Phenology,flowering and fruit-set performance of six recent pear cultivars of Nordic origin

ABSTRACT

Flowering performance and phenology of six new pear cultivars of Nordic origin were examined during a 12 year period. The seasonal timing of shoot growth and flower initiation were monitored in three years. The morphological floral stages of the flower bud formation process were examined for the cultivar ‘Celina’. Seven floral stages were identified and described. The date of full bloom varied between years as a function of the currently accumulated heat sum in early spring. Still, the earliness ranking of the cultivars was consistent across years for both flower initiation and blooming. The cultivars ‘Anna’ and ‘Ingeborg’ consistently initiated floral primordia 2–3 weeks earlier than ‘Celina’, ‘Clara Frijs’, ‘Fritjof’ and ‘Kristina’, and this was accompanied with 4–5 days earlier blooming in the following spring. The early flower initiation cultivars ‘Anna’ and ‘Ingeborg’ also had richer flowering than the late-blooming cultivars. ‘Fritjof’ was identified as a suitable pollinator for ‘Celina’ in the Nordic climate. Comparison of the flowering phenology of pear and apple cultivars showed that while the pears, on average, flowered a week ahead of the apples, they initiated flower primordia almost two weeks later, thus rendering the intervening period approximately three weeks longer in pear than in apple.     

Phenology,flowering and yield performance of 13 diverse strawberry cultivars grown under Nordic field conditions

As part of an overall assessment of the commercial suitability of strawberry cultivars for the Nordic environment, we studied 13 diverse cultivars in an experimental field in South East Norway. Early-maturing cultivars were characterized by early initiation of floral primordia and early flowering and fruit maturation. High temperatures in July and early August delayed floral initiation in the early cultivars, resulting in more synchronous initiation of early and late cultivars. The recent Norwegian cultivar ‘Nobel’, which has an everbearing parent, differed from the other cultivars by early initiation also at elevated summer temperature. Inadequate yield and berry size were identified as important causes for outdating of older cultivars, such as ‘Senga Sengana’ and ‘Glima’. Overall, the high-yielding and large-fruited ‘Sonata’ was judged as the best fresh consumption cultivar in Norway, and market trends indicate that it will continue to expand its market share at the expense of ‘Korona’, mainly because of inadequate fruit firmness and shelf life of the latter. Adequate yields and berry quality justify the use of the late maturing ‘Florence’ for prolongation of the fresh market season. The results are discussed together with practical experiences and market preferences in an attempt to provide overall cultivar recommendations for Norway.     

Cut-off shoots method for estimation of partial resistance in apple cultivars to fruit tree canker caused by Neonectria ditissima

Fruit tree canker, caused by the fungus Neonectria ditissima, is an economically devastating disease in apple orchards, especially in north-western Europe. Complete resistance has not yet been reported in apple, but variation in levels of partial resistance has been described and could be valuable in plant breeding programmes. A screening method based on spore inoculation of manually inflicted leaf scars on cut shoots was evaluated for reliability and repeatability in discrimination of 11 apple cultivars during two years – 2012 and 2013 – in two different facilities – biotron and standard greenhouse – and different time periods (February–May). The resulting cankers were counted (infection percentage), first appearance noted (incubation period) and lesion size measured at regular intervals during a period of 25–29 days for comparison of resistance levels. Results of two-way analysis of variance and correlation analyses showed that the area under the disease progress curve yielded the most robust data. This parameter was then applied for screening 30 apple cultivars using the same cut-shoot method. ‘Elise’ showed very high susceptibility, while the ornamental ‘Prairifire’ showed the highest level of partial resistance. Results suggested that cut shoots can be used to assess levels of resistance among cultivars, but great care must be taken to provide stable experimental conditions.     

