连作对土壤酶活性影响的研究进展

从连作中土壤微生物、土壤营养状况、土壤理化性质及土壤酚酸类物质与土壤酶的关系这四个方面分别进行了综述,旨在为改善连作中土壤理化性质,提高土壤营养水平,减轻连作障碍提供一定的理论依据。     

山杜英人工林生长特性及对土壤的影响分析

通过树干解析及对土壤理化性质的分析,研究了山杜英人工林的生长特性及对土壤性能的改良影响。结果表明,山杜英树高、胸径生长呈现出极为相似的生长特征,即随着年龄增长而增长,12年生时,树高可达11.5m,去皮胸径可达12cm。而材积生长在12a期间一直处于速生期;山杜英混交林较其他混交林土壤除pH值相似之外,其他养分含量均不同,尤其氮与磷元素含量有所提升,山杜英混交林对土壤具有良好的改善土壤性能。     

平茬处理对杜仲生长及光合特性的影响

【目的】探明平茬对叶用杜仲林生长特征及光合作用的影响机制,为杜仲的定向生态培育提供参考。【方法】以3年生杜仲为研究对象,对留茬10 cm(T1)、留茬20 cm(T2)、未平茬(CK)3种处理下杜仲的生长指标、气体交换参数、叶绿素荧光参数及光合色素含量进行测定与分析,并计算主要光合生理参数,包括水分利用效率(E_(WU))、叶片羧化效率(E_C)和气孔限制值(Ls)。【结果】平茬可使杜仲萌生枝条数、叶面积、单株叶片数、叶鲜质量、叶干质量及叶片相对含水量显著增加(P 0.05)。净光合速率(P_n)、气孔导度(G_s)和蒸腾速率(Tr)在平茬处理下显著增加,且在T2处理组中达到最大值,与C_K相比P_n、G_s和T_r分别提高31.4%、15.9%和10.1%。经平茬处理后,杜仲叶片胞间CO_2浓度(C_i)显著降低,在T2处理中与CK相比下降21.7%(P 0.05)。与CK相比,T2处理中E_(WU)和E_C分别提高了10.5%和40.0%。平茬处理后,植株叶片最大光合效率(F_v/F_m)和非光化学猝灭系数(NPQ)显著增加(P 0.05)。叶绿素a、叶绿素b、总叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量在T1处理组显著提高,与CK相比分别提高了41.3%、37.4%、40.0%和34.6%(P 0.05);叶绿素a和叶绿素b含量的比值在T2处理组显著下降(P 0.05)。相关分析结果表明:各处理组间杜仲植株总叶片数与枝条数、P_n、G_s、T_r和_Fv/F_m呈显著或极显著正相关。【结论】适度平茬有利于杜仲补偿性光合作用的产生,从而为叶用杜仲林的优产和高产提供更有利的生长条件。     

土壤压实对土壤性质及植物生长的影响

不合理的土地利用方式导致土壤压实,这不仅改变了土壤理化性质,也影响植物的正常生长。本文通过综述国内外土壤压实方面的相关研究,阐述了土壤压实对土壤性质及植物生长的影响,并对进一步开展研究的方向进行了展望。     

不同保鲜处理对温室水蜜桃外观特性的影响

为筛选出适合朝阳市水蜜桃生产推广使用的保鲜剂,延长货架期,选择4种市售保鲜剂,研究不同保鲜剂处理对水蜜桃外观品质的影响。结果表明,处理10 d后,不同保鲜处理可以在一定程度上降低水蜜桃的质量损失,减缓硬度,以经过消毒处理后与"ⅡY-1"型水果保鲜剂混合装袋处理的水蜜桃失重率最低3.9%,硬度降低幅度最小21.18%,保鲜效果最好。     

