广东不同母质发育水稻土钾素的固定与释放

本文通过室内模拟和化学方法研究了广东几种不同母质发育的水稻土的钾素的固定与释放特性。结果表明,砂页岩、珠江三角洲沉积物、石灰岩和玄武岩发育的水稻土的固钾量均随钾加入量的增加而增大,但花岗岩发育的水稻土却相反;砂页岩、花岗岩和玄武岩发育的水稻土的固钾量在淹水时最高,而沉积物和石灰岩发育的水稻土则在恒湿时最高;沉积物发育的水稻土的非交换性钾累计释放量和平均释放速率显著高于其它母质发育的水稻土;施钾肥对非交换性钾释放的影响因土壤所含粘土矿物类型而异。     

长期定位施肥对不同粒级非石灰性潮土钾素释放的影响

土壤中矿物的种类与土壤的粒级有关,随着粒级变粗,矿物组成趋于简单,次生矿物类型及含量减少,而原生矿物种类及含量增加[1]。土壤钾素含量、有效性及其转化又与土壤矿物组成密切相关,存在于黏粒部分的含钾矿物(黏粒矿物)因直接影响钾的生物有效性而备受关注。土壤中钾素的研究较多[2,3],关于不同粒级的土壤钾素释放的差异已有报道[4~6],但长期定位施肥对不同粒级的土壤颗粒中钾素行为的影响研究得较少,笔者在这方面做了一系列的工作[7~9]。因此研究长期定位施肥中土壤粒级与土壤钾素释放行为的关系不仅能丰富土壤矿物风化和黏土矿物形成理论,而且对全面认识土壤中钾素状况、供钾能力、钾素的相互转化及合理利用有限的     

紫色水稻土钾有效性和钾释放的研究

紫色水稻土全钾含量属中等水平,速效钾属中等偏下水平,土壤对钾素的供应总体不足。作物吸收的钾,矿物钾占76.95％,速效钾和缓效钾仅占10.81％和12.24％。土壤矿物钾释放随时间的延长逐渐下降,随土壤颗粒粒径的下降显著增大,在80分钟时,释放量仍高达08～8.8mgkg-1.min-1,80分钟内的累积释放量为土壤缓效钾的1.5～2.0倍;土壤速效钾的形成随时间的延长逐渐趋向稳定。不同土壤矿物钾的释放顺序和土壤速效钾形成顺序的不一致性,是由它们的机理和土壤性状综合造成的,但是,Elovich方程都能较好地拟合土壤矿物钾的释放过程和土壤速效钾的形态过程,方程参数b值能反映过程进行的速度。     

阳离子交换膜在土壤钾释放及小麦对钾素的反应研究中的应用

A pot experiment was conducted in the growth chamber on Saskatchewan soils with different texture to determine the K release status and wheat K demand.The relationship between K uptake and soil available K extracted by cation exchange membrane(CEM-K) and the effcet of K fertilizer on wheat growth and soil available K was also evaluated.Treatments of 0,60 and 120mg K/kg were applied to sandy,low and high K loamy and clay soils,The highest yields were acieved with the application of 120mg K/kg in sandy soil and 60 mg K/kg in other soils.On the whole,the clay soil contributed K more than other soils from slowly available fraction.Regression revealed a linear relationship between the soil available K extracted by NH4OAc(Ka) and CEM-K in suspensions(r=0.93).Results also showed that CEM-K in burial and in suspensions were different not only in the amount but also in correlation with Ka or K uptake.     

有机酸影响矿物钾释放的室内试验与数学模拟

在生物试验的基础上 ,利用连续流动法 ,模拟植物根系分泌有机酸的种类和数量 ,研究了不同有机酸对矿物钾释放的影响。结果表明 ,有机酸能够明显地促进矿物中钾的释放 ,浓度越高 ,释钾作用越明显 ;此外 ,其释钾能力还与有机酸的种类、矿物类型密切相关。对试验结果进行了随机数学模拟 ,表明所采用的传递函数模型能够较好地仿真矿物钾的释放过程。     

