均显著高于BL处理的,GL处理0～15 cm土层的Shannon指数和McIntosh指数最高,分别为3.38和6.89。在0～15 cm土层AL和FL处理土壤微生物对羧酸类利用相对较高,而GL处理对氨基酸类利用较高;在15～35 cm土层AL和FL处理土壤微生物对氨基酸类利用最高,而GL被对羧酸类利用的最高。通过主成分分析,GL、AL和FL处理在0～15 cm土层土壤微生物的碳源利用方式及代谢功能相似;15～35 cm土层下AL和FL处理的土壤微生物的碳源代谢...     

Soils of floodplains in arid regions of Inner Asia (the Zavkhan River,Mongolia)

The environmental conditions of soil formation and the diversity and classification position of soils developing on the Zavkhan River floodplain are considered, and the morphogenetic and agrochemical properties of these soils are characterized. It is shown that the conditions of soil formation on the floodplain of the Zavkhan River are specified by the mountainous topography, the effect of the large Mongol Els sand massif, the character of the alluviation processes, the groundwater level and salinity, and the regime of floods. The position of the floodplain in the system of altitudinal zones largely dictates the character of the soil cover pattern. In terms of the new Russian soil classification system, the soils studied belong to three trunks, four orders, and seven types: stratified humus alluvial soils, light-humus alluvial soils, light-humus quasigley alluvial soils, light-humus stratozems, and solonchaks. The soils of floodplain ecosystems in arid regions are characterized by low fertility. For their efficient use for pasturing and crop growing, the ecologically balanced differentiated application of manure, mineral fertilizers (NPK), and some microelements is required.     

泥石流流域气候与区段对坡面土壤pH值的影响——以云南蒋家沟流域为例

为了探讨泥石流频发流域的不同气候与区段对失稳性坡面土壤pH值的影响,掌握土壤pH值的空间变异规律,以蒋家沟流域温带湿润山岭区、亚热带和暖温带半湿润区、亚热带干热河谷区的典型失稳性坡面不同区段(堆积区、失稳区、稳定区)土壤为研究对象,采用随机取样法共采集0—20 cm的土壤样本135个,结合中国科学院东川泥石流观测研究站多年的气象资料,分析了不同气候和失稳性坡面区段与土壤pH值的相关性。结果表明:温带湿润山岭区、亚热带和暖温带半湿润区失稳性坡面土壤pH值总体偏酸性(pH<6.5),与总体偏碱性(pH>7.5)的亚热带干热河谷区之间差异显著(p<0.05)。亚热带干热河谷区的堆积区、失稳区、稳定区土壤pH值均大于亚热带和暖温带半湿润区及温带湿润山岭区且差异显著(p<0.05)。失稳性坡面土壤pH值与气温存在显著的正相关关系(p<0.05),与降水量存在极显著的负相关关系(p<0.001),与土壤含水量呈极显著负相关关系(p<0.001)。气候、区段及两者的交互作用对失稳性坡面土壤pH值均存在极显著影响(p<0.001)。除大凹子沟阴坡和查菁沟...     

关中-天水经济区土地利用/覆被变化与景观格局

以1980年和2005年的TM影像为数据源,应用ArcGIS,Erdas软件对影像解译,把关中-天水经济区(简称“关天经济区”)的土地利用景观分为6大类景观类型.基于ArcGIS分析模块,分析了关天经济区土地利用/覆被变化过程,并使用景观软件Fragstats分别从景观级别和景观类型级别上计算了相应的景观指数,得出以下结论:(1) 25 a间耕地和未利用地面积减少,林地、草地、水体和建筑用地面积增加,大量的耕地转变为林地、草地、建筑用地.同时较多草地开垦为耕地,但小于耕地向其转化的量.而建设用地属于转入型用地,转出量几乎为0.(2)关天经济区土地利用景观的蔓延度、优势度指数减少,香农多样性指数、香农均匀度指数增加.(3)耕地是关天经济区的优势景观类型,建设用地景观斑块正在向规模化扩张.研究结果为合理制定该区域可持续发展的土地利用政策及规划提供科学的参考及依据.     

