中国海带养殖向离岸深水区发展的初步探讨

海带(Saccharina japonica)是我国重要的经济海藻之一,我国海带养殖业已形成了完整的技术链条和产业链条。近年来,在内外因素双重驱动下,我国海带养殖业呈现出向离岸深水区发展的趋势。本文围绕海带离岸养殖,介绍海带近岸养殖和离岸养殖的概念,对比分析海带近岸养殖和离岸养殖的优劣势,探讨海带离岸养殖发展的动因,总结海带离岸养殖发展的现状与问题,为海带离岸养殖发展提出建议和对策,以期为海带养殖产业的健康、可持续发展提供新思路、新理念。     

海带(Laminaria japonica Aresch)胚孢子萌发和配子体生长与光照波长间关系的研究

研究了紫外光和可见光谱内不同波长光及白光（全色光）与我国养殖海带（ＬａｍｉｎａｒｉａｊａｐｏｎｉｃａＡｒｅｓｃｈ）胚孢子萌发和配子体生长之间的关系,结果发现：不同波长光照（３００～７００ｎｍ）对海带胚孢子的萌发率、萌发管的生长及雌、雄配子体的生长均有显著影响,其影响特点是因个体生长发育时期的不同而有所不同。试验还表明,在海带配子体世代,细胞内光合色素的功能随着个体的生长发育渐趋完全。     

海带(Laminaria japonica Aresch)胚孢子萌发和配子体生长与光照波长间关系的研究

研究了紫外光和可见光谱内不同波长光及白光与我国养殖海带胚孢子萌发和配子体生长之间的关系。结果发现：不同波长光照对海带胚孢子的萌发率,萌发管的生长及雌,雄配子体的生长均有显著影响,其影响特点是因个体生长发育时期的不同而有所不同。试验还表明,在海带配子体世代,细胞内光合色素的功能随着个体的生长发育渐趋完全。     

不同盐度对斜带石斑鱼幼鱼血清离子浓度和激素水平的影响及其与鳃MRCs渗透调节功能的关系

为探究不同盐度对斜带石斑鱼幼鱼血清离子浓度和激素水平的影响及其与鳃线粒体丰富细胞(MRCs)渗透调节功能关系,实验将暂养于盐度为30的水体中的斜带石斑鱼幼鱼直接转移至盐度分别为5、10、20和30(对照组)的水体中,于7和15 d分别检测血清Na~+、K~+、Cl~–浓度和血清皮质醇(COR)水平,并于第15天观察幼鱼鳃MRCs分布和结构的变化。结果显示,随盐度升高,幼鱼血清Na~+、Cl~–浓度显著上升,而K~+浓度无显著变化;COR水平在盐度5和10实验组显著高于盐度20和对照组;随盐度上升,鳃MRCs体积增大,数量增多,且盐度20和对照组鳃MRCs体积显著大于盐度5和10实验组;鳃MRCs表面存在一个特殊的顶膜结构,在不同盐度下呈现不同形态:盐度5和10实验组中鳃MRCs顶膜开口较大,且其表面存在大量的微绒,而盐度20实验组和对照组中鳃MRCs的顶膜向内深陷形成了一个顶隐窝,开口较小,且其表面没有微绒毛。研究表明,斜带石斑鱼幼鱼鳃MRCs在盐度5的水体中可以很好地发挥渗透调节功能,使幼鱼在盐度5的水体中存活。     

斑节对虾养殖群体遗传多样性的同工酶和RAPD分析

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳（PAGE）和RAPD方法对厦门养殖斑节对虾（Penaeus monodon Fabricius）群体的遗传多样性进行分析。9种同工酶共检测到21个座位，其中多态座位13个，多态座位比例为61．90％，预期杂合度0．151，观察杂合度0．120，Hardy—Weinberg遗传偏离指数（d）为-0．208，存在杂合子缺失。经x^2拟合度检验，多数座位偏离Hardy—Weinberg平衡，表明群体未达到随机交配。14个10bp引物共获得了83个标记，单个引物获得的标记数为2～11个，平均每个引物扩增出5．93个座位，其中多态标记数68个，多态位点比例为81．93％，杂合度为0．246，基因多样性为0．260，Shannon’S信息指数为0．397。两种方法均表明该斑节对虾养殖群体的遗传多样性水平较高，但可能已有近交衰退发生。     