三种有机无机复混钾肥钾素的释放与供应特征

在实验室条件下,通过间歇淋洗培养和土壤培养试验研究了不同有机无机复混钾肥钾素的释放与供应特征。在等化肥钾量投入条件下,与化学钾肥相比,供试的3种有机无机复混钾肥没有显著影响到钾素在石灰性土壤中的释放规律;土壤速效钾含量有所增加,糖渣系、糠醛渣系和污泥系有机无机复混钾肥处理的土壤速效钾含量分别比化学钾肥处理增加了13.5%、12.7%和1.6%。与化学钾肥处理相比,糖渣系、糠醛渣系有机无机复混钾肥处理的钾素(K)固定量分别减少了42和39 mg/kg。     

含钾矿物中钾的释放及其与溶液环境中离子种类的关系

通过室内试验研究探讨5种含K矿物中K在不同溶液中的释放规律(释放量和释放速率).结果表明,不同含K矿物中K释放速率和释放量的顺序均表现为:黑云母>蛭石>金云母≥白云母>钾长石,不同K矿物释K速率在酸溶液中差异最大,其次在钙和钠盐溶液中,在水中的速率差异最小,这主要是受其矿物本身结构的影响.不同离子对含K矿物中非交换态K释放的促进作用差异显著:H~+>>Ca~(3+)>Na~+>H_2O>NH_4~+.随矿物K有效性增加,H~+和Ca~(2+)对矿物K释放的促进作用越大,而且H~+较Ca~(2+)对黑云母、金云母和长石中的K有更突出的促释作用.此外,Ca~(2+)较Na~+显著促进了黑云母和蛭石中K的释放,但对其他矿物中K释放的影响两者无显著差异.NH~+_4则显著抑制了各种矿物中K的释放,对黑云母和蛭石的抑制作用更强于对金云母和白云母的作用.     

腐殖酸对浑河流域草甸土钾素吸附特性的影响研究

草甸土是辽宁地区的主要农业土壤,但是草甸土中含有大量的2∶1型黏土矿物,这些矿物具有固钾能力,受这些矿物的影响,草甸土具有较强的固钾能力,较大程度上限制了外源钾素的发挥。采用连续流动法研究了腐殖酸对浑河流域发育的草甸土钾素固定与释放的影响,结果表明,施用腐殖酸能够降低土壤对钾素的固定量。腐殖酸对土壤固钾率的影响与腐殖酸和钾的施入顺序有关,在外源钾(800 mg kg-1)存在时腐殖酸提前于钾素一天施入,与未加腐殖酸相比能引起溶液钾的显著增加,其中胡敏酸增加41.8%,富里酸增加56.3%;腐殖酸与钾素同时加入,也能引起溶液钾的增加,但增加幅度降低,其中胡敏酸增加7.3%。富里酸增加26.2%;腐殖酸后于钾素加入,引起的溶液钾变化较小,其中胡敏酸增加5.5%,富里酸增加9.8%。三种施入方式对交换钾变化影响不大。不同施入方式下土壤的固钾率表现为:未加腐殖酸后加腐殖酸同时加入先加腐殖酸。     

微晶化磷矿粉的发酵活化效应

选用天然风化煤和pH 3.63的酒厂废弃物酒糟、MV菌剂为活化剂,与PB、PC微晶化磷矿粉在30℃下发酵研究对枸溶性磷的活化效果。结果表明,MV菌剂促进微晶磷矿粉有效P的溶解,且磷矿粉变细解磷效果增强;酒糟、风化煤促进微晶磷矿粉有效磷的溶解;MV菌条件下的酒糟、风化煤有利于微晶磷矿粉的活化,有效磷含量在25d达最高;酒糟对微晶磷矿粉的活化效应2∶1〉1∶1,25d枸溶性磷J6、J8、J2和J4分别比对照J净增长了1.63%,1.42%,1.32%及1.22%;MV菌条件下风化煤参与的发酵,25d处理F6、F8、F4和F2枸溶性磷分别比对照F增长了2.15%,2.13%,1.82%和1.77%。     

