Aroma of Cooked Rice (Oryza sativa): Comparison Between Commercial Basmati and Italian Line B5-3

Selected lines of aromatic rice from American cv. A301 were cultivated in Italy, and the agronomic traits and chemical properties related to their aroma were studied. The most characteristic compound responsible for aromatic rice, 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline, was quantified in all lines. Line B5-3, characterized by high 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline content, was investigated in greater detail for its volatile components and was compared with a commercial Basmati rice. Volatiles were collected by steam-distillation. Several classes of compounds were identified and quantified in both samples, including hydrocarbons, aldehydes, alcohols, ketones, heterocyclic, terpenes, disulfides, and phenols. Hexanal was the most abundant compound in both samples, followed by pentanal, 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline, hexanol, benzaldehyde, oct-1-en-3-ol, 4-vinylguaiacol, indole, and trans-2- nonenal. 2-Acetyl-1-pyrroline was present at 570 and 2,350 ppb in Basmati and B5-3, respectively.     

我国转基因抗除草剂水稻的生态风险与控制

转基因抗除草剂水稻(Oryza sativa)的生态风险备受业界和公众关注。探讨其生态风险大小和收益多少,对于防范风险、明辨是非、权衡利弊、科学决策具有重要参考价值。以往研究注重单项风险分析,主要采用模拟条件分析,风险和效益的对比少、全局和集成分析不足。本文较全面地分析了转基因抗除草剂水稻的生态风险和收益,提出了控制生态风险的技术措施,对于促进我国转基因抗除草剂水稻的健康稳步发展具有现实意义。     

抗除草剂基因导入旱稻（Oryza sativa）栽培品种

摘要：以生产上优良旱稻（Oryza sativa L. ）新品种旱稻297、旱稻10号等的幼胚愈伤组织为转化受体材料，用基因枪法把抗Basta除草剂的bar基因导入了这些品种的愈伤组织，经两轮Basta抗性筛选和分化获得了再生植株，对再生植株进行PCR扩增和Southern杂交检测，T0和T1代Basta抗性实验表明，bar基因已整合到旱稻的基因组DNA中，并在T1代继续表达。对各品种幼胚培养的诱导、分化培养基实验表明，MB和MS培养基可作为这5个品种的愈伤组织诱导培养基，改良的RMB2、RMS2培养基可显著地提高愈伤组织的分化频率。实验所获得的转基因植株和建立的遗传转化系统，为旱稻的抗除草剂分子育种和其它基因转化奠定了初步的基础。     

抗除草剂基因导入早稻（Oryza sativa）栽培品种

以生产上优良旱稻(Oryza sativa L．)新品种旱稻297、旱稻10号等的幼胚愈伤组织为转化受体材料,用基因枪法把抗Basta除草剂的bar基因导入了这些品种的愈伤组织,经两轮Basta抗性筛选和分化获得了再生植株,对再生植株进行PCR扩增和Southern杂交检测,T0和T1代Basta抗性实验表明,bar基因已整合到旱稻的基因组DNA中,并在T1代继续表达。对各品种幼胚培养的诱导、分化培养基实验表明,MB和MS培养基可作为这5个品种的愈伤组织诱导培养基,改良的RMB2、RMS2培养基可显著地提高愈伤组织的分化频率。实验所获得的转基因植株和建立的遗传转化系统。为早稻的抗除草剂分子育种和其它基因转化奠定了初步的基础。     

Capillary electrophoresis is essential for microsatellite marker based detection and quantification of adulteration of Basmati rice (Oryza sativa)

Microsatellite markers are employed for genotyping of Basmati varieties and assaying purity of market samples. However, employment of diverse electrophoresis techniques across laboratories has resulted in inconsistent allele sizes, creating doubts about the suitability of the assay. This study evaluated agarose gel electrophoresis, slab gel electrophoresis, and capillary electrophoresis techniques for their efficiency in the detection and quantification of adulteration in Basmati samples. Comparative analysis across 8 microsatellite loci in 12 rice varieties demonstrated that the capillary electrophoresis method showed less error (+/-0.73 bp) in the estimation of allele sizes compared to slab gel (+/-1.59 bp) and agarose gel (+/-8.03 bp) electrophoretic methods. Capillary electrophoresis showed greater reproducibility (<0.5 bp deviation) compared to slab gel (1 bp) and agarose (>3 bp) based methods. Capillary electrophoresis was significantly superior in quantification of the adulterant, with a mean error of +/-3.91% in comparison to slab gel (+/-6.09%). Lack of accuracy and consistency of the slab gel and agarose electrophoretic methods warrants the employment of capillary electrophoresis for Basmati rice purity assays.     