Genetic relationship between Litopenaeus setiferus (L.) and L. schmitti (Burkenroad) determined by using 16S mitochondrial sequences and enzymatic analysis

Genetic differentiation and variability data of two populations of two species of shrimp (Litopenaeus setiferus (L.) and L. schmitti (Burkenroad)) have been obtained by electrophoretic analysis and by analysis of 16S mitochondrial DNA. Using eight polymorphic enzymes, the genetic distance (GD) between the two species was 0.165. The GD between L. setiferus populations was 0.0057 and between L. schmitti populations it was 0.0034. The greatest differentiation was found within, rather than between, populations, although the differentiation value between Mexican and Cuban populations varied in accordance with the geographic distance and ecological characteristic of each. We found a high similarity between these two species with a bimodal distribution of the loci with respect to genetic identity. The homology percentages for gene 16S fragments were compared with those from six different shrimp species (L. vannamei, L. stylirostris, Farfantepenaeus notialis, Metapeneopsis lamellata) and Artemia salina. Ninety‐seven percent of identity was found by analysis of a 409 bp of 16S mitochondrial DNA. With these values a phylogenetic tree was made using parsimony criteria. The GDs obtained with this method confirm the classification proposed by Pérez‐Farfante & Kensley (1997) .     

Genetic characterization of naturalized populations of brown trout Salmo trutta L. in southern Chile using allozyme and microsatellite markers

This study describes the genetic structure of five naturalized populations of brown trout in southern Chile using allozyme and microsatellite markers to establish levels of intra‐ and interpopulation genetic variability and divergence. Fourteen enzymatic systems were used comprising 20 loci and three microsatellite loci specific to brown trout. The genetic variability values (allozymes, P=20–35%, average=27%, H_O=0.118–0.160, average=0.141; microsatellites, P=33.3–100%, average=66.66%, H_O=0.202–0.274, average=0.229) are similar to values described in other naturalized populations of brown trout present in Chile, but higher than those observed in European populations of this species. Values of total genetic diversity (H_T) (allozymes=0.1216 and microsatellites=0.3504) and relative genetic divergence (G_ST) (allozymes=9.5% and microsatellites=15%) were also similar to the results obtained in previous studies of Chilean populations of brown trout. These values, when compared with those obtained in Europe, proved to be similar for H_T but lower for G_ST. The low interpopulational genetic differentiation was in accordance with the small genetic distance observed between the populations analysed (D Nei=0.004–0.025). On the other hand, the high frequency of one of the two alternative alleles of the phylogeographic marker locus LDH‐5* in the populations analysed (LDH‐5*90>0.84) would indicate a European origin, in particular Atlantic as opposed to Mediterranean, for the brown trout introduced into Chile. The high levels of genetic variability suggest a mixed origin for the naturalized brown trout in Chile, which could have originated either before or during the introduction process. Nevertheless, the low level of genetic differentiation between populations could reflect the short lapse of time in evolutionary terms, during which populations introduced into Chile have been exposed to different evolutionary forces, and which has not been sufficiently long to produce greater genetic differentiation between populations.     

清水江鲤生物学特性及人工驯养技术研究

为探究清水江鲤(Cyprinus carpio)种质资源现状,基于分子标记和形态指标对其进行分析。研究发现清水江鲤群体呈现较高遗传多态性水平,12个微卫星位点的等位基因数(N_a)、有效等位基因数(N_e)、表观杂合度(H_o)、期望杂合度(H_e)和多态性信息含量(PIC)均值分别为10、8.37、0.54、0.86和0.84。遗传结构分析结果推测实验个体来源于3个理论种群,并将来源概率>70%的个体分成3个区组,进行遗传变异分析。基于微卫星标记的遗传分析,发现区组间达到中等水平的遗传分化(F_ST>0.05,P<0.01);区组间Nei’s遗传距离为0.473~0.546,区组间个体遗传结构相对独立。基于形态学指标,研究发现个体间存在较大形态差异,体质量的变异系数最大(38.0%);区组间在背鳍硬棘数、侧线鳞数、侧线上鳞数和尾柄长/体长等性状间存在显著差异(P<0.05);此外,基于形态学数据的欧式距离与Nei’s遗传距离的聚类结果相符。结果表明,清水江鲤群体表现出较高的遗传多样性水平,且群体内存在显著遗传分化。