Short‐term potassium release and fixation in some calcareous soils

Potassium (K⁺) directly released from primary K‐bearing minerals can contribute to plant nutrition. The objective of this research was to assess short‐term K⁺ release and fixation on a range of intensively cropped calcareous soils. Potassium sorption and desorption properties and the contributions of exchangeable‐K⁺ (EK) and nonexchangeable‐K⁺ (NEK) pools to K⁺ dynamics of the soil‐solution system was measured using a modified quantity‐to‐intensity (Q : I) experiment. Release and fixation of K⁺ were varied among soils. The relation between the change in the amount of NEK during the experiment and the initial constrain was linear, and soil ability for K⁺ release and fixation (β) for all soils varied from 0.041 to 0.183, indicating that 4% to 18% of added K⁺ converted to NEK when fixation occurred. The equilibrium potential buffering capacity (PBC) for K⁺ derived from Q : I experiments had significant correlation (r = 0.75, p < 0.01) with β, indicating that PBC depends not only on exchange properties but also on release and fixation properties. The depleted soils showed higher β value than the other soils, indicating much of the added K⁺ was converted to NEK in case of positive constraint. The range of the amount of EK which was not in exchange equilibrium with Ca (E_min) in the experimental conditions was large and varied from 0.68 to 9.00 mmol kg^–1. On average, E_min amounted to 64% of EK. This fraction of EK may not be available to the plant. The parameters obtained from these short‐term K⁺ release and fixation experiments can be used in plant nutrition.     

Release of interlayer potassium in Norwegian grassland soils

Potassium (K) release from sources that are not initially exchangeable is attributed to depletion of interlayer K of micas and clay minerals or weathering of feldspars. The aim of the present study was to estimate the K release from interlayer K. Soil samples from 17 field experiments in ley on a range of mineral soils in Norway were used in the study. The change in K‐fixation capacity was used as an estimate of depletion of interlayer K. It was assumed that the increase in K‐fixation capacity during 3 yr of cropping was equivalent to the amount of K depleted from the interlayer positions. Mean K fixation increased in the majority of the soils during 3 yr of grass cropping both with and without K application. The increase in K fixation indicated that without K application, the K uptake from interlayer K amounted to 43%, 28%, and 26% of the K yield for clay soils, high‐K sandy soils, and low‐K sandy soils, respectively. Including K uptake from exchangeable K in the topsoil and from subsoil, the explained K uptake amounted to 79%, 69%, and 81% for the three groups of soil, respectively. Simple linear‐regression analyses showed that the change in K fixation during 3 yr of grass cropping was best explained by the percentage of clay in the soil.     

聚合物包膜肥料中钾素释放特征及其模拟

以水和水饱和石英砂为介质,研究了2种聚合物包膜肥料中钾素的释放特征。结果表明,钾素释放主要受温度影响,同时还受到颗粒大小和形态的影响;在水饱和石英砂中溶出与在水中溶出差别不大。采用水为介质,以一聚合物包膜肥料养分释放的理论模型为基础,对影响聚合物包膜肥料钾素释放的因素进行了研究,并进行了灵敏性检验。结果表明,温度越高、包膜的厚度和颗粒半径越小时钾素释放越快,且试验结果和模拟结果达到极显著的相关性;模拟结果比实际结果明显偏低,但表现出了较好灵敏性和相关性,是一个具有理论基础和应用潜力的聚合物包膜肥料养分释放模型。     

磷矿粉的超微细活化及磷释放动态研究

以无机、有机材料为活化剂,用振动磨湿法研磨和连续提取的方法,研究了不同活化剂对磷矿粉的超微细活化作用及磷素动态释放特性。结果表明,添加活化剂能够显著提高磷矿粉的粉碎效率,缩短研磨时间。对磷矿粉进行超微细活化处理能显著提高磷矿粉有效磷的含量,胶磷矿加入无机,有机活化剂和无机、有机活化剂并用的处理2h样品的有效磷含量是粗胶磷矿的1.82、1.86、1.83倍。 2%柠檬酸连续浸提试验表明,各微细处理的胶磷矿6次累积磷总量分别是粗胶磷矿粉的1.90、1.86、1.64、1.69倍。     

Effects of controlled‐release potassium fertilizer on available potassium,photosynthetic performance,and yield of cotton