Emission of volatile chemicals from flowering dogwood (cornus Florida L.) flowers

Reproduction of flowering dogwood trees occurs via obligate out-crossing, and U.S. native bees have been suggested to be primary pollinators of this ecologically and economically important deciduous tree. Whether floral volatiles play a role in reproduction of the dogwood remains unclear. Objectives of this study were to identify principal volatile chemicals emitted from dogwood flowers and to assess a temporal volatile emission profile and volatile consistency across four cultivars. Inflorescences with intact bracts and 5 cm flower pedicel were removed from dogwood trees and subjected to headspace volatile collection. Six principal volatile compounds were detected from the flowers of the cultivar 'World's Fair' with 3-formylpyridine as the most abundant constituent. Subsequent headspace analyses performed using inflorescences without bracts or floral pedicels alone indicated that 3-formylpyridine, E-beta-ocimene, S-linalool, and ketoisophorone were mainly emitted from inflorescences. Experiments were also conducted to determine whether volatile emissions differed across time and between different cultivars of flowering dogwood. When volatile emission was analyzed for 48 h using 12 h light/dark cycles, the emission of several volatile compounds displayed diurnal patterns. Finally, whereas florets in inflorescences of four different dogwood cultivars emitted similar levels of the six principal floral volatile chemicals, 'Cherokee Brave' flowers alone yielded 4-methoxybenzaldehyde and germacrene-D. The implications of the findings of this study to dogwood breeding programs are discussed.     

过量灌溉条件下起垄栽培对富士苹果生长和15N-尿素利用、分配的影响

以4 年生富士/SH40/八棱海棠为试材,研究了过量灌溉条件下起垄栽培对富士苹果生长和15N-尿素利用、 分配的影响。结果表明,过量灌溉条件下,与平栽处理相比起垄栽培处理在春梢停长期根系的超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和过氧化物酶（POD）活性分别提高1.70倍和1.69倍,根系游离脯氨酸含量降低了63.60%,根系活力和细根生长量分别提高1.44倍和1.68倍; 在秋梢停长期也表现出相似规律。起垄栽培与平栽处理在春梢停长期树体的氮素利用率分别为4.40%和3.86%,差异不显著; 到秋梢停长期分别为5.16%和4.02%,差异达显著水平。起垄栽培植株营养器官15N 分配率均高于平栽,其中以细根最为显著,且随物侯期的推移差异越明显。     

基于物候模型研究未来气候情景下陕西苹果花期的可能变化

陕西苹果种植面积大、产量高,但产量易受晚霜冻影响。冻害的发生与苹果花期和晚霜冻时间密切相关,因此准确预测苹果花期,研究苹果花期的变化规律对苹果生产防灾减灾具有重要意义。本研究利用物候模型（春暖模型、连续模型、重叠模型和平行模型）研究气候变化背景下陕西苹果花期（包括始花期和末花期）的变化规律。首先,评价4种物候模型在陕西苹果产区模拟苹果花期的效果,筛选出研究区最佳花期预测模型。然后,基于所选最佳花期模型模拟历史（1980−2019年）时期各代表站（洛川、白水、凤翔和长武）的苹果花期。最后,基于33个全球气候模式（Global Climate Models,GCMs）生成的未来气象数据集,利用所选最佳模型分别模拟RCP4.5和RCP8.5两种情景下2021−2100年各代表站的苹果花期并研究花期时空变化规律。结果表明,连续模型是模拟渭北东部和西部苹果花期的最佳模型,而延安和关中西部苹果花期的最佳模型为平行模型。1980−2019年各代表站始花期提前速率为3.4～4.7d·10a−1,末花期提前速率为3.3～4.6d·10a−1,空间分布上,研究区苹果花期从东南到西北逐渐推迟,年平均花期持续时间为10～11d。在RCP4.5情景下,各代表站2021−2100年始花期提前速率为0.7～0.9d·10a−1,末花期提前速率为0.6～0.8d·10a−1;与1980−2019年相比,各代表站2021−2060年平均始花期提前0～4.4d,末花期提前0～5.0d,各代表站2061−2100年平均始花期提前3.4～7.6d,末花期提前2.6～8.2d。在RCP8.5情景下,2021−2100年各代表站始花期提前速率为1.3～1.8d·10a−1,末花期提前速率为1.3～1.6d·10a−1;与1980−2019年相比,各代表站2021−2060年平均始花期提前1.3～5.9d,末花期提前1.0～6.1d,各代表站2061−2100年平均始花期提前6.7～12.4d,末花期提前6.2～12.3d。未来气候条件下,苹果花期空间分布与历史时期基本一致,但花期持续时间略有缩短。本研究首次综合花期预测模型和未来气候数据研究陕西苹果产区苹果花期变化,可为陕西苹果产区应对气候变化产生的花期冻害提供一定的理论依据。     

