Interactive effects of Nemarioc-AL phytonematicide,Steinernema feltiae and Trichoderma harzianum on the reproduction of Meloidogyne incognita race 2 under greenhouse conditions

Interactive effects of alternatives to methyl bromide on root-knot (Meloidogyne species) nematodes could provide information on whether to use the products combined or singularly. The objective of this study was to investigate the interactive effects of Nemarioc-AL phytonematicide, Steinernema feltiae and Trichoderma harzianum on eggs and reproductive factors of Meloidogyne incognita race 2 under greenhouse conditions. The interactive effects of Nemarioc-AL phytonematicide (N), S. feltiae (S) and T. harzianum (T) on population densities of M. incognita were examined in a 2?×?2?×?2 factorial experiment in pots filled with steam-pasteurised soil. Each tomato seedling was inoculated with 2000 eggs and second-stage juveniles (J2), with phytonematicide and biocontrol agents applied at commercial rates. At 56 days after the treatments, the second-order (N₁S₁T₁) interaction reduced eggs and the reproductive factor (RF) in roots by 100% and 93%, respectively. Similarly, the first-order (N₁S₀T₁) interaction reduced the two variables by 92% and 72%, respectively, whereas N₁S₁T₀ interaction had 63% and 55% reduction effects, respectively. Nemarioc-AL phytonematicide was compatible with S. feltiae and T. harzianum and could, therefore, be used collectively to manage population densities of M. incognita.     

Role of effective microorganisms in efficacy of Nemarioc-AG phytonematicide on suppression of Meloidogyne incognita and growth of tomato plants

The release of active ingredient chemicals in conventional organic amendments is primarily through microbial degradation, whereas in granular phytonematicides, leaching through irrigation water had been implied as a probable mechanism. The objective of this study was to determine the role of effective microorganisms (EM) on the efficacy of Nemarioc-AG (NAG; G?=?granular formulation) phytonematicide on suppression of root-knot (Meloidogyne species) nematodes and growth of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plants. A 5?×?6 factorial experiment, with EM at 0%, 0.14%, 0.17%, 0.20% and 0.25% and phytonematicide at 0, 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15?g per plant, was conducted under microplot conditions. Each plant was inoculated with 11,000 eggs and second-stage juveniles (J2) of Meloidogyne incognita. Seventy days after initiating the treatments, the interactions were not significant (P?≥?.05) on all variables, but the main factors were highly significant. Regression of nematode population densities, root gall and dry shoot mass over increasing phytonematicide concentration exhibited quadratic relations, which were explained by 93%, 97% and 99%, respectively. In contrast, stem diameter and phytonematicide concentration had a positive linear relation, which was explained by 98%. Nematode numbers over increasing EM concentration exhibited quadratic relation, which was explained by 97%. All plant variables and EM had no significant relations. In conclusion, the efficacy of NAG phytonematicide on nematode suppression and plant growth was independent of EM activities, suggesting that irrigation water played a major role in the efficacy of the product in granular formulation.     

Effects of boron and lime on boron concentration and growth of forage legumes under greenhouse conditions

Abstract

Maximum yields of red clover, alfalfa, and birdsfoot trefoil were obtained when 0.25 to 1.0 ppm B was added to the soil. An application of lime to raise the soil pH to 5.8–6.3 improved yields, while at pH 6.8 a decline in yield in the first and second cuts of birdsfoot trefoil was noted. There was a marked B x lime interaction on the yield of all cuts of birdsfoot trefoil and first cut of red clover, with much higher yields with high rates of lime at high rates of added B.

Levels of 4 to 9 ppm B in the leaf tissue of the three crops were in the deficiency range. Boron concentrations of 21 to 45, 39 to 52, and 30 to 45 ppm in the first cuts of red clover, alfalfa, and birdsfoot trefoil were indicative of sufficiency and were associated with maximum yields, while levels of >59, >99, and >68 ppm, respectively, in the three crops were in the toxicity range. Sufficiency levels of soil B for legumes appeared to be related to pH since B deficiency was more severe at higher pH than at lower pH. Liming of soil from pH 5.3 to 6.8 resulted in decreased concentration of B in all the three crops with the smallest decreases in alfalfa. There was a marked B x lime interaction on the B concentrations of the three crops, with much higher B concentrations in high B treatments at low soil pH than at high pH values.     

