浙江蜡梅叶片挥发油提取工艺优化及成分分析

以浙江蜡梅叶片为材料,采用水蒸气蒸馏法对其挥发油提取工艺进行优化,并采用气相色谱-质谱联用法分析其成分。结果表明,浙江蜡梅的最优提取条件为浸泡时间120min,蒸馏时间240min,NaCl浓度0.5%,料液比1︰5,在此条件下其挥发油得率为1.483%;各因素对其得率的影响大小顺序为蒸馏时间氯化钠浓度=料液比浸泡时间。成分分析结果表明,浙江蜡梅叶片挥发油主成分为桉叶油醇(19.26%)、樟脑(11.65%)、喇叭烯氧化物-(I)(9.10%)、芳樟醇(7.74%)、蛇麻烯(7.50%)等。浙江蜡梅叶片挥发油含量丰富,其成分主要为单萜及其衍生物。     

柠檬叶挥发性成分的提取及分析

采用水蒸气蒸馏法从柠檬叶中提取挥发油中的油相成分,进一步以乙醚为溶剂从蒸馏馏出液中萃取挥发油中的水溶性物质;利用气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)表征了二者的化学成分,根据气相色谱峰面积归一化法进行定量.通过表征和分析比较得到:柠檬叶挥发油油相成分得率为0.33％(以鲜叶计),确定了其中的30种成分,占油相成分总量的96.35％,其主要成分为d-柠檬烯(29.91％),其后依次为β-蒎烯(20.37％)、香茅醛(18.52％)、桧烯(5.74％).柠檬叶水溶性成分得率为0.03％(以鲜叶计),确定了其中的30种成分,占水相成分总量的97.94％,其主要成分为d-柠檬烯(30.33％)、香茅醛(21.88％)、β-蒎烯(19.83％)、桧烯(6.49％).     

侧柏不同部分精油化学成分的比较研究

取江苏徐州林场侧柏叶、木材、树皮和果壳等进行水蒸汽法蒸油,所得精油分别用气-质联用仪定性分析和毛细管色谱测定各组分的相对含量。结果表明,侧柏叶精油和果壳精油主要化学成分相似,有α-蒎烯、Δ~3-蒈烯、柏木脑等20多种单萜和倍半萜化合物,α-蒎烯是主成分,占全油的40％;侧柏木材精油主要含罗汉柏烯和柏木脑,分别占全油的45％和21％。侧柏树皮精油除了上述主要成分外,尚含约7％的α-侧柏烯和10％的β-水芹烯,主成分是α-蒎烯,Δ~3-蒈烯和罗汉柏烯分别占全油的14％,16％和13％。侧柏木材精油的品质冠于其余3种精油。侧柏精油化学成分同其它种柏木精油化学成分差别很大。因此,在植物分类上侧柏应属于侧柏(Platycladus[Biota])属,不应属于崖柏(Thuja)的亚属。     

山杏壳木醋液的精制及抑菌活性研究

以山杏壳木醋液为原料,经活性炭前处理,采用常压蒸馏和减压蒸馏方法进行精制分离,通过气相色谱-质谱联用技术(GC-MS)对精制的馏分进行成分组成分析,并对精制后木醋液的抑菌活性进行测试。试验结果表明,原山杏壳木醋液经过5%的活性炭前处理后再经常压蒸馏精制,主要成分由8种减少到4种,有助于山杏壳木醋液的精制;与常压蒸馏方法相比较,减压蒸馏收集0.1 MPa下,小于70℃的馏分,可以有效去除有害成分,精制效果好且后处理简单。精制山杏壳木醋液对6种供试细菌均表现出抑菌活性,抑菌效果比浓度为0.4 mg/mL的对照品硫酸链霉素提高了1.6~6.7倍,最大抑菌圈直径可达42.33 mm。研究表明,精制山杏壳木醋液作为纯天然物质,在食品、医药、化妆品等领域应用前景广阔。     