Integrated Nutrient-Management Technology for Direct-Seeded Upland Rice (Oryza sativa) in Northwestern Himalayas

Alarming climate change, rainfed upland farming, and low resource-use efficiency of conventional fertilizer management practices are major production constraints detrimental to rice productivity in the northwestern (NW) Himalayas. Recent agronomic intervention of direct-seeded rice (DSR) coupled with suitable rice germplasm well suited to rainfed upland ecosystems in combination with appropriate integrated nutrient-management (INM) technology can enhance the rice productivity in the region. Thus, a field experiment with seven treatments replicated three times in a randomized block design was conducted on INM technology in rainfed upland rice cv. HPR-1156 (Sukaradhan-1) to harness the potential of DSR technology in order to boost rice productivity in the NW Himalayas. Results on INM in direct-seeded upland rice revealed that nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK) at 90:45:45 kg ha^?1 + farm yard manure (FYM) at 5 t ha^?1 (oven dry-weight basis) significantly resulted in the greatest magnitude of growth and development (plant height, tillers m^?2) and yield-contributing characters (panicles m^?2, panicle length, grains panicle^?1 and 1000-grain weight), resulting in significantly greatest grain, straw, and biological yield followed by sole use of NPK at 90:45:45 kg ha^?1 and NPK at 60:30:30 kg ha^?1 + FYM at 5 t ha^?1, respectively, in rainfed upland rice. Application of NPK at 90:45:45 kg ha^?1 + FYM at 5 t ha^?1 again resulted in significant improvement in soil organic carbon and available NPK status over other treatments and initial soil fertility status in an acidic Alfisol. Overall, it is inferred that INM technology with judicious use of NPK at 90:45:45 kg ha^?1 + FYM at 5 t ha^?1 in rainfed upland rice under DSR technology can enhance the rice productivity and resource-use efficiency in NW Himalayas.     

油菜素内酯对水稻细胞伸长和分裂的调控

油菜素内酯(brassinosteroid,BR)是调控植物生长发育的重要的激素之一。为明确BR在调控水稻(Oryza sativa)细胞发育过程中的作用,本研究以不同浓度外源BR处理的水稻愈伤组织、悬浮系和内源BR信号增强的BR突变体Os BZR1-OE为材料,对BR处理后水稻愈伤组织的体积和细胞分布状况、单个悬浮细胞的形状和大小、Os BZR1-OE转基因水稻的细胞进行了观察,并对细胞分裂关键基因的表达量、对细胞分裂具有重要作用的细胞骨架蛋白(F-actin)的积累进行了分析。结果表明,低浓度(1×10-10 mol/L)BR处理的愈伤组织块体积(1.03 cm3)大于对照(0.73 cm3),但高浓度BR(1×10-6 mol/L)处理的愈伤组织块的体积(0.27 cm3)明显小于对照;从细胞核的分布也能印证上述结果,低浓度BR处理后的愈伤组织细胞核排列疏松,表明细胞体积较大,即1×10-10 mol/L BR促进了水稻愈伤组织细胞体积的增加,高浓度BR处理后的愈伤组织细胞核密度大,表明细胞体积较小,即1×10-6 mol/L BR抑制了水稻愈伤组织细胞体积的增加;低浓度BR促进水稻悬浮系单个细胞的伸长,而高浓度的BR抑制悬浮系细胞的伸长;内源BR信号增强的突变体Os BZR1-OE下胚轴细胞明显短于野生型水稻下胚轴细胞;本研究通过碘化丙碇(propidium iodide,PI)和异硫氰酸荧光素(fluorescein isothiocyanate isomerⅠ,FITC)-鬼笔环肽染色对悬浮系细胞的形态和微丝细胞骨架进行观察,发现BR处理可促进水稻悬浮系细胞和微丝骨架的分裂,高浓度BR对细胞分裂的促进效果更明显;双向电泳结果表明,BR处理可促进微丝骨架蛋白的表达;RT-PCR结果表明,BR可增加促进有丝分裂的CDC48(cell division cycle protein 48)和能缩短细胞周期的CYCD2(cyclin D2)基因的表达。上述结果表明,低浓度BR促进水稻细胞的伸长,高浓度BR抑制水稻细胞的伸长,BR促进微丝骨架F-actin的积累,通过促进有丝分裂基因CDC48和缩短细胞周期的因CYCD2的表达而调控水稻细胞的分裂。本研究为BR在作物控高抗倒伏方面的应用提供了理论依据。     