Spatial variability of soils and salinization processes in the coastal zone of the Terek-Kuma Lowland

The pattern of spatial changes in soil characteristics, including soil salinity, has been studied in coastal landscapes. It is shown that the spatial variability of soils is most pronounced in the coastal zone of the Terek-Kuma Lowland subjected to periodical inundation, waterlogging, and drying because of fluctuations in the Caspian Sea level and arid climate. The zone of interaction between underwater and terrestrial pedogenesis is formed under the impact of short-term (surges) and long-term (cyclic fluctuations with a period of up to 100 years) processes. During surges, the soils of the coastal zone acquire the initial pedogenic features related to the mineralization of organic remains, salt accumulation, and the formation of stratified soil profiles. Long-term cycles cause further differentiation of the vertical soil profile into horizons and enhance the spatial diversity of soils with respect to their salinity and alkalinity. The leading role of the cycles of sea level fluctuations in the development of the soil cover patterns and genetic soil properties in the coastal zone is illustrated.     

北江干流河岸带不同植被类型植物物种多样性分析

以北江干流河岸带4种典型植被类型(竹林、草地、混交林和桉树林)为研究对象,采用样方法调查分析其群落特征和物种多样性,运用冗余分析(RDA)探讨北江河岸带植物物种多样性与环境因子之间的关系。结果表明:北江河岸带植物物种受热带季风气候影响,植物种类繁多,共调查到59科116属136种植物,群落科属组成分散;4种植被类型的物种丰富度、Shannon-Wiener多样性和均匀度指数变化规律一致,均以混交林最高,竹林次之,桉树林最低,但各植被类型间差异并不显著,说明北江河岸带不同植被类型维持物种多样性的异质性较小,其作用更多体现在为不同物种提供栖息地;RDA结果显示,植物物种丰富度、均匀度和多样性指数与乔木层高度、草本层盖度和海拔均呈正相关,而与至河流距离和土壤含水量呈负相关,在选取的7个环境因子中,海拔对北江河岸带植物物种多样性的影响最大,土壤含水量影响次之,至河流距离影响最小。     

科尔沁沙地防风固沙林踏郎稳定性研究

以科尔沁地区半流动沙丘地上6a生踏郎人工灌木防风固沙林为对象,选取立地质量相近的撂荒地作为对照,通过样地种群结构统计、土壤理化性质测定、群落物种多样性测度等研究.对踏郎稳定性进行了综合评价.研究表明:不同生境下的踏郎人工灌木防风固沙林的各项指标存在差异,坡下踏郎人工固沙林土壤的物理性质、化学性质、种群结构、群落物种多样性及稳定性均达到最好,其中物种丰富度S达到8;Simpson多样性指数D为0.58;Shannon多样性指数H'为1.35;Pielou均匀度指数Jw为0.74;Alatalo均匀度指数Eα为0.64;M指数达到0.666 7.撂荒地的立地质量、物种多样性均最差,物种丰富度为4;Simpson多样性指数D为0.29;Shannon多样性指数H'为0.67;Pielou均匀度指数Jw为0.36;Alatalo均匀度指数Eα为0.32.综合评价不同生境的踏郎人工灌木防风固沙林稳定性结果为:坡下>坡上>坡中撂荒地.     