不同施氮水平对矮化富士苹果幼树生长、氮素利用及内源激素含量的影响

【目的】矮化中间砧是目前我国苹果栽培中主要的致矮手段,但在提早结果的同时存在树势早衰的现象,而有关矮化中间砧的果树氮素需求规律及其氮素与树体生长和内源激素之间的关系研究较少。本文研究氮素施用量对矮化中间砧苹果幼树的生长、氮素吸收利用及内源激素的影响,以期为苹果矮化中间砧的果树栽培中氮肥的科学施用和高效利用以及防止树体早衰提供理论依据。【方法】利用15N同位素示踪技术,以三年生宫藤富士/SH6/平邑甜茶(Borkh cv.Fuji/SH6/M.hupehensis Rehd)为试材,于春梢萌芽前,设置3个氮肥施用水平(N 50、100、200 kg/hm2,分别以N50、N100、N200表示),同时每棵树施15N-尿素0.5 g。于春梢旺长期、春梢缓长期,采用酶联免疫法测定茎尖和细根的激素含量;植株停止生长时,测其春、秋梢长度,并整株解析,称量各部分鲜重、干重,测植株全氮及其15N丰度。【结果】研究结果表明,不同施氮水平与植株生长及氮素吸收利用密切相关,春、秋梢长度、树体鲜重及植株全氮均以N50处理最低,N100次之,N200最高,但15N的利用率趋势正好相反,为N50N100N200;细根鲜重以N100处理(34.06 g)最高,N200(28.36g)次之,N50(22.47g)最低。施氮水平对茎尖和细根的赤霉素(GA)、玉米素核苷(ZRs)、脱落酸(ABA)和吲哚乙酸(IAA)的含量变化及其比值有较大影响。春梢旺长期和春梢缓长期茎尖、细根中的IAA和GA含量均为N50N100N200,而ZR和ABA的含量则随氮肥用量的增加而降低,表现为N50N100N200;春梢缓长期与春梢旺长期相比,除细根中GA含量(N50、N100、N200处理分别为5.13、5.68、6.17 ng/g,Fw)有所升高外,各器官的IAA、GA、ZR的含量均明显降低,且差异显著;两时期茎尖和细根的ZR/GA、ABA/GA比值均以N50处理最大,N100处理次之,N200处理最小;同一器官不同处理间(IAA+GA+ZR)/ABA比值也存在差异,N200处理显著高于其他处理。【结论】氮肥施用量在50 kg/hm2到200 kg/hm2范围内,随着氮肥用量的增加矮化中间砧苹果幼树的生长促进型激素含量、植株全氮和植株生物量显著增加,但15N利用率显著降低,且ZR/GA、ABA/GA比值逐渐降低。本试验条件下施氮量为N100 kg/hm2是矮化中间砧苹果幼树的适宜施氮量,有利于提高氮素利用率,促进细根生长,同时可延缓树势衰老,促进成花,保证苹果矮化密植集约化栽培中的氮肥充足和均衡供应。     

Effect of Fertigation on Productivity of Apple Trees

Over the 3-year period of study (2005–2007) the effects of fertigation on vegetative potential, fruit properties, and production of apple cultivars Idared and Wilmuta were investigated. Fertigation measures, mainly applied over the second part of growing season, when vegetative growth is brought to a close, had positive effect on these parameters. Cultivar Idared was more productive. Its fruits were larger and more ripe when fertigated in comparison with the control cultivar. Cultivar Wilmuta responded similarly to fertigation.     

