呼肠孤病毒弱毒S1133株特性研究

呼肠孤病毒S1133株细胞毒在鸡胚成纤维细胞(CEF)上生长良好，每0．1mL病毒液可达10^6.5～10^7.5TCID50。以10^4.5TCID50／只接种3周龄SPF雏鸡无致病性。免疫雏鸡可抵抗强毒足垫攻击，未免疫对照鸡则不能抗强毒攻击。表明该毒株安全且具有良好的免疫原性。     

嗜肾型传染性支气管炎病毒X株的分离和致弱培育

利用鸡胚分离法从发生肾变病型传染性支气管炎的病鸡分离嗜肾型传染性支气管炎病毒X株,该病毒株能引起鸡胚发育受阻,鸡胚和雏鸡肾脏肿大、输尿管尿酸盐沉积,能被传染性支气管炎病毒M型血清部分中和,初步研究表明是一个新的毒株。通过SPF鸡胚连续传代,获得了嗜肾型传染性支气管炎弱毒疫苗毒株X 93。结果显示,X株经过鸡胚传代,对鸡胚的致死率由原代的0上升到90代的82%;在每0.1 mL鸡胚中的病毒含量由原代的10^5.0E ID50上升到90代的10^7.8E ID50;对3日龄SPF雏鸡的致病率和致死率分别由40代时的70.0%和40.0%下降到90代时的0值;与X 93接种鸡一同饲养的实验鸡全部健康存活;X 93回归雏鸡连传5代,未见毒力返强现象。     

Ⅰ型鸭肝炎病毒鸡胚致弱毒株的选育

将分离的一株DHv—Ⅰ野毒株经鸡胚传代,培育出DHV—Ⅰ的80代鸡胚致弱毒GFS99株。该弱毒株对1日龄雏鸭无致病性;在雏鸭体内连续盲传5代,也未出现毒力返强现象;1日龄雏鸭免疫100倍稀释的尿囊液弱毒GFS99后7天攻强毒GQY07株,保护率高达100％,且7日龄时即可产生高峰期中和抗体,后抗体效价有所下降,但易感期的3周内抗体保持较高水平;另外该弱毒的外源病原检验结果均为阴性和特异性实验结果良好。综上述结果表明,该弱毒GFS99株无外源病毒污染、特异性强、安全性好、遗传性稳定、免疫原性强,可以作为制备DHV—Ⅰ弱毒疫苗的候选株。     

广东新兴株Ⅰ型鸭病毒性肝炎鸡胚化弱毒疫苗的研制

本试验从广东新兴地区分离的I型鸭病毒性肝炎毒株中筛选出免疫原性优良SS毒株,用鸡胚传代培育出Ⅰ型鸭肝炎病毒79代鸡胚化弱毒疫苗株SS79.按弱毒疫苗规程相关试验结果表明,该苗对1日龄雏鸭安全无致病性,免疫剂量为10-5.16个EID50/只.接种1日龄雏鸭后第3天可检测到抗体,7 d可产生高峰期中和抗体,并可完全保护雏鸭抵抗同型强毒的攻击,1次免疫抗体可维持4周以上.疫苗在-20℃保存6~12个月仍能保持良好的免疫原性.     

传染性法氏囊病病毒变异株弱毒的遗传稳定性与免疫原性

将传染性法氏囊病病毒 ( IBDV) JD1 、JD2 、NB变异毒株直接适应于鸡胚成纤维细胞上致弱。 3个毒株2 1代和 3 5～ 3 8代细胞毒分别连续回归鸡体 5代。结果表明 ,IBDV JD1 株 2 1～ 3 5代、JD2 株 3 7代、NB株 3 8代细胞毒对雏鸡已基本失去致病力 ,是毒力相对稳定的弱毒株。 IBDV JD1 、JD2 、NB变异株弱毒以 3 0 0 0TCID5 0 、50 0 0 TCID5 0 、1 0 0 0 0 TCID5 0 、1 50 0 0 TCID5 0 4个不同免疫剂量免疫 SPF鸡后的攻毒试验结果表明 ,JD1 、NB毒株的免疫效果明显优于 B87、Bursine3毒株疫苗 ,具有优良的免疫原性。JD1 、NB毒株的最佳免疫剂量分别为 50 0 0 TCID5 0 、3 0 0 0 TCID5 0 。抗体消长规律表明 ,JD1 株疫苗一次免疫后的有效保护期为 2 1 4d,最低有效中和抗体保护效价为 1∶ 4 0 71。     

禽巴氏杆菌病B_(26)-T_(1200)弱毒疫苗株的选育

禽巴氏杆菌 B_(26)-T_(1200)弱毒疫苗株是由一株代号为B_(26)的本地鸭源强毒株经含0.1%血红素马丁汤培养基连续传1200代获得的。该弱毒株经血斜连传30代或易感鸡体连传5代无返强现象;以3000万活菌免疫鸡可抵抗强毒攻击。该弱毒株具有良好的安全性和免疫原性.     

