浙薯系列鲜食及食品加工型甘薯品种系谱和品质性状分析

为全面评价不同类型甘薯品种品质育种指标以及提高育种效率,以2005-2016年育成的13个浙薯系列鲜食及食品加工型甘薯品种为材料,分析亲本系谱,统计品种特征特性,并依据品种用途、干率等对其主要品质性状进行分组比较。结果表明,浙薯系列甘薯品种系谱来源主要是胜利百号和南瑞苕衍生品种栗子香血缘。浙薯81及其衍生品种浙薯13在作为骨干亲本时表现出理想的育种效果。从品种的特征特性来看,鲜食型品种(包括迷你型鲜食品种)具有相对较高的干率(>30%)和淀粉率(>20%);不同类型品种生薯、熟薯的糖分(可溶性糖、还原糖)含量因品种而异;不同加工用途品种类型对胡萝卜素含量指标要求不同。不同类型品种的品质育种指标应进行综合评价,鲜食型甘薯主要以食用品质指标为主,干率是重要的品质指标之一;食品加工型甘薯主要以加工适应性目标为主,需注重中高干率、中高胡萝卜素含量、糖化快等材料的筛选与利用。本研究结果为优质鲜食及加工型甘薯新品种选育的种质创新和应用提供了理论参考。     

甘薯块根产量性状生态变异及其与品质的相关性

选用"徐薯25"与"徐22-5"去雄杂交得到的105个后代材料, 在我国主要甘薯种植区4个不同生态点(徐州市、烟台市、万州市和南昌市)进行种植试验, 研究不同生态环境下甘薯产量性状的变异规律及其与品质性状间的相关性。结果表明, 除茎叶干率的基因型与环境互作差异未达显著水平外, 其余性状的基因型、环境以及基因型与环境互作差异均达显著水平, 主要产量性状表现为环境效应远大于基因型效应和基因型×环境互作效应。不同生态条件下, 主要产量性状的变幅很广, 单株鲜薯重变异系数最大, 单株干薯重变异系数次之, 而薯块烘干率的变异系数最小。在4个不同生态环境条件下, 徐州点的茎蔓长与单株分枝数最大, 茎粗与单株结薯数最小; 烟台点的茎粗、单株茎叶鲜重、茎叶干重和鲜薯重最高, 茎叶干率最低; 南昌点的茎蔓长、单株茎叶鲜重和茎叶干重最低, 薯块烘干率、茎叶干率、单株结薯数及干薯重最高; 万州点的薯块烘干率、单株分枝数、鲜薯重和干薯重最小。结合相关性结果可知, 在所有供试地点中, 单株鲜薯重与蛋白质含量显著负相关, 表明甘薯高产、高蛋白质育种工作难度较大。     

高密度短生育期基质栽培对甘薯产量和品质的影响

为给高密度短生育期基质栽培的甘薯实生系筛选提供依据,本研究采用122份甘薯品系,进行密度25株·m^-2、生育期60 d的基质栽培(T1)与密度5株·m^-2、生育期90 d的大田常规栽培(T2)的对比试验,测定单株重、单株结薯数和典型薯块的单薯重、直径、长度等产量性状以及干物质、胡萝卜素、花青素、熟薯可溶性糖、熟薯还原糖含量和熟薯食味等品质性状,研究高密度短生育期基质栽培对甘薯产量和品质的影响,并与大田常规栽培90 d的产量、品质性状进行关联分析。结果表明,与T2相比,T1除了花青素含量差异较小外,块根的产量和品质性状均明显下降。在产量性状上,2种栽培方法间的单株重、单薯重、单株结薯数均呈显著正相关,薯块形状呈弱正相关。在品质性状上,与T2相比,T1微型薯的花青素、胡萝卜素、干物质、熟薯可溶性糖、熟薯还原糖含量和食味均存在劣变型、稳定型和优变型3种品质变化类型,但2种栽培方法间的薯块品质性状均呈极显著正相关。因此,利用高密度短生育期基质栽培,可以进行微型薯的薯肉色、干物质含量和食味品质筛选以及单株重、结薯数、典型薯块重量和形状的早熟性筛选,为早熟优质食用甘薯选育的实生系筛选提供新方法。     

不同品种甘薯淀粉组分、物化及粉条品质的比较研究

为探讨不同品种甘薯淀粉特性与其粉条品质的关系,本研究选用济薯25、济薯26以及商薯19共3个品种于丘陵山地进行试验,收获后进行块根干物质含量、产量测定以及淀粉分离,分析淀粉组分、老化和糊化特性,并对粉条品质进行测定.结果表明,济薯25的薯千产量显著高于其他2个品种(P＜0.05),且3个品种的淀粉结晶结构、形态相似.3...     