提高作物叶面养分吸收的复合型助剂研究

本文研究了含有黄腐酸在内的复合型表面活性剂对白菜和花生叶片硼、锰吸收的影响。复合表面活性剂通过降低喷施液的表面张力,明显增加了供试作物叶片对硼、锰的吸收。单一黄腐酸对喷施液的表面张力影响不大,可通过络合作用促进硼、锰的吸收。黄腐酸与表面活性剂结合使用表现出明显的复合效应,使喷施液的表面张力低于作物叶片临界表面张力,显著促进了白菜和花生叶片对硼、锰的吸收效果,可以用复合型助剂提高作物叶面对养分的吸收。     

Iron metabolism in higher plants. The influence of nutrient iron on bean leaf lipoxygenase

Bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) were cultured in nutrient solutions containing three concentrations of iron. The leaves of plants grown with a limiting supply of iron contained reduced levels of protein, chlorophyll and the iron‐containing enzyme, lipoxygenase (EC 1.13.11.12). Measurements of lipoxygenase made on leaf crude extracts did not correlate with iron supply; however, upon purification of the enzyme by affinity chromatography, a direct correlation was observed. The lack of correlation was partly due to the presence of chlorophyll, an inhibitor of lipoxygenase, in the crude extract. Lipoxygenase levels changed with age of the plants, but rose to a maximum at days 14–16. A comparison of leaf lipoxygenases grown with different iron supply showed that they were identical with the same pH profile, chlorophyll inhibition, reaction products, and electrophoretic mobility. It is suggested that lipoxygenase may be used as a probe to evaluate iron availability and to investigate iron metabolism in higher plants.     

南佛罗里达州温室条件下番茄生长和养分吸收模型的验证

The Soil and Water Assessment Tool(SWAT) has been widely used throughout the world to model crop growth and nutrient uptake in various types of soils.A greenhouse experiment was performed to validate the process equations embedded in SWAT for describing the growth and nutrient uptake of tomatoes in south Florida.The scaled growth curve of greenhouse-grown tomatoes was in close agreement with the theoretical model for field conditions,with the scaling factors being the maximum canopy height and the potential heat units.Similarly,the scaled leaf area index(LAI) growth curve and the scaled root depth curve for greenhousegrown tomatoes agreed with the SWAT functions,with the scaling factors being the maximum LAI and maximum root depth.The greenhouse experiment confirmed that the growth of biomass is a linear function of the intercepted photosynthetically active radiation.The fractions of nutrients in the plant biomass under greenhouse conditions were found to be on the order of 60% of those fractions observed in the field.Values of the initial P distribution(0.2 mg kg -1),initial ratio of mineral stable P to mineral active P(50:1),and initial ratio of humic N to humic P(2.4:1) were determined from soil measurements and can be used for field simulations.The conventional saturation-excess model for soil-water percolation was used to predict the movement of water in the top 10 cm of the greenhouse containers and the results agreed well with measurements.     

Influence of soil pH and application of zinc on the yield and uptake of selected nutrient elements by rice

Abstract

Rice grown on a recently water‐leveled Crowley silt loam that contained less than 1.8 μg g^‐1 of 0.1 N HCl‐extractable Zn with pH levels ranging from 6.8 to 7.7, responded to Zn application. Each kg ha of applied Zn as Zn chelate, 14.2 % Zn, resulted in increases of +673, +477, and +2026 kg rice ha^‐1 at pH 6.8, 7.3, and 7.7, respectively. There was a critically low concentration of Zn in rice plants at the midtillering, first joint, and panicle differentiation stages of plant development when no Zn was applied. A yield response to applied Zn was obtained when the concentration of Zn in rice tissue was less than 15 μg g^‐1.

