Soil and tuber calcium affecting tuber quality of processing potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) cultivars grown in Hokkaido,Japan

Calcium (Ca) nutrition for potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is important to increase tuber Ca concentration and improve potato tuber yield and quality. High tuber Ca content among other benefits mitigates incidence of blackspot bruise through maintenance of membrane health and regulation of biochemical reactions that leads to potato tuber discoloration. However, growers avoid application of Ca fertilizer in potato production in the belief that it causes potato common scab in Hokkaido, Japan. This study was conducted in Hokkaido to determine the current status of soil Ca and tuber Ca content levels, and its effect in mitigating incidence of potato bruise. Soil and tuber samples were collected from 90 and 80 fields in Tokachi and Kamikawa districts, respectively, in 2013 and 2014. Soil samples were analyzed for base saturation, Ca saturation, and exchangeable Al. Tuber Ca content and susceptibility of tubers to bruising were also evaluated. This study found that (1) 81% and 76% of soils collected from Tokachi and Kamikawa district, respectively, were deficient in Ca level, (2) tuber Ca content was lower than the reported value (250 mg kg^?1) considered to mitigate incidence of bruise, and (3) incidence of bruise were influenced by both tuber specific gravity and Ca content. There is urgent need to apply Ca fertilizer to attain increased soil Ca levels and improve quality of tubers.     

年龄对牦牛平滑肌胶原蛋白含量和质构特性的影响

为研究年龄对牦牛平滑肌胶原蛋白含量和质构特性的影响。研究了1～6岁牦牛瘤胃平滑肌中的胶原蛋白含量、溶解性和交联度以及剪切力和质构变化。结果表明:随年龄的增加,牦牛平滑肌中总胶原蛋白、不可溶性胶原蛋白、吡啶诺林含量显著增加(P0.05),增幅分别为7.61%、33.86%和196.46%;可溶性胶原蛋白含量和溶解性显著下降(P0.05),降幅分别为30.80%和35.72%;表明随着年龄增加平滑肌中胶原蛋白的交联度增加、溶解性降低。牦牛平滑肌的剪切力、硬度和咀嚼性随年龄增加而显著增加(P0.05),增幅分别为96.48%、91%和102%;内聚性、弹性和胶着性随年龄增加而显著降低(P0.05),降幅分别为25%、32%和39%;表明平滑肌的质构随年龄增加而呈现劣变趋势。相关性分析表明年龄与牦牛平滑肌总胶原蛋白含量、不可溶性胶原蛋白含量、交联度、剪切力、硬度和咀嚼性呈极显著正相关(P0.01);与可溶性胶原蛋白含量、胶原蛋白溶解性、内聚性、弹性和胶着性呈极显著负相关(P0.01);牦牛平滑肌胶原蛋白的溶解性和交联度均与剪切力和质构指标呈极显著相关(P0.01)。综合来看,年龄对平滑肌的胶原蛋白含量、溶解性、交联度和质构有显著影响;年龄越大平滑肌胶原蛋白交联度越大、溶解性越小、质构品质越差,3岁是牦牛平滑肌加工利用的适宜年龄。研究结果明确了不同年龄平滑肌的胶原蛋白特性和质构品质的变化规律,以及胶原蛋白特性对其质构品质的影响,将为平滑肌及含平滑肌内脏的产品开发和品质控制提供理论依据和数据支持。     

Effects of drip irrigation regimes on potato tuber yield and quality

To evaluate the effects of drip irrigation regimes on potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) tuber yield and quality, an experiment was conducted in 2009 and 2010. Experimental factors were the irrigation regimes including: FI, providing 100% of the water requirement of potato; IR1, providing 70% of the water requirement of potato by reducing the applied irrigation water between planting and tuber initiation by 30%; and IR2, providing 70% of the water requirement of potato by reducing the applied irrigation water during the whole growing season by 30%; and three potato cultivars Agria, Almera and Sinora. The results indicated that cultivars Agria and Almera were much better than Sinora in terms of tuber yield under all irrigation regimes. For Agria and Almera, the experiments show that the full irrigation regime had the highest yield and water productivity. For Sinora, however, deficit irrigation yields higher water productivity than the full irrigation regime. Consequently, deficit irrigation IR1 and IR2 should be applied to Sinora, but not to Agria and Almera.     