Phenotypic diversity analysis of sweetpotato for breeding dual-purpose varieties

The genetic diversity available in sweetpotato has not been explored to develop dual-purpose sweetpotato varieties (DPSVs). The objectives of this study were to assess the level of phenotypic diversity present among sweetpotato varieties grown in Rwanda, and to select suitable parents for breeding DPSVs. Fifty-one diverse sweetpotato genotypes were evaluated in field trials conducted at the Rubona and Karama experimental stations of the Rwanda Agriculture Board using a 6?×?9 unbalanced alpha lattice design with three replications. Genotypes and sites showed significant interaction (P??1) and RW11-2419 (20.18?t?ha^?1). RW11-4923 and Wagabolige were the best performers for vine yield, producing 23.67 and 23.45?t?ha^?1 of vines, respectively. Ukerewe performed well for its DRY (7.09?t?ha^?1), while RW11-4923 had the highest mean dry vine yield (5.17?t?ha^?1). RW11-2910 and 8-1038 had root-to-vine ratios of 2.0 and 1.5, respectively, suggesting their suitability as breeding parents, to breed DPSVs. Two main phenotypic groups with 10 sub-groups were detected through cluster analysis. Principal component analysis showed that the first four components accounted for 76.33% of the phenotypic variation present among the 51 genotypes. The selected sweetpotato genotypes that had a combination of high storage root yields and heavy vine production should be used as parents in developing DPSVs, concurrently incorporating farmer-preferred traits.     

不同生态环境对甘薯主要品质性状的影响

为研究甘薯鲜薯总胡萝卜素、淀粉、蛋白质、还原性糖和可溶性糖等主要块根品质特性在不同地区的生态变异,选用"徐薯25"与"徐22-5"杂交所获得的不同甘薯基因型,在4个生态点进行栽插试验,系统分析不同生态环境下甘薯块根主要品质性状的变异规律。结果表明:生态点、年份、基因型、地点×基因型互作、年份×基因型互作对甘薯鲜薯总胡萝卜素、淀粉、蛋白质、还原性糖和可溶性糖的影响均达到显著水平。胡萝卜素表现为基因型×环境互作效应大于基因型效应和环境效应,而其他品质性状均表现为环境效应远大于基因型效应和基因型×环境互作效应;可溶性糖和蛋白质含量的年际效应明显大于基因型主效应或基因型×年份互作效应,而其余3个品质性状的基因型×年份互作效应大于基因型主效应或年份主效应。在4个生态点中,徐州点的胡萝卜素、还原性糖和可溶性糖含量最高,但淀粉含量最低;烟台点的蛋白质含量最高,胡萝卜素含量最低;南昌点的蛋白质含量最低,胡萝卜素含量最高;万州点的还原性糖和可溶性糖含量最低,上述品质性状随纬度变化的规律不明显。值得关注的是,不同环境下,蛋白质含量为烟台点>徐州点>万州点>南昌点,表现出随纬度升高而增大的趋势。不同年份处理间,2008年的胡萝卜素、还原性糖及可溶性糖含量高于2009年,而2008年的淀粉和蛋白质含量低于2009年。淀粉、可溶性糖含量变幅范围在2年间差别不大,而其他3个性状变幅范围在2年间差别较大。各甘薯基因型在不同地点、不同年份间品质性状的变异中,以胡萝卜素变异系数为最大,淀粉变异为最小。     