不同种源福建柏叶精油得率及成分分析

以福建安溪丰田国有林场福建柏种源实验林中14个种源的福建柏为研究对象,采用超声波辅助水蒸气蒸馏法提取福建柏叶精油,并用GC-MS对福建柏叶精油的成分及其GC含量进行检测,分析不同种源福建柏叶精油得率及成分的差异。通过单因素和正交试验设计,得到福建柏叶超声波辅助水蒸气蒸馏法的最佳提取工艺为：液料比3.5∶1(mL∶g)、提取时间8 h、超声波处理时间30 min和超声波功率240 W。此条件下,精油得率为0.252%。14个种源叶精油共检测出17种主要成分(GC含量大于1%的成分),占总成分的86%～92%,主要成分GC含量存在明显差异,其中α-蒎烯、 1-辛烯-3-醇、β-蒎烯、β-月桂烯、D-柠檬烯、β-石竹烯、Z,Z,Z-1,5,9,9-四甲基-1,4,7-环十一碳三烯、β-荜澄茄烯、γ-杜松烯为共有的主要成分,α-蒎烯GC含量约为50%。重庆江津种源叶精油成分和GC含量与其他种源差异明显;大部分福建省内种源叶精油成分和GC含量具有较强的相关性;广西3个种源中桂林灌阳和南宁大明山这2个种源有较强的相关性,广东深圳南岭种源精油成分与福建省内种源有较强的相关性,表明种子来源距离较近的福...     

腰果酚钛酸酯偶联剂的合成和应用

以腰果壳液中提取的腰果酚(Cardanol)为主要原料,合成了六种新的钛酸酯偶联剂。由反应的出醇率得出合成反应的酯交换率均在88.0～97.5％之间,删定了产物的分子量及元素钛含量;产物的紫外光谱在200nm以上的两个吸收峰与原料腰果酚对比后的位移,以及红外光谱对比原料后,在3370～3t00cm~(-1)附近OH基强吸收峰基本消失,2800cm~(-1)附近羧基中OH基伸缩振动吸收峰的消失,1650～1800cm~(-1)区羧基中C=O基伸缩振动吸收峰的消失等现象都证明了产物的结构。这类偶联剂由于含有腰果酚的苯环和侧链上的多个双键,是一类反应活性高,应用性能较为特殊的偶联剂。它们可在水中直接乳化做为乳化剂,能大幅度降低无机—有机复合体系的粘度,应用于填充聚氯乙烯塑料,可明显改善加工性能和制品的物理机械性能,并能提高无机填料的填充量,降低生产成本。     

龙脑樟叶部精油在不同蒸馏时段的出油率和化学成分

考察龙脑樟叶在不同蒸馏时段的出油率和化学成分。采用水蒸汽蒸馏的方法、水中蒸馏的方式,将2 h的蒸馏过程分成4个阶段,收集相应的馏分,分别进行计量和GC-MS分析,结果表明,总出油率达到2.81%,蒸馏一开始就产生大量的馏分,96.53%的馏分集中在前60 min内蒸出。通过GC-MS分析鉴定,发现龙脑樟叶挥发油中主成分为右旋龙脑（天然冰片）,其含量高达81.78%,其余还有樟脑、1,8-桉叶油素、黄樟油素、α-蒎烯、芳樟醇、乙酸龙脑酯等31个化学成分。     

墨西哥柏精油的提取及成分分析

以墨西哥柏的枝、叶为原料,研究水蒸气蒸馏法和溶剂法提取精油工艺,并采用GC-MS分析茎叶油与枝干油的化学成分,以及水蒸气蒸馏法与溶剂提取法所得精油成分的差异。研究表明,水蒸气蒸馏法较佳工艺条件为:茎叶原料粒度1.0 mm,提取时间4 h,渗透剂Na Cl 6%,料液比1∶6,在此条件下精油得率为1.17%;溶剂提取法以石油醚、乙醇为溶剂,提取所得浸膏得率(去除石油醚和乙醇溶剂后的得率)分别为16.06%和28.79%。成分分析结果表明,茎叶油中含有36种成分,其中单萜类物质12种;枝干油中含有24种成分,其中7种为单萜类物质;溶剂提取浸膏中有42种成分,含倍半萜类20种。此外,墨西哥柏木油中石竹烯、Α-毕橙茄醇、(+)-柠檬烯含量明显高于其他品种柏木油。     

龙眼木木质精油的提取及其成分分析

以岭南特色果木-龙眼木为材料,采用蒸馏法提取其木质精油,得到淡黄色油状液体,得率为0.54mL/100g。采用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)分析测定了龙眼木木质精油中的挥发性成分,共鉴定出13种化合物,占精油中化合物的相对含量为94.72%,其中相对含量较高的有石竹烯(31.44%)、α-蒎烯(17.91%)、α-律草烯(11.9%)等烯类化合物以及4,7-二甲基-1-异丙基1,2,4a,5,8,8a-六氢萘(17.55%)等其它化合物,烯类化合物相对含量占比达到74.67%以上。精油中不但含有石竹烯等香料成分,还发现含有抗癌、抑菌等生物活性成分β-榄香烯、α-蒎烯、荜澄茄油烯、人参炔醇等。     

无溶剂微波蒸馏法提取杜香精油的工艺研究

以杜香叶片为原料,通过无溶剂微波蒸馏法提取精油.实验考察了原料的含水率、微波辐照时间以及微波辐照功率对精油得率的影响,得到的最佳提取条件为含水率75％,微波辐照时间30 min,微波辐照功率540 W.气质联用法分析了精油的化学成分,主要成分依次为桃金娘烯醛(24.47％)、脱氢桧烯酮(12.51％)和4-松油醇(10...     