无人机影像光谱和纹理融合信息估算马铃薯叶片叶绿素含量

利用无人机平台搭载多光谱传感器在农业监测上已经有一些应用,但是利用无人机多光谱影像估算作物叶绿素含量的研究较少,特别是融合无人机多光谱影像光谱信息和纹理信息估算马铃薯叶绿素含量的研究更是罕见。基于此,该文利用2018年北京小汤山基地马铃薯各个典型生育期的无人机多光谱影像及实测的叶绿素含量数据,首先提取多光谱影像植被指数和纹理特征等变量,然后分析其与叶绿素含量相关性,筛选出较优特征变量,并开展基于调整R2和K折交叉验证的全子集分析估算马铃薯叶绿素含量。最后将植被指数与纹理特征通过主成分融合构建一种新的综合指标估算叶绿素含量。研究发现:1)多光谱植被指数和纹理特征估算叶绿素含量模型,K折交叉验证均优于调整R2;2)整个生育期,综合指标模型决定系数比植被指数模型、纹理特征模型均有提升,且标准均方根误差均降低。综合指标估算模型较优,多光谱植被指数模型次之,纹理特征模型较差。该研究可为马铃薯生长营养监测提供一种可行的方法,对马铃薯的栽培种植管理具有指导意义。     

Optimizing crop geometry for processing-grade tuber yield,quality and economics of potato in Grey Terrace Soil

Crop geometry has great influence on economically important characteristics such as total yield, processing-grade yield, tuber size distribution and tuber quality in Grey Terrace Soil. An experiment was conducted to develop a suitable crop geometry for the production of higher processing-grade yield and quality of potato tubers. The treatment consisted of three levels of inter-row spacing (60, 67.5 and 75 cm) and four levels of intra-row spacing (20, 25, 30 and 35 cm). Crop geometry significantly influenced growth, yield contributing characters, tuber size distribution and yield of potato. The highest chips, French fry grade tubers and total potato tuber yield were found in 67.5 cm × 25 cm crop geometry without affecting processing quality but all were in the highly acceptable range. Intra-row spacing of 25 cm produced the maximum processing quality tubers, closely followed by 30 cm. The highest gross and net returns with a benefit–cost ratio of 1.75 were recorded in 67.5 cm × 25 cm crop geometry. Therefore, the 67.5 cm × 25 cm crop geometry can be recommended for higher potato tuber yield and processing-grade tubers as well as higher economic return.     

氮磷钾不同用量对马铃薯产量和淀粉含量的影响

采用311－A最优设计与田间试验方法,研究了氮、磷、钾施肥用量对马铃薯产量和淀粉含量的影响,建立了宁夏雨养农业区马铃薯产量、淀粉含量与氮、磷、钾施肥用量之间的数学模型。分析了马铃薯产量及淀粉含量试验因子的主效应和互作效应,优选了马铃薯目标产量在30000 kg/hm2时最高产量的最佳施肥量组合为氮、磷、钾(kg/hm2)：267.3－139.0－82.1,最佳经济施肥用量组合为氮、磷、钾(kg/hm2)：258.6－131.1－71.1;淀粉含量最高时最佳组合氮、磷、钾( kg/hm2)：183.9－106.4－87.6。     

不同滴灌量和施氮量对马铃薯产量和品质的影响

本试验采用裂区设计方案,对"大西洋"马铃薯的水、氮二因素进行了研究,试验结果表明:马铃薯的产量、单株薯重、商品薯率和淀粉含量都随施氮量的增加而呈抛物线趋势变化;其中小水量多次灌水的灌水方式下氮水平为180kg/hm2的处理,其产量、商品薯率和淀粉含量都表现最好,分别为:46216 4kg/hm2、87 56%和17 71%;在小水量多次灌水的灌溉方式下,马铃薯在低氮水平就能达到高产优质,是一种较为理想的滴灌方式。     