两个苹果品种不同枝类叶营养含量年周期变化及营养诊断方法研究

通过对瓦里短枝和长富2号两个品种不同枝条类型叶片取样,测定分析了苹果树不同生育阶段叶片营养元素含量变化特征,为营养诊断采集标准叶样和指导施肥提供依据。结果表明,不同采样时期、 不同枝类叶片营养元素含量差异很大,以新梢停止生长期的各类枝条叶片营养元素含量最为接近。在年周期中,叶片营养元素含量变异系数从小到大顺序为营养枝＜中枝＜长枝＜短枝＜叶丛枝。常量营养元素含量周年变化幅度小于微量元素,氮含量变幅最小,锰变幅最大。品种间除硼元素含量变化有差异外,其它营养元素含量变化趋势相近或相同。随树体生育进程,叶片营养元素含量变化规律为氮、 磷、 铜含量呈降低趋势;钾、 锌、 铁、 硼含量呈波动状态;钙、 镁含量至新梢停止生长期最高,且枝条长度越小,含量越高;锰含量变化近似正态分布。苹果新梢停止生长期是叶片养分最稳定时期,营养枝是叶最佳采样枝类。     

Standardization of Litchi Leaf Nutrient Composition for Tissue Analysis in Sub Tropics of India

ABSTRACT

Variation in leaf nutrient composition with leaf age and position of leaflets was assessed for ‘Calcuttia’ and ‘Dehradun’ litchi cultivars under loam to sandy loam soils of north India. Leaf samples were collected from first to sixth pair of leaflets starting from the apex of terminal shoots to downward positions during December to May at monthly intervals at two locations for three successive years. The leaves were analyzed for N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, Cu and Mn concentrations. In both litchi cultivars, leaf N, P, Zn and Cu contents remained more in young leaves; whereas, leaf Ca, Mg, Mn and Fe contents were observed higher in older leaves. Leaf K concentration exhibited inconsistent patterns; however, leaf K concentration in pair of leaflets on the shoot declined basipetal, being maximum in upper pair of leaflets and minimum in lower pair of leaflets. Levels of macro and micronutrients exhibited a degree of stability at second and third pair of leaflets when sampled during February–March. Leaf compositions differed significantly during active vegetative growth, flowering, and fruit development. The results revealed that 4–5 months old leaves from autumn flush at second and third pair of leaflets from the apex of terminal litchi shoots at the advent of panicle initiation (February–March) should be collected to assess the nutritional concentrations of litchi orchards under North India conditions.     

Argania spinosa (L.) Skeels flowering phenology

Argan (Argania spinosa (L.)Skeels) flowering was observed at Ait Melloul, Ait Baha andArgana, three sites in the south-west of Morocco during twoseasons, 1994–95 and 1995–96. Glomerule count wasmonitored on first-year and on last-year growth shootevery twenty days. Season was the primary source of variation ofglomerule count on argan first-year and last-yeargrowth shoots. The first season was very dry when flowering beganlate April, while the second was very humid and flowering startedearly December. In both cases flowering precocity was associated toprecipitation precocity, i.e. flowering would commence whenapproximately 100 mm rain was accumulated. High positivecorrelation between glomerule count and precipitation were observed.But, considering the two seasons, glomerule count always attained itspopulation maximum in spring even if differences were observedbetween sites. However, intensity and duration of the peak were alsodistinct depending on shoot type: on first-year growth shoot,glomerules were abundant but would last for a short period, whereason last–year growth shoot, they were less frequent but wouldlast for a longer period. Not all trees flowered during a season,although some trees flowered every season, showing the extremes ofthe large variability observed for glomerule count abundance andduration within argan populations.     

陇东黄土高原典型站苹果生长对气候变化的响应

利用西峰、崆峒两地连续24a的苹果物候观测资料(1984-2007年)、产量资料(1986-2007年)和1961-2007年的气象观测资料,分析陇东黄土高原苹果生育进程等对气候变化的响应。结果显示,分析期内,随着气候变化,当地苹果的叶芽开放、开花等生育期提前,成熟期推迟,生长周期延长;生育期气象条件呈现出向暖干化发展的趋势,以花期变化最为明显;影响崆峒苹果产量的主要气象因子为4月份最低气温、1月上旬降水、6月上旬日照时数以及7-8月最低气温,在气候变化条件下,这些因子的变化各不相同,对苹果产量的影响有利有弊。未来在苹果生产中,应调整布局、加强田间管理以应对气候变化的影响。     