复合型微生物肥对沙生植物生长的影响

微生物肥在土壤改良、促进植物生长方面有诸多优势,研发适合沙漠风沙土环境的微生物肥,对沙化土壤改良具有实际意义。本研究选取Rhizobium sp.、Bacillus megaterium、Bacillus mucilaginosus接种于草炭土载体,制备具有固氮、溶磷和溶钾功能的微生物肥,并通过对杨柴、沙冬青、甘草开展微生物肥应用实验,确定复合型微生物肥配方,掌握其与无机肥等的促生效果差异。结果表明:微生物肥对杨柴生长促进作用显著,杨柴的高度、地上和根系生物量分别是未施加微生物肥风沙土处理的5. 74倍、8. 56倍、4. 66倍;确定具备固氮、解磷、解钾功能的复合型微生物肥配方为N(2~3)P2K(2~3),其对沙冬青、甘草的生长均有显著的促进作用;该复合型微生物肥在第2个生长季依然有较强的肥效,杨柴生物量、高度均显著高于未施加微生物肥风沙土处理,分别达到了8. 96倍和2. 41倍。     

不同施肥处理对油茶林土壤养分含量及植株生长的影响

本研究以‘长林4号’油茶Camellia oleifera‘Changlin No. 4’为材料,设置富氮复合肥（N∶P∶K=22∶8∶15）、富磷复合肥（N∶P∶K=8∶22∶15）、平衡复合肥（N∶P∶K=15∶15∶15）3个施肥处理以及1个空白对照（CK）,研究不同施肥处理对油茶林土壤理化性质和植株生长的影响。结果表明,各施肥处理提高了油茶林地的土壤含水率和土壤中有机质、碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾的含量,其中富磷复合肥对提高土壤养分含量的效果最好,富氮复合肥效果次之;3种施肥处理均有效增加了油茶植株的地径、株高和冠幅,其中富氮复合肥处理增加地径效果最明显,平衡复合肥处理对株高影响最大,且不同处理间均达到显著性差异水平（P<0.05）;各施肥处理对油茶细根生物量的增加均有显著的促进作用（P<0.05）,并影响细根的空间分布,其中,以富磷复合肥处理的油茶林20～30 cm土层的细根生物量最大,综合分析发现以平衡复合肥处理的油茶细根生物量最大。     

不同树种幼林生长差异及对土壤营养的影响

通过调查不同树种新造林树高生长量及其林地土壤有机质和速效氮、磷、钾含量,研究其生长及对土壤营养的影响.结果为：光皮桦、四川桤木、楸树、栾树、湿地松6年生树高分别为8.2、7.7、7.4、7.0、5.3 m;不同树种造林后对土壤营养物质含量的提高有明显差异,5个树种造林后效果排序的先后次序为光皮桦、四川桤木、栾木、楸树、湿地松;新造林均表现为造林当年土壤营养含量明显下降,第2年起逐年增加,第3～5年超过造林前水平.     

不同覆膜方式对杨树光合特性及生长的影响

在田间条件下,研究了白膜覆盖(WM)和黑膜覆盖(BM)对欧美I-107杨的光合特性、叶片营养、氮素分布及生长率的影响。结果表明:与对照相比,WM和BM明显提高了杨树叶片的净光合速率、蒸腾速率以及根、枝、叶的氮、磷含量,而对钾含量无显著影响;显著提高了根系氮的富集系数,分别高出25.28%和13.08%,但对氮素迁移系数的影响较小。此外,WM和BM的胸径、树高和材积生长率也明显高于对照,其中材积生长率分别高出21.08%和11.32%。综合分析认为,两种不同覆膜方式均对杨树的光合作用、叶片营养状态及生长具有显著的影响,其中白膜覆盖的作用效果明显优于黑膜覆盖。     

配方施肥对泡桐林生长及土壤质量的影响

以3年生泡桐林为研究对象,探讨不同施肥配方对泡桐林生长及土壤质量的影响。结果表明：配方Ⅲ（每株试验木施肥量：0．3kg尿素＋0．18kg纯N＋0．5kg钙镁磷＋0．07kg纯P＋0．25kg氯化钾＋0．19kg纯K）为最佳施肥配方。经过配方Ⅲ处理过的泡桐林地,土壤有机质和速效氮、磷、钾含量均显著提高;根际土壤微生物数量明显增多;泡桐林的生长量也得到较大的增长。     