Potassium (K) is one of the major mineral elements required for normal growth of cotton. However, understanding the effect of controlled‐release K fertilizer on leaf photosynthesis and K use efficiency (KUE) of cotton is currently limited. A two‐year pot experiment was consecutively conducted in 2014 and 2015 with three kinds of K fertilizer including K₂SO₄, KCl, and polymer‐coated KCl (CRK), each at four application rates (0.00, 0.86, 1.73, and 2.59 g K plant⁻¹, respectively). For each type of K fertilizer, the yield and K uptake of cotton increased but the KUE decreased with higher K fertilizer application. The release characteristics of K from CRK corresponded well to the K requirements during cotton growth. Plant‐available soil K, as well as leaf SPAD values, net photosynthetic rate (P_n), maximal photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm), and effective quantum yield of photosystem II (ΦPSII) in CRK treatments were increased after full bloom stage compared to conventional K fertilizers under the same potassium application rate. Consequently, the CRK treatments significantly increased lint cotton yields by 8.1–32.7% and 3.7–20.8%, while the KUE increased by 15.5–54.8% and 14.5–45.4% compared to KCl and K₂SO₄ treatments, respectively. The results indicate that the application of CRK is intensively recommended to replace conventional potassium fertilizers for gaining greater yields and higher KUE of cotton.     

淀粉基赋钾保水剂的制备表征与保水释钾性能优化

为优化合成一种兼具吸水和释钾功能的淀粉基赋钾保水新材料,该研究通过单因素和正交试验,比较分析了不同反应条件对淀粉基赋钾保水剂吸液释钾性能的影响;并通过红外光谱和扫描电镜表征了原矿白云母、活化白云母和赋钾保水剂的结构和形貌特征。结果表明：反应温度950 ℃,助熔剂NaCl和白云母质量比2:1,煅烧2 h时对白云母的活化效果最好,释钾率和释钾量分别达到92%和32.4 mg/g。淀粉、交联剂、引发剂、丙烯酰胺添加量和中和度分别为20%、0.02%、0.4%、25%和80%,活化白云母用量20%时,赋钾保水剂达到最大吸液倍率358 g/g（蒸馏水）和155 g/g（自来水）,且重复吸水倍率也明显大于纯淀粉基保水剂;40 ℃下,25 h后赋钾保水剂仍能维持40%以上的初始水分。该赋钾保水剂吸水溶胀过程符合非Fickian扩散,由水分子扩散和高分子链段松弛过程共同决定。赋钾保水剂的累积释钾量随活化白云母用量的增加而增大,静水浸提9 d后,钾释放量和释放率分别增加2.59和3.64倍。活化白云母除了部分以物理填充形式存在于淀粉基保水剂中外,还有部分粉末在聚合过程中与有机物发生了反应。赋钾保水剂粗糙的表面有利于其吸水释钾性能的发挥。分析认为,该研究中合成的淀粉基赋钾保水剂兼具保水持水和重复吸水性能,而且对钾素具有缓释和促释作用。     

优质烤烟对不同种类钾肥的吸收效应

以云烟87为材料,通过小区田间试验,研究了优质烤烟对不同种类钾肥的吸收效应。结果表明,与不施钾对照相比,施钾增加了烟株干物质积累。不同钾肥品种间相比,在移栽60 d以后,以生物包膜缓释钾肥处理干物质积累量最高。施钾提高了土壤速效钾含量和烟株钾含量,在移栽后45 d以前,以碳酸钾处理对土壤速效钾和烟株钾含量的提高效果最好;在移栽60 d以后,土壤中速效钾和烟株各部位钾含量均以生物包膜缓释钾肥处理最高。收获期与常规硫酸钾处理相比,生物包膜缓释钾肥处理和碳酸钾处理钾素利用率分别提高16.81和7.93个百分点。从烤后烟叶钾含量分析,生物包膜缓释钾肥处理和碳酸钾处理均显著提高了烟叶钾含量。综合分析,以生物包膜缓释钾肥和碳酸钾肥代替常规硫酸钾肥能提高钾素利用率和烟叶钾含量,建议在生产上推广应用。     

耕作土壤释钾速率及其与钾有效性的关系研究

对 1 0个不同母质土壤进行生物吸钾试验和化学测定 .结果表明 ,二级动力学方程dkt/dt=k(k0 -kt) 2 可以很好地描述连续提取条件下土壤释钾特性。初始释钾速率与有效钾含量呈极显著正相关 ,与黑麦草生物总量及吸钾总量均呈极显著正相关 .2mol/LHNO3提取的释钾速率相关显著性明显高于氢质树脂法 ,其中 0～ 2h的土壤释钾速率能较好地描述土壤钾的有效性