甘薯淀粉产量及相关性状的遗传多样性和关联度分析

甘薯[Ipomoea batatas(L.)Lam.]是加工淀粉和燃料乙醇的重要原料,是目前我国最具开发前景的非粮食类新型能源作物。选育高淀粉产量的能源型甘薯新品种是甘薯育种的重要目标。为了获得准确筛选高淀粉产量育种材料的性状指标,提高甘薯高淀粉产量育种效率,缩短育种周期,本研究利用不同甘薯品种(系)的自然变异,根据淀粉产量、不同生长发育阶段的5个主要农艺性状和3个淀粉合成关键酶活性测定结果,利用相似系数和遗传距离矩阵,以类平均法对国内48份不同淀粉产量甘薯种质资源进行了遗传多样性分析,通过关联度分析研究了淀粉产量与不同时期农艺性状、淀粉合成关键酶活性的相关性。结果表明:48份甘薯种质资源材料在不同时期农艺特征差异较大;不同时期农艺性状的聚类结果中,栽后100 d的农艺性状与淀粉产量关联度最大,淀粉产量与该时期的基部分枝数呈极显著负相关(r=0.428),与干率呈极显著正相关(r=0.423),而与最长蔓长、单株结薯数和单株鲜薯重相关性不显著。48份甘薯种质材料在不同时期的酶活聚类结果差异明显。不同时期的甘薯淀粉合成关键酶活性聚类结果中,栽后50 d酶活聚类与淀粉产量聚类结果关联度最大,淀粉产量与该时期测得的ADPG焦磷酸化酶(ADPG-PPase)活性呈负相关关系(r=0.163),与蔗糖合成酶(SS)活性(r=0.101)、蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS)活性(r=0.016)呈正相关,但相关性均未达到显著水平。加之淀粉合成关键酶活性测定步骤繁琐,不适宜作为甘薯高淀粉产量育种早期选择的生理指标。在高淀粉产量育种材料筛选时可于栽后100 d对农艺性状进行综合考察,重点考虑干率较高及分枝数较少的品系。本研究可为甘薯高淀粉产量育种提供一定的理论依据。     

Oil, sugar, and starch characteristics in peanut breeding lines selected for low and high oil content and their combining ability

Peanut seeds contain approximately 50% oil on a dry weight basis, making them a high fat food. Reduction of the oil content would make peanuts a more desirable food to fat conscious consumers. Removal of existing oil by processing is not feasible for in-shell peanuts, the dominant product of the North Carolina-Virginia area. To reduce oil content in in-shell peanuts, a genetic solution must be found. However, while reduced oil content is a desirable objective, changes in oil must not be accompanied by significant decreases in any of the desirable aspects of peanut flavor. Because the impact of selection for low or high oil on flavor is not known, it would be useful to know in what form dry matter is being stored in the seed, particularly if it is not being stored as oil. Screening of 584 accessions identified two lines (PI 269723 and PI 315608) with high and two (Robusto 2 and Robusto 3) with low oil contents, each pair differing in sugar content. The four parents were crossed in diallel fashion to investigate patterns of inheritance. General combining abilities (GCA) for oil content closely followed values of the parental lines. One low oil parent (Robusto 2) had a correspondingly elevated GCA for sugar content, but neither low oil parent had the effect of elevating starch in progeny. Reciprocal cross differences were found for starch and sugar contents, suggesting influences of cytoplasmic genes on those traits. These lines serve as resource material for researchers interested in the genetic and physiological aspects of the oil-sugar-starch relationship in peanuts.     

有机多肽酶活性促进剂施用方式对鲜食型甘薯干物质积累分配、产量及品质的影响

为探究有机多肽酶活性促进剂对鲜食型甘薯产量和品质的调控效应,在大田条件下,以鲜食型甘薯品种龙薯9号和苏薯8号为供试材料,每个品种设置全生育期不喷施有机多肽酶活性促进剂(CK)、有机多肽酶活性促进剂栽插前蘸根+栽后40 d叶面喷施(P1)和有机多肽酶活性促进剂栽插时灌根+栽后40 d叶面喷施(P2)3个处理,研究其对鲜食型品种干物质积累分配、产量及品质的影响。结果表明,2个品种的P1和P2处理生长中后期叶片的磷酸蔗糖合成酶(SPS)活性、蔗糖含量、收获期植株总干重和块根干重均显著高于CK。龙薯9号各处理收获期的侧枝茎和块根干物质分配比例均无显著差异,P1和P2处理的主茎下部叶、主茎下部茎干物质分配比例均显著低于CK;苏薯8号P2处理的主茎下部叶、主茎下部茎、侧枝茎和侧枝生长点干物质分配比例均显著低于CK和P1处理,块根干物质分配比例显著高于CK和P1,分别提高8.98%和6.23%。龙薯9号P2处理收获期块根可溶性糖含量与P1无显著差异,但显著低于CK,降低5.22%,P2处理的块根淀粉含量显著高于CK和P1,分别提高18.76%和9.23%,干率与P1处理无显著差异,但均显著高于CK,分别提高4.56%和5.71%;苏薯8号块根的可溶性糖含量各处理无显著差异,且P2处理的块根淀粉含量和干率与P1均无显著差异,但显著高于CK,其中淀粉含量提高6.13%,干率提高4.51%。2个品种P2处理的块根产量均显著高于CK和P1,其中龙薯9号分别提高30.46%和14.42%,苏薯8号分别提高27.72%和11.69%。综上,施用有机多肽酶活性促进剂有利于提高鲜食型品种块根产量和淀粉含量,其中P2处理增产幅度最高,其对可溶性糖含量的调控存在品种间差异。本研究为鲜食型甘薯提质增效和生态种植技术提供了理论依据。     