Cover crops alter the soil nematode food web in banana agroecosystems

Cover crops are increasingly being used in agriculture, primarily for weed or erosion management. The addition of cover crops increases the primary productivity of the system and diversifies basal resources for higher trophic levels. How increases in the quality and quantity of basal resources affect bottom-up and top-down control remains a key question in soil food web ecology. We evaluated the response of the nematode community to the introduction of cover crops between rows of a banana plantation. We measured changes in nematode food web structure and inferred the prevalence of bottom-up and top-down effects on the abundance of phytophagous nematodes (i.e., plant-feeding and root-hair-feeding species) 1.5 years after plots with cover crops (Poaceae or Fabaceae species) or bare soil were established. The addition of a cover crop greatly affected the structure and the abundance of the soil nematode community 1.5 years after planting. The abundance of all trophic groups except for plant-feeding nematodes tended to increase with the addition of cover crops. The Shannon–Weaver diversity index and the enrichment index increased with the addition of cover crops, indicating that opportunistic, bacterivorous and fungivorous nematodes benefited from the added resources. Plant-feeding nematodes were least abundant in plots with Poaceae cover crops, while bacterivorous, omnivorous, and root-hair-feeding nematodes were more abundant with Fabaceae cover crops than with bare soil, indicating that cover crop identity or quality greatly affected soil food web structure. Bottom-up effects on all trophic groups other than plant-feeding nematodes were evident with Poaceae cover crops, suggesting an top-down control of plant-feeding nematodes by omnivorous nematodes. Conversely, plant-feeding nematodes were evidently not suppressed in Fabaceae cover crops, perhaps because bottom-up effects on omnivorous nematodes were weaker (hence, top-down control by omnivorous nematodes was weaker), and because Fabaceae cover crops probably served as good hosts for some plant-feeding nematodes.     

攀枝花干热河谷区不同海拔高度农田土壤nirS型反硝化细菌的群落结构分析

  目的  探明攀枝花干热河谷地区不同海拔高度农田土壤的反硝化细菌群落结构和丰度特征。  方法  以攀枝花干热河谷地区1600 m、1800 m和2000 m三个海拔高度的农田土壤为研究材料,通过末端限制性片段长度多态性（T-RFLP）技术分析不同海拔高度农田土壤的nirS型反硝化细菌群落结构和丰度。  结果  不同海拔梯度农田土壤pH均小于7,土壤有机碳、全氮、速效钾和铵态氮的含量随海拔升高而降低,碱解氮、有效磷和硝态氮含量随海拔升高先增加后降低;群落结构丰富度随海拔增加呈上升趋势,而香侬指数和均匀度呈现出先上升后下降的趋势;T-RFLP分析结果显示,35 bp的T-RFs相对丰度最大,随海拔增加而减少,其次是40 bp的T-RFs,随海拔增加而增加;系统发育分析显示,β-变形菌门为该区域优势反硝化细菌;冗余分析结果显示,土壤硝态氮和有效磷是驱动该区域土壤nirS型反硝化细菌群落组成的主要因子。  结论  攀枝花干热河谷区不同海拔高度农田土壤中的nirS型反硝化细菌群落结构变化明显 (P < 0.05),且受土壤硝态氮和有效磷显著影响(P < 0.05)。研究结果可为深入认识干热河谷地区农田土壤反硝化细菌对海拔高度的响应机制提供理论依据。     

Relationships between vegetation and soil and topography in a dry warm river valley,SW China

Understanding of the relationships between vegetation and soil and topography would be very important for ecosystem restoration and management efforts in the dry valleys of Himalayan region but how to clarify the complicated relationships and figure out key factors for practical purpose is a challenge. The main objective of this research was to propose a four-staged procedure by combining several multivariate statistical techniques to detect the relationships between vegetation and soil and topography, and thereby identify the key factors for the degraded ecosystem restoration and management. Forty-three plots (5 m × 5 m) were selected for the field survey of the vegetation, soil and topography variables in the dry warm river valley of the upper Minjiang River, Sichuan Province, China. Cluster analysis (CA) demonstrated that high plant diversity, cover and height were associated with good soil quality and favorable topographic positions with lower solar incident radiation, runoff and soil erosion potential. Correlation analysis (simple correlation analysis and canonical correlation analysis) and multiple linear stepwise regression analysis affirmed that plant diversity was mainly correlated with soil water content, and soil water content was mainly determined by soil texture (clay content). Soil clay content alone could explain about 70% of the total variance. Identifying the favorable topographic position and the distribution pattern of soil texture and its controlling mechanisms is thus very important for restoration practices. In the process of ecosystem restoration, we should promote the co-evolution of vegetation and soil, and follow the natural succession sequence. Some relevant conservation polices are also needed to reduce human disturbance on ecosystem.