Oil, sugar, and starch characteristics in peanut breeding lines selected for low and high oil content and their combining ability

Peanut seeds contain approximately 50% oil on a dry weight basis, making them a high fat food. Reduction of the oil content would make peanuts a more desirable food to fat conscious consumers. Removal of existing oil by processing is not feasible for in-shell peanuts, the dominant product of the North Carolina-Virginia area. To reduce oil content in in-shell peanuts, a genetic solution must be found. However, while reduced oil content is a desirable objective, changes in oil must not be accompanied by significant decreases in any of the desirable aspects of peanut flavor. Because the impact of selection for low or high oil on flavor is not known, it would be useful to know in what form dry matter is being stored in the seed, particularly if it is not being stored as oil. Screening of 584 accessions identified two lines (PI 269723 and PI 315608) with high and two (Robusto 2 and Robusto 3) with low oil contents, each pair differing in sugar content. The four parents were crossed in diallel fashion to investigate patterns of inheritance. General combining abilities (GCA) for oil content closely followed values of the parental lines. One low oil parent (Robusto 2) had a correspondingly elevated GCA for sugar content, but neither low oil parent had the effect of elevating starch in progeny. Reciprocal cross differences were found for starch and sugar contents, suggesting influences of cytoplasmic genes on those traits. These lines serve as resource material for researchers interested in the genetic and physiological aspects of the oil-sugar-starch relationship in peanuts.     

IBA和MET单独与配合使用对木薯产量和淀粉含量的影响

在50mg／L吲哚丁酸(IBA)浸种的基础上，于块根膨大期配合叶面喷施500mg／L和1000mg／L多效唑(MET)，结果表明，可使木薯产量比对照分别增加18．8％和20．5%．块根淀粉含量则相应提高6．8%和9．0％，均达0．05显著水平；而单独用50mg／L IBA浸种或只在块根膨大期叶面喷施500mg／L和1000mg／L MET，木薯产量和淀粉含量也有不同程度的提高，但效果均不及IBA和MET的配合使用。     

Variability in topsoil texture and carbon content within soil map units and its implications in predicting soil water content for optimum workability

The ability to predict the timing of optimum soil workability depends on knowledge of the extent and structure of variability in main physical characteristics of the soil. Our objectives were to quantify the variability in texture and carbon content within soil map units in a small agriculture-dominated catchment in South-east Norway and to assess implications of variability in texture and carbon content on land management operations, using the predicted maximum water content for optimum workability as an example. Information from three different sources were used: a soil map (1:5000), a large sample grid (100 m spacing, 270 ha extent), and a small sample grid (10 m spacing, 2.25 ha extent). Readily available information on texture and organic matter content from the soil map was found to be of limited use for soil management due to broad textural classes together with deviations from the mapped main textural classes. There were significant differences in clay, silt and sand content between the different soil textural classes on the soil map. Statistical distributions within soil map units were generally either positively or negatively skewed and the coefficient of variation was intermediate, 15–50%. Most of the variation in both grids was spatially correlated. The large grid was dominated by a patchy structure, whilst the small grid showed a systematic trend with a gradual transition indicating fuzzy boundaries between map units in this catchment. The effective range for texture was 16 times larger in the large grid. Implications of variability in texture and carbon content on land management operations were assessed for the maximum water content for optimum workability (Wopt), predicted using pedotransfer functions. Wopt was usually in the same range as the water content at–100 kPa matric potential, indicating that considerable evaporation in addition to drainage is required for obtaining workable conditions in the field. The time required for obtaining the water content was estimated to about 5 days, which is longer than an average length of periods without precipitation in the area, median 3.7 days. Wopt predicted from the soil map deviated strongly from Wopt predicted from the sample grids. Comparing estimates of Wopt from the large grid with measurements in the small grid showed differences corresponding to ±2–3 days of evaporation.     