黄土高原不同林龄苹果树根系吸水策略对降水的响应

在黄土高原陕西省长武塬区选取品种和管理手段均相同的3种林龄果园(尚未结果的5年幼龄果园、已结果的8年初果园和13年壮果园)苹果树,采用空间换时间的试验设计,分别于2015年7月12日和8月19日对0—500cm深度土壤及对应取样处的苹果树枝条取样,测定土样和枝条样中水分的稳定氢氧同位素,并利用贝叶斯模型量化降水前后不同土层对苹果林耗水的贡献。结果表明:(1)不同林龄苹果树降雨前后的主要水分来源深度不同。干旱时,13年壮龄果树的主要吸水深度比5年和8年果树深;而生长旺季,雨季降水只能补充未挂果的5年幼龄果园土壤水分消耗,即使降水量很大,也无法满足已经开始挂果的8年和13年果园土壤水分消耗。(2)在干旱期,5年和8年果树50%以上的水分来自表层0—100cm土壤,而13年果树50%的水分来自100—300cm土层。而降水后,5年和8年果树的主要水分来源变为100—300cm土层,贡献值在40%左右;13年果园的主要水分贡献层为0—100cm土层,贡献了近50%的水分。(3)3种林龄果树根系对300—500cm土层土壤水分的吸收对降雨的响应非常弱,降雨前后贡献率始终保持在30%。     

中国北方主产地苹果始花期模拟及晚霜冻风险评估

建立中国北方苹果主产地苹果始花期模型,分析苹果花期晚霜冻气候风险,为有效防御晚霜冻灾害对当地苹果生产的影响提供科学指导。该研究选取中国新疆的伊宁、阿克苏、黄土高原的万荣、白水、礼泉、陕州区和渤海湾的福山、熊岳分别代表中国3大苹果产区,利用各区代表站的苹果始花期资料和同期气象数据,建立并检验了不同站点苹果始花期模型,并利用该模型模拟了1962-2019年苹果始花期,分析其时空变化特征。结合晚霜冻气象指标,对苹果花期晚霜冻气候风险进行评估。结果表明:1)苹果始花期模型能够在数据独立的情况下较准确地模拟各区代表站的始花期变化,新疆、黄土高原和渤海湾苹果产区内部检验的均方根误差分别为2.5～4.8、2.4～5.0、2.3～3.0 d,交叉检验的均方根误差分别为5.0～6.6、3.4～6.0和3.6～4.1 d。2)模拟得到的苹果始花期均呈显著提前趋势,趋势系数分别为-1.84～-1.04、-3.09～-2.62和-2.37～-1.88d/10a。3)不同区域苹果晚霜冻气候风险有着明显的差异。新疆和黄土高原果区苹果晚霜冻气候风险指数相对较大,其中伊宁最大达2.38,其次是万荣达1.81,而渤海湾...     

根外施钾对苹果树光合速率的影响研究

试验研究金矮生苹果树生育期根外施K对其光合速率的影响结果表明 ,根外施K可促进光合速率 ,一定程度缓和“午休”现象。苹果生育期 5～ 10月份 5次根外施K对促进与延长当年苹果树光合速率和营养积累有显著作用 ,其效应优于根外 1次施K和 3次施K处理 ,每次施K作用持续时间达 2 5d左右。     

Effective root growth zone of apple tree under water storage pit irrigation using stable isotope methodology

ABSTRACT

Ways of understanding and quantifying the effectiveness of new irrigation methods are required in order to more precisely evaluate them, including the effect of root growth on water storage pit irrigation (WSPI). In this study, the effective root growth zone (ERGZ) of 5-year-old apple trees under WSPI and traditional surface irrigation (CK) treatment was estimated using stable isotope technology during two seasons 2015 and 2016. The stable isotopes of water in stems and different soil depths were analyzed using four analysis methods (namely direct inference, the Romero-Saltos model, the IsoSource model and the coupled model). Results showed that the ERGZ depth under surface irrigation ranged from 10 cm to 60 cm, with the main contribution at 0–40 cm during the growth stage. Under water storage pit irrigation, the ERGZ depth for the apple tree was deeper and ranged from 20 cm to 100 cm, with the main contribution of ERGZ deepened to 20–100 cm after the earlier of shoot rapid-growing stage. The use of a water storage pit irrigation system on apple demonstrated improved root growth in the middle-depth soils, as compared to traditional surface irrigation.     