Application of Zn resulted in a significant increase in the uptake of N by rice plants at each of the three stages of plant development. Application of Zn also resulted in relatively large and significant increases in the uptake of Zn from the soil irrespective of soil pH. The uptake of Zn by rice plants at each of the growth stages showed a two‐ to three‐fold increase following Zn application when soil pH was 6.8 and 7.3. Also, the uptake of Zn by rice plants following Zn application showed a four‐fold increase at midtillering, a five‐fold increase at first joint, and a six‐fold increase at panicle differentiation, respectively, when soil pH was 7.7.     

Implications of Azospirillum brasilense inoculation and nutrient addition on maize in soils of the Brazilian Cerrado under greenhouse and field conditions

The combination of nitrogen and Azospirillum can ensure greater nutrient absorption and crop yield in agricultural areas using high technology. Thus, the objective was to evaluate maize response to Azopirillum brasilense (AZ) inoculation and nutrient (macronutrients and micronutrients) application under greenhouse and field conditions in clay and sandy soils of the Brazilian Cerrado. In the greenhouse assays, the following parameters were measured: shoot dry weight (SDW), root dry weight (RDW), and root volume (RV). In the field experiments, the maize yield was determined after drying the grains at 60 °C for 48 h. In clay soil, there was a significant increase in the SDW, RDW and RV in the treatment with AZ concentrated (10¹¹ cells ml⁻¹ of inoculum) when compared with the control treatment and the treatment with AZ diluted (10⁶ cells ml⁻¹ of inoculum). In this soil, adding micronutrients did not affect the maize response under greenhouse conditions. In sandy soil, there was no difference between the AZ treatment and the control, except for treatments where nutrients and AZ were both added leading to a significant increase in the maize response. In both soils, the RV:RDW ratio was higher in the treatment with AZ concentrated compared to that in the treatment with AZ diluted, but the yield response depended on the addition of nutrients. Inoculation with A. brasilense gave comparable yield to the nitrogen treatment. The grain production was increased by 29% in the treatment with A. brasilense and nitrogen compared to nitrogen fertilization alone. In this study, the yield response was affected significantly when maize was inoculated with A. brasilense, but this response was dependent on the soil type under greenhouse conditions.     

Effect of Inoculation with the Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungus Glomus Intraradices on the Root-Knot Nematode Meloidogyne Incognita in Cucumber

ABSTRACT

A pot experiment was carried out to investigate the tolerance of cucumber plants (Cucumis sativus L.) to root-knot nematode after inoculation with Glomus intraradices. Plants were inoculated with G. intraradices for four weeks and then transplanted in soil treated with Meloidogyne incognita for a further five weeks. The low phosphorus (P) loamy soil was amended with 50 and 100 mg P kg^?1 soil. Mycorrhizal colonization increased shoot dry weight, shoot length, leaf numbers, root fresh weight and shoot P concentration, whereas nematode penetration and reproduction were significantly decreased. Similarly, P fertilization usually increased shoot growth and significantly decreased the number of galls and the number of egg masses and eggs per g root. Our results indicate that inoculation with G. intraradices and P fertilizer confer tolerance of cucumber plants to M. incognita by enhancing plant growth and by suppressing reproduction and/or galling of nematodes during the early stages of plant growth.     

Impact of rainfall regime on the decomposition of leaf litter with contrasting quality under subhumid tropical conditions

In alley-cropping systems, hedgerow trees are regularly cut back. Losses of N released from the decomposing prunings are minimized when N release is synchronized with crop N demand. In this study, the sensitivity of the decomposition of Leucaena leucocephala, Senna siamea, and Dactyladenia barteri leaf litter to the nature of the rainfall regime is correlated with the residue quality. The litterbag technique was used to measure decomposition. Four periods of 115 days, each starting at a time when hedgerow trees are normally pruned, were selected and the rain that fell during each of these periods in 1986 was simulated on a day-to-day basis by applying irrigation water on the litterbags. The number of rainfall events was better correlated with the percentage dry matter loss than with the total amount of precipitation. The relationship consisted of two lines. The slope of the first line, indicative of the sensitivity of the decomposition to varying numbers of rainfall events, correlated well with the watersoluble fraction (P<0.05), the C:N ratio (P<0.05), and the polyphenol: N ratio (P<0.01) of the residues. The decomposition process was shown to be dominated by microbial catabolism, rather than leaching. Because the decomposition of the higher quality residues is affected by varying rainfall patterns and because rainfall may often be unpredictable in frequency and intensity, synchronization of N released from a significant part of the decomposing residue with crop N demand may require additional management practices.     