Effect of humic acid multinutrient fertilizers on yield and nutrient use efficiency of potato

A field experiment was conducted to study the effect of humic acid multinutrient fertilizers like Grow Flow 45H and HA-NPK complex on crop yield, nutrient content and uptake, and nutrient use efficiency of potato. Application of Grow Flow 45H (humic acid multinutrient liquid fertilizer) at recommended dose increased the tuber yield by 9.3% as compared to chemical fertilizer. Nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) content of the Grow Flow 45H treated plants were 2.89, 0.33 and 1.58% in shoots and 1.89, 0.21 and 1.03% in tubers, respectively which were significantly higher than the other treatments. Grow Flow 45H increased the N, P and K use efficiencies by 16.4%, 9.3% and 18.3% respectively over chemical fertilizer. Though HA-NPK complex fertilizer (developed in the laboratory) was not significantly different from chemical fertilizer in respect of yield, the contents and uptake, and use efficiencies of N, P and K; however the former was found better than the latter.     

设计流量和土壤质地对微孔陶瓷灌水器入渗特性的影响

为探明微孔陶瓷灌水器土壤中入渗流量变化的原因,明确微孔陶瓷灌水器的出流原理,该研究基于土桶模拟试验,研究3种设计流量(0.72、1.87和4.40 L/h)的微孔陶瓷灌水器下2种土壤(黄绵土、塿土)的渗流特性。结果表明,使用不同灌水器灌溉后,短时间内入渗流量均迅速减小,而后缓慢减小趋于稳定。设计流量与土壤质地均影响灌水器的出流。灌水器周围土壤水势的变化是造成入渗流量变化的直接原因,土壤含水率的变化是入渗流量变化的根本原因。在没有淹没出流的情况下,土壤含水率越高,入渗流量越小。设计流量为1.87 L/h灌水器应用于塿土中,当土壤含水率由13%增大至40%时,入渗流量由1.4 L/h下降至0.3 L/h左右。灌水器周围土壤含水率对入渗流量具有反馈调节作用。采用微孔陶瓷灌水器作为灌溉系统的核心部件,在内部水头适宜(微压或零压)的情况下,通过灌水器入渗流量与土壤含水率的耦合作用,可实现土壤水分的自动调控,达到主动灌溉的目的。该文可为微孔陶瓷灌水器的推广应用提供参考。     

超声场对马铃薯淀粉颗粒形貌与结晶结构的影响(简报)

为了深入了解超声场中食品组分结构的变化,采用偏光显微镜、X-射线衍射等现代仪器分析技术研究了超声场中马铃薯淀粉颗粒形貌和结晶结构的变化规律.结果表明:超声场中马铃薯淀粉颗粒形貌受到不同程度的破坏,随着超声波作用时间的延长,淀粉颗粒表面出现的蜂窝状凹陷,小孔的数量增加,部分淀粉颗粒变形甚至消失:偏光十字和X-射线衍射显示马铃薯淀粉的结晶结构没有变化,超声场主要作用在马铃薯淀粉的非结晶区.     

Effects of ridge‐furrow and plastic mulching planting patterns on microflora and potato tuber yield in continuous cropping soil

Planting patterns have distinctive effects on the soil micro‐ecological environment and soil quality. To explore the effects of film mulch ridge‐furrow (FMRF) cropping on soil microbial properties and potato yield, a study was conducted in 2013 and 2014 in a continuously cropped field under nonfilm‐mulched flat plot (CK), half‐mulched flat plot (T1), fully mulched ridge cropping (T2), fully mulched furrow cropping (T3), half‐mulched ridge cropping (T4) and half‐mulched furrow cropping (T5) planting patterns. Our results indicate that T3 increased the average bacteria/fungi (B/F) ratio by 253% compared to CK. On average, half‐mulched ridge cropping increased the bacteria population and aerobic Azotobacter by 9 and 19%, respectively, compared with CK. On average, T3 had the greatest inhibitory effect on fungi populations. Half‐mulched furrow cropping had the most anaerobic Azotobacter and nitrifying bacteria. The study showed that FMRF increased soil bacteria, especially Azotobacter but reduced fungi and actinomycetes. Treatment T2 gave the greatest potato yield, followed by T4, whereas the greatest biomass yield was recorded in T4. Full‐mulch furrow cropping methods produced the greatest nutrient use efficiency. The findings of this study enhance our understanding of soil microbe and plant responses to plastic mulch and planting patterns under semi‐arid conditions.     