水稻光温敏核不育的分子与表观调控机理

两系法杂交水稻(Oryza sativa)的核心是光温敏核不育系,近年来对光温敏核不育系的研究取得了巨大进展.本文概述了光温敏雄性核不育基因的定位与克隆、育性转换机理、不育分子机制以及光温敏核不育的表观调控新进展,并对光温敏核不育的表观遗传学研究前景进行展望,以期为两系杂交水稻育种提供理论指导.     

Identification of Disulfide Proteins in the Salt Soluble Fraction of Rice (Oryza sativa) Seed

Evidence has been accumulating to suggest that disulfide bonding is one of the key causes of allergenicity. Recently we developed the “disulfide proteome”, a technique for the comprehensive analysis of disulfide bonding of proteins. We applied this new technique to the rice seed's salt‐soluble fraction, which has long been known to be allergenic. Most proteins in the fraction, including α‐amylase/trypsin inhibsitor, α‐ globulin, and glutelin fragments, have formed intramolecular disulfide bonds. Also, unknown proteins, including one sharing similarities with known allergens, had disulfide bonds, from which we can infer possible allergenicity. This is a preliminary study to screen allergens from the basis of disulfide bonding.     

Policosanol Content and Composition of Korean Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Cultivars

Policosanols (PCs) are a group of long‐chain alcohols that have been reported to have many beneficial physiological activities. In this study, the total content and composition of PCs in 15 rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars from Korea were characterized by gas chromatography–time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry. This method proved to be sufficiently precise and accurate with respect to the degree of endogenous biological variability found in the rice samples. Octacosanol (C28) and triacontanol (C30) were the major components of PCs in all cultivars. In addition, there were positive correlations among the determined PC contents. Given its high PC content, the Heughyangbyeo cultivar may appear to be a good candidate for future breeding programs.     

OsEXPA8基因对水稻悬浮细胞的周期和大小的影响

膨胀素是植物细胞特有的一种细胞壁松弛蛋白,在很大程度上决定着植物细胞的生长速率.α-膨胀素(α-expansin,EXPA)和β-膨胀素(β-expansin,EXPB)是植物膨胀素家族中两个较大的亚家族.水稻(Oryza sativa)中至少有34个α-膨胀素基因.本研究通过转基因技术,研究了一个水稻根特异性表达的α-膨胀素基因OsEXPA8对水稻悬浮细胞的细胞周期和细胞大小的影响.利用流式细胞仪,分析不同培养时期野生型和转基因型细胞周期的差异,结果发现,35S∷OsEXPA8(过表达)转基因悬浮细胞大部分处于G2/M期,而OsEXPA8-RNAi (knock-down)转基因悬浮细胞多处在G1期;利用血球计数板测定细胞数量,结果表明,35S∷OsEXPA8转基因细胞数量＞野生型细胞数量＞OsEXPA8-RNAi转基因细胞数量;利用显微镜测定不同培养时期的细胞大小,发现35S∷OsEXPA8转基因细胞大小＞野生型细胞大小＞OsEXPA8-RNAi转基因细胞大小;测定愈伤组织块大小,发现35S∷ OsEXPA8转基因愈伤组织块大小＞野生型愈伤组织块大小＞ OsEXPA8-RNAi转基因愈伤组织块大小.本研究结果表明,OsEXPA8能够促进水稻悬浮细胞的分裂和生长,从而增加细胞数量,增大细胞体积,对水稻悬浮细胞的生长具有调控作用.该研究将有助于更好地了解植物细胞壁的松弛过程,从而深入地认识植物的生长发育进程.同时,膨胀素作为一种细胞壁松弛因子在农业上具有潜在的生物工程应用价值.     