脱羧腰果壳液在涂料中的应用

采用天然植物油（脱羧腰果壳液）、己二异异氰酸酯和聚乙二醇在较温和的条件下反应，制得了水溶性的氨基甲酸酯加成物，以此和低醚化度甲醚三聚氰氨甲醚甲醛树脂制备了水性涂料。研究了配方和性能的关系，确定了最佳配方，产品性能为：D工0．56，冲击强度50kg.cm;附着力2级；柔性性0．5mm；耐100℃沸水合格。该工艺为腰果壳液的综合利用开辟了一条新的途径。     

以脱羧腰果壳液制表面活性剂

采用天然植物油（脱羧腰果壳液CNSL）作为疏水基的，经由己二异氰酸酯与亲水基聚乙二醇在较为温和的条件下反应，制得了两亲性表面活性剂，表征了其表面性能。该类表面活性剂的三个样品的临界胶束浓度为0．35－0．5g/L，亲油亲水平衡点为15．5－16．0，浊点为70－80℃，临界胶束浓度下的表面张力（25℃）为28－35mN/m。该技术为腰果壳液的综合利用开辟了一条新的途径。     

Activities of some Brazilian plants against larvae of the mosquito Aedes aegypti

The insecticidal activities of extracts and oils of seventeen medicinal plants of Brazil have been determined using an Aedes aegypti larvicidal bioassay. Oils from Anacardium occidentalis, Copaifera langsdorffii, Carapa guianensis, Cymbopogon winterianus and Ageratum conyzoides showed high activities with LC50 values of 14.5, 41, 57, 98 and 148 microg/l, respectively. The most active ethanolic extract tested was that from the stem of Annona glabra which presented an LC50 value of 27 microg/l. The potential application of cashew nut oil, an industrial by-product with low commercial value, in the control of the vector of dengue and yellow fever, may be proposed.     

Domestication potential of Marula (Sclerocarya birrea subsp caffra) in South Africa and Namibia: 2. Phenotypic variation in nut and kernel traits

As part of a wider study characterizing tree-to-tree variation in fruit traits as a pre-requisite for cultivar development, fruits were collected from each of 63 marula (Sclerocarya birrea) trees in Bushbuckridge, South Africa and from 55 trees from the North Central Region of Namibia. The nuts were removed from the fruit flesh, and the kernels extracted, counted and weighed individually to determine the patterns of dry matter partitioning among the nut components (shell and kernel) of different trees. Mean nut, shell and kernel mass were not significantly different between the two countries. Between sites in South Africa there were highly significant differences in mean nut mass, shell mass, kernel mass and kernel number. In Namibia, there were highly significant differences between geographic areas in mean shell mass, kernel mass and kernel number, but not in nut mass. These differences had considerable impacts on shell:kernel ratios (8.0 - 15.4). In South Africa, mean kernel mass was significantly greater in fruits from farmers fields (0.42 g) than from communal land (0.30 g) or natural woodland (0.32 g). Within all sites, in both South Africa and Namibia, there was highly significant and continuous variation between individual trees in nut mass (South Africa = 2.3 - 7.1 g; Namibia = 2.7 - 6.4 g) and kernel mass (South Africa = 0.09 - 0.55 g; Namibia = 0.01 - 0.92 g). The small and valuable kernels constitute a small part of the nut (Namibia = 6.1- 11.1%; South Africa = 7.6 - 10.7%). There can be 4 kernels per nut, but even within the fruits of the same tree, kernel number can vary between 0-4, suggesting variation in pollination success, in addition to genetic variation. The nuts and kernels of the Namibian trees were compared with the fruits from one superior tree (Namibian Wonder: nuts = 10.9 g; kernels = 1.1 g). Oil content (%) and oil yield (g/fruit) also differed significantly between trees (44.7 - 72.3% and 8.0 - 53.0 g/fruit). The percentage frequency distribution of kernel mass was skewed from trees in farmers fields in South Africa and in some sites in Namibia, suggesting a level of anthropogenic selection. It is concluded that there is great potential for the development of cultivars for kernel traits, but there is also a need to determine how to increase the proportion of nuts with four kernels, perhaps through improved pollination success.     