生态有机肥对土壤特性和大果榉生长的影响

通过田间试验,研究了不施肥处理(CK)、风干鸡粪(CM)、有机无机复合肥(OIC)和生态有机肥(BIO)处理对定植大果榉土壤碱解氮和有机质含量,土壤微生物量碳氮含量以及大果榉地上部生长指标(株高、胸径和叶面积)增长率的影响。结果表明：与CK相比CM、OIC和BIO处理均增加了土壤碱解氮和有机质含量,显著提高土壤微生物量碳、氮的含量,其中BIO处理的土壤微生物量碳氮含量最高;与CM和OIC处理相比,BIO处理初期土壤碱解氮含量相对较低,而有机质含量在整个观测期均表现出较高水平;各施肥处理均显著提高了大果榉株高、胸径和叶面积增长率,其中BIO和OIC处理效果较好。     

不同处理对红松苗木生长影响的研究

通过对红松种子雪藏和沙藏、红松留床苗覆锯沫子和草碳土等不同处理方法对红松苗木生长影响的研究，表明种子的沙藏和雪藏对苗木的高生长和径生长都有显著影响。     

Effects of nitrogen content on growth and hydraulic characteristics of peach （Prunus persica L.） seedlings under different soil moisture condi- tions

A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of nitrogen content [N1(no fertilizer), N2(0.15 g?kg–1), and N3(0.3 g?kg–1)] on the growth and the hydraulic characteristics of peach seedlings under different soil moisture conditions(W1, W2 and W3, in which the soil water content was 45% to 55%, 60% to 70%, and 75% to 80% of the field water capacity, respectively) by using a specialized high pressure flow meter with a root chamber and a coupling, which was connected to plant organs. Leaf area and leaf hydraulic conductivity(KL) increased significantly in the seedlings because of increased soil moisture and N content. KL increased with leaf area. A linear correlation was documented between KL and leaf area. KL was higher in the morning and began to decline sharply after 16:00, at which KL declined after an initial increase. Soil moisture and N content enhanced shoot(Ks) and root(Kr) hydraulic conductivities, thereby improving the low soil moisture condition to a large extent. Ks and Kr of the seedlings were reduced by 32% and 27% respectively in N1, and by 14.7% and 9.4%, respectively in N2, and both in W1, compared with the control treatment. N3 had no significant effect on Ks and Kr under similar conditions. Linear negative correlations were observed between Kr and the excised root diameter as well as between Ks and the shoot stem diameter. The shoot-to-root ratio increased with increase in N content. The shoot-to-root ratio in N3 was increased by 14.37%, compared with N1 in W1 as well as by 12% and 4.39% in W2 and W3, respectively. Knowledge of the effects of soil moisture and N fertilizer on hydraulic characteristics and growth is important. Our results provide basic guidelines for the implementation of water-saving irrigation and fertilization management of nursery stock.     

不同施肥配方对美国山核桃生长的影响

为给美国山核桃丰产栽培提供技术支持,以鸡粪、猪粪、复合肥为肥料,研究不同施肥配方对美国山核桃生长的影响。结果表明,施用猪粪5kg/株对美国山核桃树高、地径和一级枝条长度和粗度增长效果最为明显,其次为鸡粪5kg/株和鸡粪2.5kg/株+猪粪2.5kg/株2个处理,对照处理效果最差。各处理对枝下高、嫁接口径粗和一级分枝数无显著影响。     