cDNA微阵列检测水稻幼苗空间特异表达基因*

以含有2200个独立水稻转录本的膜质cDNA微阵列鉴别萌发期水稻(Oryza sativa L.)幼苗的空间特异表达基因。经比较表达谱，得到了在胚芽、胚轴和胚根中特异表达的基因分别为31、36和73个。其中，胚轴特异表达基因包括聚泛蛋白、UDP-葡萄糖焦磷酸酶、蔗糖合酶、磷酸甘油酸激酶等参与糖、蛋白质代谢反应的蛋白，意味着在萌发期水稻幼苗中，胚乳贮藏淀粉和贮藏蛋白的降解反应主要发生在胚轴部。实验检测到的胚芽和胚根特异表达基因包括一些具有防御功能的基因及多个参与复制、转录和翻译过程的基因，如胚芽特异表达的基因中，翻译起始因子5a、40s核糖体蛋白s28及核糖体蛋白136与蛋白合成有关；而过敏性蛋白、β-D-葡聚糖外水解酶和肌动蛋白-11等为抗病相关基因。胚根特异表达的基因中，肽链延伸因子1-α、TATA盒结合蛋白、DNA复制蛋白A2、组蛋白和两种核糖体蛋白等与复制、转录和翻译有关；而富含甘氨酸蛋白、创伤诱导性碱性蛋白、Bowman-Birk蛋白酶抑制因子、脂类转运蛋白-2等基因则与幼苗的防卫反应有关。通过分析这些空间特异表达基因，揭示出一些潜在的生物学规律，为研究萌发生理学提供了有价值的信息。     

基因枪介导转化水稻花粉获得转基因植株

植物花粉是一种理想的植物遗传转化材料,利用转化后的花粉授粉,借助于植物胚胎的自然发育获得转基因种子,从而简化转化过程.大量研究表明基因枪是花粉转化的较理想工具,目前基因枪介导的花粉转化只在烟草、油菜等少数作物中获得成功.水稻是世界主要粮食作物,建立一个高效的水稻遗传转化体系对于水稻的遗传改良具有十分重要的意义.     

Screening of Basmati Rice Varieties for their Arsenic Accumulation in Punjab,North-West India

A pot study was conducted to screen different basmati rice varieties for their accumulation of arsenic (As). Different amounts of arsenic (0–800 µg/L) were applied through irrigation water to four basmati rice varieties (Pusa basmati-1121, Pusa Punjab basmati-1509, Punjab basmati-2, and Punjab basmati-3). Highest arsenic concentration was found in the grains of Punjab basmati-3 and lowest in the grains of Pusa Punjab basmati-1509. In all varieties, grain As concentration ranged from 0.038 to 0.288 mg/kg, which was within the permissible limit of 1.0 mg/kg in rice grain recommended by World Health Organization (WHO). In husk, highest As concentration was found in Pusa basmati-1121 and lowest in Punjab basmati-2. Among the four varieties, highest content of As was accumulated in roots and straw of Pusa Punjab basmati-1509, whereas least was accumulated in Punjab basmati-2. The distribution of arsenic among plant parts was found in the order: roots > straw > husk > grain. The mean arsenic concentrations in grain, husk, straw, and root of basmati rice varieties increased with increasing concentration of arsenic in irrigation water. Highest grain yield was obtained in Pusa Punjab basmati-1509 variety due to lesser accumulation of arsenic compared with other varieties. Rice yield, plant height, root weight, straw weight, test weight, effective tiller, and filled grain per panicle decreased with increase in arsenic concentration in irrigated water.     

水稻无侧根突变体RM109子粒及幼苗生物学特性

以水稻无侧根突变体RMI09为材料,对其无侧根特性的其它伴随性状进行了研究,旨在揭示遗传突变引起的生理生化变化及其生物学特性.结果表明:突变体的子粒宽、厚、百粒重、百粒谷物量均小于野生型,子粒和发芽第5天的百粒淀粉含量分别是野生型的135％和157％,萌发第4天的幼苗根系琥珀酸脱氢酶(SDH)比活性是野生型的8％;突变体经1μmol·L-1的AgNO3处理后对ACC、H2O2、2,4-D及TIBA都表现出耐性,但对照组突变体(无Ag+处理)对1-氨基环丙烷-1-羧酸(ACC)和H2O2的耐性低于野生型、对2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸(2,4-D)及三碘苯甲酸(TIBA)的耐性高于野生型.     