叶片氮浓度对温室黄瓜花后叶片最大总光合速率影响的模拟

光合作用是作物产量和品质形成的基础,直接受到叶片含氮量的影响.该文通过不同定植期不同氮素处理试验,建立了不同光温条件下温室黄瓜叶片适宜氮浓度的求算方程,并定量分析了不同光温条件下黄瓜叶片最大总光合速率与叶片氮浓度的关系.在此基础上,进一步建立了适合不同光温条件的温室黄瓜花后叶片最大总光合速率与叶片氮浓度关系的通用模型,并用与建模相独立的试验数据对模型进行了检验.结果表明,建立的模型能较好地预测不同定植期黄瓜叶片氮浓度对叶片最大总光合速率的影响.模型对温室黄瓜叶片最大总光合速率的预测结果与实测结果之间基于1:1直线的决定系数和均方根差分别为0.83和1.56 μmol·m-2·s-1.建立的模型可以为温室黄瓜周年生产的氮素精确管理提供理论依据与决策支持.     

土壤水分状况对温室青茄水分利用和外观品质的影响

为确定温室青茄优质高效的灌溉指标, 采用小区试验方法, 研究了不同生育阶段土壤水分状况对滴灌条件下温室青茄耗水量、产量、水分利用效率及果实外观品质的影响。研究结果表明, 任何时段水分亏缺均会降低青茄的耗水量; 温室青茄果实大小、坐果数以及最终产量均随水分亏缺程度的增大而减小, 产量、水分利用均与耗水量呈现良好的二次抛物线关系, 最优耗水量在307.12~339.59 mm 之间。当青茄土壤水分(占田间持水量的百分比)下限控制在苗期60%~70%、开花坐果期和成熟采摘期均为70%时, 产量及坐果率较高, 水分利用效率较佳, 可作为滴灌条件下温室青茄适宜的土壤水分控制指标。     

The effect of winery solid waste compost application on maize growth,biomass yield,and nutrient content under greenhouse conditions

A greenhouse study was conducted to assess the fertilizer value and determine the optimum application rate of five winery solid waste (WSW) composts containing varied filter material (FM) mixed proportions with grape marc and pruning canes using maize. The composts comprised of 4, 10, 20, 30, and 40% FM (w/w) designated C4FM, C10FM, C20FM, C30FM, and C40FM, respectively. Application rates of 5, 10, 20, 40, and 80 t ha^?1 were used; while unamended control and inorganic NPK fertilizer treatments were included as references. The results showed that application of composts with 20% FM or more at 80 t ha^?1 significantly increased the dry matter yield more than NPK fertilizer but full potential was not reached due to inadequate nitrogen supply. Maize shoot K content from compost treatments exceeded the critical nutrient level while the shoot Zn content from compost treatments with 20% FM or less also exceeded the critical level. The results revealed that these composts could serve as potential good sources of K and Zn for maize production, particularly, in sandy soils where these nutrients are often reported to be deficient. Quantitative estimate of the optimum rate of the composts for dry matter production ranged from 75 to 307 t ha^?1.     

Effects of NaCl salinity on some leaf nutrient concentrations,non-photochemical quenching and the efficiency of the PSII photochemistry of two Iranian pomegranate varieties under greenhouse and field conditions: Preliminary results

The present research was conducted to study the responses of ‘Malas–e–Saveh’ (M) and ‘Shishe–Kab’ (Sh) Iranian pomegranates to sodium chloride (NaCl) stress under greenhouse and field conditions. Treatments included waters electrical conductivity (EC = 1.5, 3, 6, 9 and 12 dS m^?1 for greenhouse) and (EC = 1.05 as control, 4.61 and 7.46 dS m^?1 for field studies). Interactive effects of salinity × variety indicated the highest chlorophyll and leaf potassium concentration, and the lowest leaf chloride and sodium in control under greenhouse study. Non-photochemical quenching, effective quantum yield of photochemical energy conversion in PSII reduced under the highest salinity level in field, however, basal quantum yield of non-photochemical processes in PSII increased in the highest salinity. Sodium and chloride increased with increased in salinity. Calcium, magnesium and iron significantly decreased with increased in salinity. It seems that there are differences between pomegranate cultivars and Malas-e-Saveh is more tolerant compared with Shishe Kab.     