立式深旋耕作对西北半干旱区马铃薯水肥利用和产量的影响

[目的]立式深旋耕作能提高土壤供水能力和促进作物根系发育,有利于作物对养分的吸收利用.[方法]在西北黄土高原半干旱区于2016-2018年布设马铃薯定位试验,设计立式深旋耕作40 cm(VRT)、深松40 cm(SS)和旋耕15 cm(TT)3个处理.在马铃薯播期、盛花期和收获期测定土壤含水量、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾含...     

平衡施肥对马铃薯产量及品质的影响

通过平衡施肥对马铃薯产量和品质影响的研究,结果表明:在当地条件下,马铃薯最佳经济施肥量为N141 15kg/hm2,P2O5104 55kg/hm2,K2O198 90kg/hm2,施用比例1 0 74 1 41,最佳产量31845 30kg/hm2,施肥利润3306 90元/hm2,投产比1 3 63。采用平衡施肥能增加马铃薯产量,降低薯块硝酸盐和还原糖含量,并能增加淀粉含量,从而提高马铃薯产品品质,增加效益。马铃薯硝酸盐含量随氮肥施用量增加而增加,施用磷钾肥能明显降低硝酸盐含量。我区马铃薯生产重金属污染均未超标,符合国家食品卫生标准。     

高静压杀菌对不同形状果块的黄桃罐头质地的影响

该文在保证黄桃罐头无菌的前提下,研究了高静压杀菌技术对不同形状果块的黄桃罐头质地的影响。首先通过测定不同的高静压条件下黄桃罐头细菌总数、霉菌和酵母数的变化,并结合热杀菌时间,确定出质地研究的杀菌条件为600 MPa/20 min。再将不同形状果块的黄桃罐头在600 MPa下处理20 min后,以90℃,20 min热杀菌的黄桃罐头为对照,通过测定2种杀菌方式前后及低温和常温贮藏过程中不同形状果块的黄桃罐头果肉硬度、汤汁黏度及果肉细胞结构的变化,得出了高静压杀菌结合低温贮藏技术在罐头质地保持方面的优越性。研究结果表明：高静压杀菌的3种形状果块的罐头果肉硬度分别为热杀菌的2.8倍（“条状”）,3.1倍（“丁状”）和2.9倍（“块状”）,高静压杀菌后“块状”黄桃罐头汤汁黏度较小,果肉细胞结构较完整;且高静压杀菌后低温贮藏（4±1）℃的黄桃罐头质地品质均优于常温贮藏（25±1）℃。在3种形状果块的黄桃罐头中,无论是低温贮藏（4±1）℃还是常温贮藏（25±1）℃,“块状”的黄桃罐头其果肉硬度最大,汤汁黏度最小,细胞结构破坏程度最小,是最适宜的黄桃罐头加工形状。研究结果为高静压技术取代热杀菌应用于黄桃罐头的加工提供了理论依据。     