水稻密码子优化基因Mat#增强草铵膦抗性

来自细菌Nocardia sp.AB2253的蛋氨酸砜N-乙酰基转移酶基因(methionine sulfone Nacetyltransferase gene,Mat)编码产物具有N-乙酰基转移酶活性,能解除灭生性除草剂草铵膦的毒性,但在植物中表达效率较低.本研究用水稻(Oryza sativa)偏爱密码子优化的Mat#基因转化籼稻品系9K(Oryza sativa ssp.indica),经过PCR和Southern杂交验证,证明该基因已经整合至水稻基因组中.除草剂抗性检测结果显示,该转化体的芽期草铵膦耐受浓度至少为600 mg/L、秧苗期草铵膦耐受浓度至少为1 000 mg/L,对草铵膦的抗性水平不低于转双丙氨酰膦抗性基因(bialaphos resistance gene,Bar)水稻9KA2.酶活性测定结果显示,该转化体叶片中的N-乙酰基转移酶活性约为非转基因对照中的6.6倍.说明优化后的Mat#基因增强了草铵膦抗性,可作为转化筛选标记和抗除草剂目的基因应用于转基因作物育种.     

Biochar and Sewage Sludge Application Increases Yield and Micronutrient Uptake in Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

A greenhouse experiment was conducted in the Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi (U.P.), India, during kharif 2013 to find out the effect of biochar and sewage sludge (SS) on growth, yield, and micronutrient uptake in rice crop. Nine treatments were employed using six different doses of biochar (2.5, 5.0, 7.5 10, 15, and 20 t ha^?1) amended with a fixed dose of SS (30 t ha^?1) and 50% recommended dose of nitrogen (50% RDN), i.e., 60 kg ha^?1. Other three treatments were absolute control (no fertilizers), 100% recommended dose of fertilizers (100% RDF) which was 120:60:60 kg ha^?1 as nitrogen (N): phosphorus pentoxide (P₂O₅):dipotassium oxide (K₂O), and 30 t ha^?1SS + 50% RDN. Experimental results showed a significant increase in yield of rice crop with increasing levels of biochar along with SS. Application of biochar at 20 t ha^?1 along with 30 t ha^?1SS increased grain yield to the extent of 2.5 times over absolute control (no fertilizers) and 8.5% over control (100% RDF). The uptake of iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and manganese (Mn) (micronutrients) increased significantly with graded doses of biochar application from 2.5 to 20 t ha^?1 in the soil. The maximum micronutrient uptake and grain yield of rice were found in T₉ where 30 t ha^?1SS along with 20 t ha^?1 biochar was applied with only 50% RDN. The maximum availability of micronutrients in soil was found with 30 t ha^?1 of SS + 50% RDN (T₃) followed by conjoint application of 20 t ha^?1 of biochar and 30 t ha^?1 SS + 50% RDN (T₉).     

直接产生抗除草剂转基因水稻纯系的新方法

提出了一种提高转基因杂交后代育种选择效率的新途径，即在花药培养过程中添加抗性筛选物质，直接筛选含有目的基因的纯合体。以转bar基因水稻植株和非转基因植株杂交F1为试格进行花药培养，并对分化的绿苗进行PCR检测和田间抗性检测。结果表明，在愈伤组织诱导培养基和分化培养基中分别添加PPT0.05mg/L与未添加PPT的对照，均产生较多的愈伤组织和绿苗，并有较高比例不抗除草剂的假阳性株。当PPT浓度增至0.1mg/L时，所得花培苗全部抗除草剂，显示很好的筛选作用。PPT浓度继续增加，愈伤组织诱导率和绿苗分化率急剧下降。当PPT的浓度增至5mg/L时，愈伤组织的诱导和幼苗分化完全被抑制。对30个加倍单倍体系作连续两代农艺性状考察，约73％以上的株系在遗传率较高的性状中，变异系数很小（＜10％），说明这些株系的基因型已经纯合，证实了该方法的有效性。