免耕条件下稻草还田方式对温室气体排放强度的影响

为探讨免耕条件下的稻草高茬和覆盖还田对双季稻田温室气体排放强度(GHGI)的影响,该研究利用静态箱-气相色谱法,对免耕稻草不还田(NWS)、免耕高茬还田(HN)和免耕覆盖还田(SN)3处理稻田GHGI进行了连续2a的观测。结果表明,在各处理水稻产量差异不显著时,双季稻田的GHGI主要由温室气体排放量决定;在稻草用量相同的情况下,2种稻草还田方式均增加了稻田的GHGI,且高茬还田的增加幅度大于覆盖还田,说明高茬还田增强了温室气体通过水稻体内通气组织传输的能力。在20和100a尺度上,甲烷的GHGI均远大于氧化亚氮,在20a尺度上,早稻各处理甲烷的GHGI平均为N2O的109倍,晚稻为14倍,而在100a尺度上,这个倍数有所下降,分别只有35倍和3.77倍,可见,减少甲烷排放是减缓稻田温室气体排放强度的首要目标。在等稻草量的前提下,相比留高茬还田,覆盖还田能有效控制稻田GHGI。该研究可为中国华中地区双季稻田碳增汇和温室气体减排研究提供参考。     

温室滴灌条件下番茄植株茎流变化规律试验

为探明滴灌条件下温室番茄植株茎流速率变化规律及其影响因素,本文采用Dynamax公司开发的包裹式茎流计观测日光温室番茄植株的茎流变化,研究茎流速率的变化规律及茎流速率监测结果的标准化处理技术,探索植株茎流与气象因子的相互关系,分析水分胁迫对番茄植株茎流速率的影响。研究表明,采用单位叶面积上的茎流速率表征茎流变化规律可在一定程度上降低因探头安装位置不同对监测结果的影响;在充分供水条件下,影响番茄植株茎流速率的主要因子是太阳辐射和饱和水气压差,番茄植株的日茎流速率与太阳辐射呈线性关系,与饱和差呈对数关系（R2＞0.90,P＜0.01）;土壤水分状况会明显影响番茄植株茎流状况,茎流速率随水分胁迫加剧而骤减。研究结果证明番茄植株茎流速率经标准化处理后可以真实的反映植株蒸腾规律。     

Potassium and calcium distribution patterns along the leaf insertion gradient of bean plants grown in nutrient solutions

Potassium and calcium distribution patterns along the leaf insertion gradient of bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv Tacarigua) were analyzed in plants grown in different K and Ca concentrations in the nutrient solution. The plants were sampled at the early flowering stage and the leaves analyzed following the helix or genetic spiral which follows leaves in the order of their origin at the shoot tip. Different canopy profiles for K and Ca showed that “critical concentration limits”; could be established for K but not for Ca, due perhaps to the non‐phloem mobile nature of this element. Besides, sampling procedures based on a “representative”; leaf (or leaves) were compared to those based on the sampling of the whole canopy in order to obtain reference nutrient concentration values.     

Effects of various dry ashing temperatures on the determination of 13 nutrient elements in five plant tissues

Abstract

Dry ashing five different plant tissues at temperatures from 400 to 700° Cat 4 and 15 hours affected the concentration of Al, B, Cu, Fe, K, and Mn found upon analysis by both emission and atomic absorption spec‐troscopy. The elements Ba, Ca, Mg, Mo, P, Sr, and Zn were not affected by the varying temperatures and times. Dry ashing at 500° C for 4 or 15 hours gave results comparable to the known element concentration or that determined by wet ashing. At temperatures below and above 500° C, volitilization losses and absorption occurred.