陇薯系列高淀粉马铃薯品种的淀粉产量及品质性状综合评价

为了评价高淀粉马铃薯品种的综合品质性状,本研究以甘肃省农业科学院育成的15个马铃薯品种(系)为参试材料,2011-2018年连续8年定点田间试验,测定了块茎产量、营养品质(干物质、淀粉、维生素C、粗蛋白)含量和矿物质元素(钾、钙、铁、锌)含量。结果表明,参试材料的块茎产量和营养品质含量均存在显著的基因型、环境及基因型与环境的互作效应,其中块茎产量、淀粉产量、干物质含量、淀粉含量性状的基因型效应大于环境效应,而营养品质中的维生素C、粗蛋白和还原糖含量的环境效应大于基因型效应。参试材料的块茎产量24 549~50 140 kg·hm^-2,淀粉产量4 271~9 298 kg·hm^-2,干物质含量21.07%~30.18%,淀粉含量14.63%~21.83%,维生素C含量12.20~18.95 mg·100g^-1,粗蛋白含量2.17%~2.71%,还原糖含量0.18%~0.43%,钾含量4 316~5 368 mg·kg^-1,钙含量85.10~138.40 mg·kg^-1,铁含量10.17~24.50 mg·kg^-1,锌含量2.45~3.80 mg·kg^-1。大西洋的衍生品种陇薯8号、陇薯9号、陇薯12号、陇薯14号、L0527-2、L08104-12、LZ111和L1149-2淀粉含量均超过18%,其中,L1149-2总体表现优异,其平均块茎产量50 140 kg·hm^-2、淀粉产量9 298 kg·hm^-2、干物质含量26.75%、淀粉含量19.30%、维生素C含量14.62 mg·100g^-1、粗蛋白含量2.52%、还原糖含量0.28%、钾含量5 297 mg·kg^-1、钙含量138.40 mg·kg^-1、铁含量20.40 mg·kg^-1、锌含量3.20 mg·kg^-1;而陇薯5号淀粉产量及营养品质较差。本研究为合理利用陇薯系列高淀粉马铃薯品种提供了科学依据,对改良高淀粉马铃薯品种产量和品质具有指导意义。     

Iron efficiency of different corn hybrids grown in nutrient solution culture

Growing Fe-efficient genotype(s) could be considered as a preferred genetic approach to tackle the widespread constraint of Fe-deficiency-/lime-induced chlorosis in crop grown on alkaline soil. This study aimed to investigate morphological and physiological traits linked to expression of Fe deficiency among four corn (Zea mays) including sweet (Z. mays sacchrata cvs. H403 and H404) and grain (Z. mays indentata cvs. H500 and H700) hybrids grown in nutrient solution using two Fe concentrations (5 and 50 µM Fe-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (Fe-EDTA)). Significant variation was found among studied hybrids in their tolerance to Fe-deficiency stress. Sweet corn hybrids were more sensitive to Fe deficiency as compared with grain corn hybrids and greater reduction was observed in their shoot dry matter at the 5 µM Fe-EDTA treatment. The greatest decrease in plant height, leaf area, and root and shoot dry matter weight under Fe-deficiency condition was found for H403 hybrid. No significant correlation was found between shoot and root Fe concentration with crop tolerance to Fe deficiency. Furthermore, different response of corn hybrids to Fe deficiency is an important factor, which has to be considered in Fe fertilizer recommendation as well as breeding programs.     