鸡传染性支气管炎病毒CK/CH/LHLJ/04V的分离鉴定及致弱的初步研究

从黑龙江省某鸡场发病鸡群的肾脏中分离到一株病毒,通过病毒致SPF鸡胚病变特征、对鸡外周血红细胞凝集特性、病毒粒子形态学特征以及RT-PCR鉴定等方面的研究,表明该病毒为鸡传染性支气管炎病毒,并命名为CK/CH/LHLJ/04V。通过对该病毒基因型分析以及对SPF鸡致病性试验发现该病毒为我国近年来流行的一类重要IBV的代表。将该毒株在SPF鸡胚连续传代110代(P110),取不同代次毒进行动物实验。结果显示,该毒株对SPF雏鸡的致病力随鸡胚传代次数的增加而逐渐降低。P110代毒以105.0 EID50/0.1 mL的剂量通过点眼滴鼻接种15日龄SPF雏鸡,鸡群发病率和死亡率均为0。不同代次毒接种SPF鸡对同源毒株P3代强毒的攻击均具有100%保护性。实验表明,IBV毒株CK/CH/LHLJ/04V P110对SPF雏鸡已无致病性,但仍具有良好的免疫原性,可作为研制IB弱毒疫苗的候选毒株。     

不同新城疫弱毒苗对新城疫病毒强毒的免疫保护试验

用NDV的LaSota株、VG/GA 株、VH 株、PHY LMV 42株及Clone 30株弱毒疫苗免疫SPF鸡后 ,通过对雏鸡免疫后的血清抗体监测表明 ,4种弱毒疫苗激发雏鸡的抗新城疫病毒抗体滴度在 7log2水平以下 ,且差异不显著。通过以上 4种新城疫弱毒疫苗对新城疫病毒东台强毒株的免疫保护试验表明 :至少单独使用弱毒疫苗 ,不能对东台地区流行的新城疫病毒强毒株提供有效保护 ,保护率在 60 %～ 74%     

1株基因3型鸭甲肝病毒鸡胚化弱毒株的培育

为研发基因3型鸭甲肝病毒(Duckhepatitis virustype3,DHAV-3)的弱毒活疫苗,用SPF鸡胚对DHAV-3Y株进行了连续传代致弱,由此获得第80代鸡胚适应毒。致病性试验结果显示,第80代毒株对1日龄雏鸭已无致病性。免疫攻毒保护试验显示,雏鸭在1日龄时经肌肉注射途径免疫第80代鸡胚适应毒,能有效抵抗7日龄时的强毒感染,保护指数为100%。表明第80代鸡胚适应毒是一株具有良好免疫原性的鸡胚化弱毒疫苗候选株。     

鸡病毒性关节炎弱毒苗的研制 Ⅱ.弱毒株的免疫原性

应用具有良好安全性的鸡病毒性关节炎病毒（AVAV）弱毒JN-1株免疫1日龄肉鸡40只,分别用琼脂扩散试验、间接ELISA和中和试验（NT）检测免疫鸡血清中的AVAV抗体。中和抗体于免疫后7d开始出现,14d后全部阳转;ELISA抗体也于免疫后7d开始显示阳性,21d后全部阳转;琼脂扩散抗体于免疫后14d开始阳转,28d以后全部显示阳性。分别在免疫后7、14、21和 28d于足掌皮下用强毒攻击免疫鸡,临床保护率分别为2/10、9/10、10/ 10、10/10,病理保护率分别为0/10、7/10、9/10、10/10。体外抗病毒谱试验显示,弱毒株的免疫血清能中和AVAV J-1株、S_(1133)株、FDO株和H_(9307)株。上述实验结果表明,AVAV弱毒株具有良好的免疫原性。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in