黄土旱塬集雨保墒措施对苹果发育和土壤水分变化的影响

为了有效缓解黄土旱塬区苹果园深层干燥化,保证苹果产业的可持续发展,该文选取甘肃镇原盛果期苹果园,连续6 a定位测定了黑色地膜覆盖和黑色地膜覆盖+立体化入渗对苹果产量、新梢生长量和土壤含水量等指标。分析了6 a不同处理苹果产量、形态指标和不同生育期果园0~500 cm土壤相对水分亏缺指数的变化,研究结果表明:黑色地膜覆盖+立体化入渗较对照平均增产16.49%,优果率增加8.91%;300~500 cm土壤含水量较对照增加0.50~2.63百分点,降水入渗深度达到了480 cm,在60~500 cm水分相对亏缺指数为-0.05~-0.12,最大补偿区域为200~300 cm,水分补偿为春季花期和收获期。因此,黑色地膜覆盖+立体化入渗技术提高了果树产量与优果率,改善了果园深层水分状况,缓解土壤深层干燥化。     

Blue honeysuckle (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Lonicera caerulea</Emphasis> L.) vegetative growth cessation and leaf drop phenological adaptation to a temperate climate

Blue honeysuckle (Lonicera caerulea L.) is a northern-adapted crop species with extremely early phenology and cold hardiness. Restricted adaptation to temperate climates is a current limitation to the crop’s mainstream potential for large-scale production. Based on the broad germplasm base at the University of Saskatchewan, vegetative growth cessation and leaf drop phenology were characterized to complement analysis of spring phenological adaptation in a temperate climate. A multi-trial site of three foundation groups and a single-site trial of three improved groups compared with their parental foundation genotypes were conducted in the Fraser Valley, British Columbia, Canada in 2012 and 2013. The current study shows that blue honeysuckle germplasm contains considerable phenological variation that will permit adaptation to temperate climates. It also demonstrates that breeding for improved adaptation is possible using the existing germplasm resources. For Russian germplasm with the earliest phenology, adaptation to northern latitudes and short growing seasons results in early floral initiation, which presents an indirect limitation to production in more southern latitudes due to secondary flowering. Early leaf drop indirectly limits production and is related to poor adaptation to high chill environments. Skew toward later leaf drop in improved groups, produced from hybridization with Japanese and Kuril germplasm with intermediate and late phenologies, respectively, shows that development of better adaptation to southern latitudes can be achieved.     

沙田柚花芽分化的观察研究

用整体染色透明法,观察和研究了沙田柚花芽分化的规律及各分化阶段的形态特征。发现其开始分化时间最早出现于9月下旬,而相对集中期在10月中旬至12月中旬,从开始分化至雌蕊形成历时5个月左右。2月下旬观察到雌蕊分化期,其物候表现已是花蕾期。花芽着生的部位多在树冠内膛直立、光秃无叶、长10cm左右呈扁棱形的春梢上。     

不同供锌水平对苹果幼树干物质和锌积累及分配的影响

采用盆栽砂培试验,研究了低、中、高3个供锌水平(Zn 0.013、0.254和5.070 mg/L)对苹果幼树干物质和锌积累、分配动态的影响。结果表明,锌的过量及缺乏均对果树的生长及养分吸收产生影响。生长初期,苹果幼树根系活动较晚,枝叶的快速生长主要利用根茎中的养分,锌的积累量呈快速增加趋势,处理间差异显著;低锌处理,除根系明显增加外,其他器官变化较小,根系的锌分配比例明显高于中锌、高锌处理。说明生长后期,低锌、高锌抑制了树体的生长,且低锌处理的树体锌主要分布于地下,上运明显受阻;而中锌、高锌处理,地上部锌含量要高于根系。