Domestication of jute mallow (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Corchorus olitorius</Emphasis> L.): ethnobotany,production constraints and phenomics of local cultivars in Ghana

Jute mallow rich in proteins, vitamins and essential amino acids is an important leafy vegetable in Africa. Ethno-botanical knowledge on the crop in Ghana has been only incompletely documented and little is known about variation and diversity of local accessions. In order to document available ethnobotanical knowledge and investigate diversity of local accessions, 4000 farmers in twenty districts were surveyed using participatory rapid appraisal tools and techniques. 50 accessions of local germplasm were collected from these districts. Using randomized complete block design with three replications, the 50 accessions collected were characterized based on 12 quantitative and 6 qualitative traits. Results of the survey recorded several vernacular names of the crop and their meaning referring to the slimy nature of the leaves. Some local cultivars which were known in the past are no longer cultivated in farmers’ field suggesting genetic erosion of jute mallow in Ghana. Apart from food, respondents use jute mallow to treat fever, waist pain, stomach problems and loss of appetite indicating nutraceutical potential of the crop. Hierarchical cluster analysis grouped the accessions into four distinct clusters and individuals from the same geographical origin were separately classified. Quantitative traits such as leaf length, number of branches per plant, and number of leaves/plant defined the first principal component. Accessions Cagric 26, Cagric 28, Cagric 41, Cagric 08 and Cagric 01 recorded high yields. These accessions could serve as parents for breeding of improved cultivars.     

Evaluation of candidate orange-fleshed sweetpotato clones for nutritional traits

Information on the nutrient contents of newly developed orange-fleshed sweetpotato (OFSP) varieties is required for recommendations to growers and the food industry. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to determine the nutritional value of newly developed OFSP clones and to establish the associations between β-carotene content and micro-nutrients for targeted large scale production to alleviate nutrient deficiencies. Seventeen OFSP and eight white/cream-fleshed sweetpotato clones were evaluated across six diverse environments (Halaba, Kokate, Areka, Arbaminch, Hawassa and Dilla) in southern Ethiopia in 2014 using a 5?×?5 simple lattice design. Nutritional traits data were collected on dry-weight basis and subjected to analysis of variance and correlation analyses. Environment, genotype, and genotype?×?environment interaction effects were highly significant (p??1), protein (7.08%), iron (2.55 mg 100?g^?1), zinc (1.42 mg 100?g^?1), fructose (4.45%), glucose (5.34%) and sucrose (16.20%). Genotypes G15 and G19 also performed relatively well for the above nutritional traits. The three genotypes, G8, G15 and G19 had mean fresh root yield of 23.5,13.7 and 21.3?tha^?1, respectively. These genotypes had root dry matter content of 26.99%, 25.23% and 33.09%, respectively. Β-carotene content had significant positive correlations with iron, zinc, fructose, glucose and sucrose content. This reflects the potential to breed for OFSP varieties enriched with the important micro-nutrients. Overall, the candidate OFSP clones, G8 (Resisto?×?PIPI-2), G15 (Resisto?×?Temesgen-23) and G19 (Resisto × Ogansagen-23) were good sources of nutritional traits such as vitamin A, iron, zinc, protein, sucrose, glucose and fructose. The selected genotypes can be recommended for large-scale production, food processing or further sweetpotato improvement to alleviate nutrient deficiencies in Ethiopia or similar environments in sub-Saharan Africa.     

干旱胁迫下钾素对甘薯碳水化合物及内源激素含量的影响

【目的】研究干旱胁迫下施钾量对不同生长时期甘薯碳水化合物及内源激素含量的影响,为甘薯的抗旱高产栽培提供理论依据。【方法】选用食用型甘薯品种‘泰中6号’为材料,以硫酸钾（K₂SO₄）为供试肥料,水分处理设土壤最大持水量的60%～70%和30%～40%,依次代表正常供水（W1）和干旱胁迫（W0）;钾肥设K0、K1、K2、K3四个水平,K₂O用量分别为0、120、240和360 kg/hm2。分析了不同生长时期甘薯干物质含量、淀粉和可溶性糖含量、内源激素含量及收获期块根产量。【结果】干旱胁迫下甘薯植株干物质含量、块根和淀粉产量显著降低,施钾有利于甘薯植株干物质含量的提高、块根的膨大和淀粉的生成和积累,甘薯植株和块根干物质含量、块根淀粉含量和积累量最大均为K2处理,较K0提高幅度最大分别达到31.7%、43.6%、10.6%和50.6%。相同钾用量条件下,干旱胁迫下块根单薯重显著高于正常灌水,单株结薯数显著低于正常灌水。正常灌水条件下施钾后甘薯叶片可溶性糖含量降低,而块根可溶性糖含量升高,干旱胁迫下施钾使甘薯叶片和块根可溶性糖含量增大,较K0提高幅度最高分别达到31.4%和36.0%。干旱胁迫下施钾后甘薯叶片和块根IAA、ABA、ZR和GA含量显著增大,较K0提高幅度最高分别达到12.7%、15.7%、12.0%、10.4%和21.4%、15.6%、65.7%、13.0%,促进了甘薯植株碳水化合物含量和干重的提高,块根淀粉积累速率增大。【结论】干旱胁迫下施钾促进了干物质向块根的分配,提高了甘薯块根单薯重,从而增加了单位面积甘薯块根产量。干旱胁迫下钾素提高甘薯块根和叶片内源激素（ABA、IAA、ZR、GA）含量,块根内源激素含量的增加促进了块根淀粉的合成和积累,叶片内源激素含量的增加促进了地上部茎叶生长、茎叶干物质积累和叶片可溶性糖含量的增加,增强了甘薯的抗旱性。     