大棚草莓重茬栽培土壤根际菌物和线虫数量变化的研究

通过比较大棚重茬草莓的幼果期、盛果期和采果后期及不同土壤处理（太阳能处理、原美草莓重茬病防治剂处理、溴甲烷熏蒸处理）的根际微生物的数量和种类变化,证实了原美防治剂的生态安全性及土壤处理效果.结果表明,大棚草莓根际土壤中真菌数量随着草莓发育进程的推进有增大趋势,细菌数量先升高后降低呈单峰曲线分布,放线菌数量盛果期有所上升,到采果后上升幅度较大.不同土壤处理后比对照土壤根际中细菌富集,真菌、放线菌受到抑制,土壤由＂真菌型＂土壤向＂细菌型＂土壤转化.用原美草莓重茬病防治剂处理过的土壤比对照土壤真菌少,约为对照的1/10,且与其他处理无差异;在盛果期放线菌数量太阳能、原美草莓重茬病防治剂、溴甲烷处理分别比对照减少85.9%、84.0%和71.1%;细菌数量在盛果期比对照土壤高2～3倍.同时,通过淘洗法测定了土壤处理对根际线虫数量的影响,其数量变化与土壤处理无明显规律.     

遮荫对东北红豆杉苗期生长及光合特性的影响

在100%、70%、40%和10%4种光照条件下,对东北红豆杉苗期生长及光合特性进行了研究。结果表明:在100%、70%光照下,净光合速率(Pn)日变化呈现"双峰型"曲线,有明显的"光午休"现象,后者较前者的"光午休"作用减弱了17.7个百分点;强光、高温、低湿是引起"光午休"的主要环境因子。在70%光照下,苗高、地径的生长量最大,净光合速率和水分利用率最高。70%光照是东北红豆杉苗期生长的适宜光环境。     

麻栎不同播种量及施肥生理效应的研究

不同播种量及施肥对麻栎苗木生长均有一定影响,从本次试验结果来看,麻栎的适宜播种量为1800kg·hm-2和2250kg·hm-2;麻栎播种苗在不同生长阶段内,N、P含量的高低不仅与施肥量有关,而且与苗木所处物候期、对土壤养分的吸收和利用状况、苗木本身生长节律等密切相关;不同施肥区,麻栎苗木叶绿素含量在速生期时最高,到生长后期相对降低。     

The effect of tractor logging on forest soil compaction and growth ofShorea selanica seedlings in Indonesia

The hardness in soil was investigated in four forest areas in Indonesia after a crawler tractor passed over it several times. The hardness in soil, expressed by bulk density, was measured at various depth and various distances from the main track. Recovery of soil hardness was also examined. The bulk density increased markedly by the first and second pass of the tractor, but did not change after the fifth pass. The bulk density was highest just under the main and the log track, and decreased with an increase in distance from the track (0.5 to 1.5 m). The greatest increase in bulk density was observed at the depth of 0–5 cm. The soil hardness tended to show recovery within 9 years after logging, though not completely. Growth and root penetration of seedlingsShorea selanica decreased with the increase of soil hardness. We considered that the 2 tractor passes that caused bulk density of 1.3 g/cm³ is critical for the growth ofS. selanica’s seedling.     

Effects of light availability and soil flooding on growth and photosynthetic characteristics of Genipa americana L. seedlings

Genipa americana L. (Rubiaceae) is a late successional neotropical fruit tree used in riparian forest restoration programs. We analyze the effects of light availability and soil flooding on the growth and photosynthetic characteristics of G. americana seedlings under nursery and natural light conditions. Two light levels (full sunlight and shade), and two levels of soil water (flooded and control) were used in the experiment. Flooding induced significant changes in the total seedling biomass (P < 0.01). The differences among water treatments were 70 and 10% at full sunlight and shade, respectively. These changes were explained by alterations in the maximum quantum efficiency of the photosystem 2 (Fv/Fm), light-saturated net photosynthetic rates (A _sat) and intrinsic water use efficiency (WUE). G. americana has high physiological plasticity in relation to the light availability and flooding, although significant interactive effects between high light exposure and soil flooding were observed in several photosynthetic and growth variables. The results highlight the importance of the synergistic effects between physical environmental variables on the establishment and growth of G. americana seedlings. In the practical point of view we can indicate that, in degraded riparian forests subjected to soil flooding, seedlings of this species should be planted under partially shaded environments.