半干旱雨养区秸秆带状覆盖种植对土壤水分 及马铃薯产量的影响

水分不足是限制半干旱雨养作物生长的主要因素,地表覆盖能够改善土壤的微环境,从而显著提高作物的产量和水分利用效率。为明确西北半干旱雨养区不同保墒措施下旱地马铃薯的土壤水分特征及其对产量的影响,于2014—2015年设置了玉米秸秆带状覆盖种植(T1)、半膜大垄(T2)、全膜双垄(T3)和露地平作(对照,CK)4种栽培模式,研究了玉米秸秆带状覆盖、地膜覆盖种植对马铃薯产量、土壤水分变化及其利用效率的影响。结果表明:不同覆盖方式能有效改善马铃薯生育期0~200 cm土层土壤水分状况,地膜覆盖对马铃薯生育前期土壤水分保蓄效果较好,秸秆带状覆盖对生育中后期土壤水分状况的改善效果明显。与对照(CK)相比,3种覆盖处理均提高了土壤含水量,其中T1处理效果最好,较CK提高2.8%~7.8%,尤其在伏旱阶段的块茎形成期,0~200 cm土层土壤含水量高于地膜覆盖处理。与CK相比,T1处理马铃薯产量提高10.5%~34.2%,水分利用效率(WUE)提高8.9%~29.8%,达108.9~134.0 kg·hm~(–2)·mm~(–1),商品薯率提高14.7%~38.8%,达82.3%~92.2%。马铃薯产量与生育期耗水量(r=0.836**)呈显著正相关。T1的产量和商品薯率均显著高于T2和T3(P0.05)。可见,玉米秸秆带状覆盖具有显著的纳雨保墒作用,促进马铃薯的生长发育,增产效果显著。其推广应用可有效提高该区降水资源的利用效率,实现马铃薯稳产高产,可作为西北雨养农业区旱地马铃薯生产的高效栽培新模式。     

Effect of various phosphorus and calcium concentrations on potato seed tuber production

Although the effects caused in plants by the calcium (Ca)–phosphorus (P) interaction in calcareous soils are well documented, very few studies report on such effects in nutritive solutions or hydroponic cultivation. In a sand and perlite (1:1 volume) hydroponic system, effects of various P (21, 42, and 63 ppm) and Ca (120, 180, and 240 ppm) concentrations on potato tuberization were studied. A factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design with three replications was conducted. For maximum tuber yield and tuber number production, 21 and 42 ppm P was sufficient, respectively. Increase in P and Ca concentrations in nutrient solutions in early growing season resulted in an increase in shoot and root weight, leaf area, and shoot length linearly, but tuber yield and tuber number did not follow this trend. The maximum tuber specific gravity and total solid percent were also observed in 42 ppm P. The highest tuber number and tuber yield were observed in 120 ppm Ca concentration.     

马铃薯/玉米不同行数比套作对马铃薯光合特性和产量的影响

以单作马铃薯为对照,设置2︰2和3︰2两种马铃薯/玉米套作的行数比,研究大田套作条件下马铃薯光合特性的动态变化及其对产量的影响。结果表明:套作显著降低了马铃薯整个生育期叶面积指数(LAI)、比叶重(SLW)和叶绿素a/b值(Chla/b),提高了马铃薯叶绿素a(Chla)、叶绿素b(Chlb)、叶绿素总(Chla+Chlb)含量。整个生育期套作3︰2行数比LAI显著高于套作2︰2行数比,SLW块茎形成期显著低于套作2︰2行数比,苗期、淀粉积累期高于套作2︰2行数比;Chla、Chlb、Chla+Chlb块茎增长期显著高于套作2︰2行数比,淀粉积累期低于套作2︰2行数比;Chla/b值块茎增长期和淀粉积累期显著高于套作2︰2行数比;套作降低了3︰2行数比Chla和Chla+Chlb随生育期递减的速率。套作显著降低了马铃薯净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔限制值(Ls),提高了胞间CO2浓度(Ci)和水分利用率(WUE),非气孔因素是套作马铃薯净光合速率降低的主要因素;套作3︰2行数比的Pn、Gs、Tr、Ci显著高于套作2︰2行数比,WUE显著低于套作2︰2行数比。与单作相比,套作显著降低了两种行数比的大薯数量和大薯鲜重;套作2︰2行数比小薯数量和小薯鲜重显著降低,但套作3︰2行数比小薯数量显著增加,小薯鲜重差异不显著;套作3︰2行数比小薯数量和小薯鲜重显著高于套作2︰2行数比。总之,套作改变了马铃薯的光合特性,并显著降低了马铃薯块茎产量;2︰2行数比无套作优势(LER为0.88),3︰2行数比具有较强的套作优势(LER为1.24),在生产中宜采用套作3︰2行数比模式。