化肥和生物有机肥配施对鲜食型甘薯块根产量、品质及土壤肥力的影响

  【目的】  研究生物有机肥和化肥对鲜食型甘薯干物质积累、产量品质及土壤肥力的影响,为鲜食型甘薯的优质高效生产提供技术支撑。  【方法】  2018和2019年,以鲜食型主栽品种‘济薯26’为供试品种,在山东济南丘陵区进行了两年定位田间试验。设置不施肥(对照)、单施化肥、单施生物有机肥、化肥生物有机肥配施处理。在移栽后50、100和150天,取样分析植株干物质积累和分配。于成熟期,调查分析块根产量及品质,以及0—20 cm土层土壤肥力指标。  【结果】  与单施化肥相比,单施生物有机肥和化肥生物有机肥配合处理均显著提高了两年度移栽后150天甘薯植株干重和块根干重,块根产量以化肥配合生物有机肥处理最高,单施生物有机肥次之,均显著高于单施化肥。与单施化肥相比,单施生物有机肥可显著提高两个年度土壤脱氢酶和蔗糖酶活性,显著提高第二年度土壤脲酶和碱性磷酸酶活性及土壤速效磷、速效钾和有机质含量,促进干物质向块根分配,显著提高了第二年度块根还原糖、可溶性糖和维生素C含量。与施用生物有机肥相比,化肥生物有机肥配施显著提高了两个年度移栽后100天和150天植株干重和块根干重,显著提高第二年度土壤碱性磷酸酶和脱氢酶活性,提高土壤碱解氮和速效磷含量,还原糖和可溶性糖含量无显著变化,但显著增加类胡萝卜素和维生素C含量。相关分析表明,块根品质指标与土壤有机质、速效磷和速效钾含量显著正相关,与土壤酶活性亦有显著正相关关系。  【结论】  连续进行化肥与生物有机肥配施,可显著提高土壤碱性磷酸酶和脱氢酶活性,增加土壤碱解氮和速效磷含量,促进甘薯植株和块根干物质的持续积累,获得高产,同时保持较高的块根糖含量和维生素C含量,是提高鲜食型甘薯产量和品质的有效措施。     

低氮胁迫对谷子苗期性状的影响和耐低氮品种的筛选

筛选和培育耐低氮能力强的作物品种,是提高作物氮素利用效率,减少氮肥施用量,降低环境污染的有效措施。本研究以45份谷子品种为试材,采用水培的方法,在低氮(0.1mmol·L~(-1))和正常氮(5mmol·L~(-1))条件下,测定苗高、根长和根数等22个氮效率相关指标,采用综合耐低氮系数法以及基于主成分分析的隶属函数法评价参试谷子品种的耐低氮性。结果表明,与正常氮条件相比,低氮胁迫下,谷子苗期根长、根冠比、地上部氮素生理效率、地下部氮素生理效率、单株氮素生理效率有不同程度提高,其余17个指标都有不同程度降低。两种评价方法均根据45个谷子品种的耐低氮能力将其划分为强耐低氮型、耐低氮型、中间型、较敏感型和敏感型5类。筛选出耐低氮性较强的品种5份,编号分别为11、14、17、35和39。利用GGE双标图对品种-耐低氮相关指标的分析表明,编号39和14的耐低氮品种主要耐低氮性状为地下部干重、地下部鲜重、根长;编号为11、35和17的耐低氮品种主要耐低氮性状为地上部鲜重、叶片数、叶宽、叶长、单株氮累积量、地上部氮累积量、单株干质量、地上部干重、地下部氮累积量、根数、苗高和SPAD。可见不同谷子品种的耐低氮机制存在一定差异,研究结果可为谷子耐低氮品种的选育提供材料基础。     