弱光条件下光质对喜树生理生化指标的影响

为给喜树栽培提供理论依据,对弱光环境下红、黄、蓝、绿等光质对喜树幼苗叶绿素含量、超氧化物歧化酶活性、丙二醛、游离脯氨酸和喜树碱含量的影响进行了研究。结果表明:绿光使叶绿素含量增加,而其它单色光使叶绿素含量降低,减少部分主要是叶绿素b,叶绿素(a/b)比值升高;与白光相比黄光使叶片中的超氧化物歧化酶活性升高,而其它3种光条件下的超氧化物歧化酶活性降低;红光使丙二醛含量升高,同时使叶内游离脯氨酸含量持续上升,其它3种光对游离脯氨酸和丙二醛含量影响不大;与白光相比,绿光和红光可使叶片中喜树碱含量增加,而黄光和蓝光不能引起喜树碱含量的增加。弱光条件下不同光质对喜树幼苗生长形成了胁迫,光质对其初生和次生代谢均产生了一定的影响。     

Domestication of Irvingia gabonensis: 1. Phenotypic variation in fruits and kernels in two populations from Cameroon

Twenty four fruits from each of 52 Irvingia gabonensis trees from two villages (Nko'ovos II and Elig Nkouma) of the humid lowland forest zone of Cameroon (West Africa) were assessed to determine the extent of variation in ten fruit, nut (endocarp), and kernel (cotyledon) characteristics. Highly significant differences were found in fruit length (Range = 46.2 to 77.3 mm), fruit width (45.1 to 72.5 mm), flesh (mesocarp) depth (11.2 to 21.8 mm), fruit mass (44.5 to 195.4 g), kernel mass (0.54 to 6.9 g) and shell mass (5.4 to 18.6 g). In each of these traits there was continuous variation. Differences were also observed in fruit taste and fibrosity. The most frequent skin and flesh color was yellow (Methuen Color Code 4A8). Mean fruit length, fruit width, fruit mass, shell mass and kernel mass differed significantly between villages, but did not differ between different landuses (homegardens, cocoa farms, crop fields or fallows). These results represent the first quantitative assessment of tree-to-tree variation in fruit traits for this species and are discussed with regard to the domestication potential of I. gabonensis.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

长柄扁桃坚果表型多样性及其相关关系研究

正长柄扁桃(Amygdalus pedunculata Pall.)属蔷薇科,桃属,扁桃亚属,有柄组落叶灌木,又名野樱桃、毛樱桃等,在我国主要分布于内蒙古中部和陕西北部的山坡或沙地[1-2],具有抗寒[3]、抗旱[4]、耐盐和耐贫瘠[5]等特性。长柄扁桃种仁富含油脂和蛋白,种仁含油率达55%[6]以上,蛋白质达15%30%[7]。油以油酸和亚油酸为主,脂溶性维生素含     

鹅掌楸容器育苗轻基质配方研究

选用泥炭、稻壳、森林表土、黄心土混合配制成5种轻基质配方,开展鹅掌楸容器育苗技术研究。结果表明:不同轻基质配方之间的重量,容器苗苗高、地径、根系、单株干物质重量达到极显著差异;4号轻基质配方(泥炭50%+稻壳20%+森林表土20%+黄心土10%)育苗效果最好,苗木粗壮、根系发达、基质重量较轻;1号轻基质配方(泥炭20%+稻壳50%+森林表土20%+黄心土10%)效果最差。研究认为:在鹅掌楸容器育苗生产上宜选用4号轻基质配方。     

腰果酚二醚曼尼希碱固化剂的合成及其相分离现象研究

腰果酚(CD)和1,3-二溴丙烷经Williamson醚化反应得到一种腰果酚二醚化合物(CDE),然后以CDE、多聚甲醛和二乙烯三胺为原料,经Mannich反应制备得到一种浅色的腰果酚二醚曼尼希碱固化剂(MBCDE)。通过傅里叶红外光谱(FT-IR)和核磁共振氢谱(~1H NMR)表征了产物的化学结构,并与氨乙基哌嗪(AEP)进行对比研究其相关性能。通过热重分析(TGA)、扫描电镜(SEM)和力学性能测试研究了两种固化剂与双酚A环氧树脂(DGEBA)固化材料的相关性能。结果表明:MBCDE/DGEBA的最大分解温度为351.6℃,具有良好的热稳定性。AEP/DGEBA环氧固化物的冲击强度为3.641 J/m,而添加80%的MBCDE后固化物的冲击强度则为5.155 J/m,提高了41.6%。SEM分析结果表明MBCDE固化材料中存在相分离。