Assessment of farmers’ perceptions of production constraints,and their trait preferences of sorghum in western Ethiopia: implications for anthracnose resistance breeding

Sorghum, Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench is an important food security crop widely grown by smallholder farmers in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), including Ethiopia. In SSA, the potential of sorghum production and productivity has not been realised due to an array of constraints. Colletotrichum sublineolum disease is one of the main biotic constraints causing significant yield losses. The objectives of this study were to assess farmers’ perception, preferences and constraints to sorghum production and productivity in western Ethiopia, and to identify key drivers for anthracnose resistance breeding. A participatory rural appraisal study was undertaken in six selected districts in the East Wellega and West Shewa Administrative Zones in Ethiopia. Data were collected through structured questionnaires involving 165 respondent farmers. Further focus group discussions were held with 180 farmers and development agents. Sorghum is the third most preferred cereal crop after Eragrostis tef and Zea mays in western Ethiopia. About 79% of interviewed farmers cultivated sorghum during the study season. Farmers perceived that sorghum production is constrained by anthracnose disease, bird attack, loose smut and covered smut diseases. The most important farmer-preferred traits in sorghum varieties in the study areas were anthracnose resistance and tolerance to bird attack. Breeding sorghum varieties with the farmer-preferred traits is an important consideration to enhance productivity and adoption of improved sorghum cultivars in western Ethiopia.     

Effect of location on starch content and tuber texture characteristics in potato breeding lines and cultivars

The texture of boiled potato tubers is one of the most important quality traits. The variation of tuber texture is usually examined in relationship with dry matter or starch content. The objective of the work was to examine variation and stability of texture and starch content in tubers grown in various environments. Both traits were evaluated for the set of potato breeding lines and 10 table potato cultivars. The lines were developed in the program of parental lines carried out in M?ochów Research Center, Poland. The environments were represented by three locations, which differed in cultivation system as well as climatic and soil conditions. The traits were influenced by the effects of genotype, location and their interactions. The effect of location on texture was not explained by the changes in starch content. The calculated stability parameters indicated that unstable expression of both traits was more pronounced and more frequent in breeding lines than in the cultivars. The short period of selection used in the development of the parental lines is not conducive to select potato genotypes with stable expression of quality traits. The starch content was at most moderately related with various characteristics of tuber texture.     

Classification of elite cassava varieties (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Manihot esculenta</Emphasis> Crantz) cultivated in Benin Republic using farmers’ knowledge,morphological traits and simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers

Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is an important food security crop or resource for poor rural communities particularly in Africa. The crop’s ability to produce high yields even under poor conditions and storability of its roots underground for longer periods or until needed makes it a model ‘food security crop’. In Benin Republic, cassava has been recognized as one of the major crop contributing towards dynamic value chains generating incomes for small-holder farmers. The crop is grown all over the country, however, the increased production are mainly recorded from far south and central parts of the country. Genetic improvement of cassava in Benin Republic is limited because of poor knowledge of genetic diversity present within the country. The main objective of this study was to assess the genetic diversity and relationships among elite cassava varieties collected from different regions of Benin using fluorescently labelled simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers and to compare the results with farmer’s knowledge and morphological traits. A total of 96 cultivars collected from major cassava growing areas such as Southern and Central Benin were classified into 24 different groups using farmers’ knowledge, while classification based on 18 morphological traits resulted in five groups. In total, sixteen SSR markers were tested for molecular analysis of the ninety-six cassava varieties. Among the sixteen, twelve SSR markers gave good banding pattern and were used to genotype the varieties. An average of 3.58 and 0.47 for number of alleles and polymorphism information content respectively was observed. The observed heterozygosity (H_o) ranged from 0.23 to 1.0 with an average of 0.66 indicating moderate level of diversity among the cultivars. Based on the proportion of shared alleles and hierarchical clustering, the 96 elite cassava varieties were classified as 74 unique varieties. Principal component analysis and analysis of molecular variance revealed no significant variation between the regions thus, explaining regular exchange of planting materials among cassava farmers across various regions. The moderate level of genetic diversity in famer’s field, revealed in the present study, is a good indication of the need for broadening the genetic base of cassava in Benin Republic and establishing a formal breeding program in the country.