饲喂豆饼粉——玉米基础日粮的河鲇鱼蛋氨酸需要量

应用豆饼粉－玉米基础日粮测定，２５℃时４２天试验期中１４克河鲇鱼日粮蛋氨酸（Ｍｅｔ）的需要量。与鲇鱼体成分氨基酸有关的平衡限制氨基酸基础日粮含２７７克ＣＰ、３．６克Ｍｅｔ、４．０克胱氨酸（Ｃｙｓ）和１０ＭＪＤＥ／ｋｇＤＭ。在谷氨酸缺乏时，ＤＬ－蛋氨酸按０￣１２克／千克，间隔２克添加到基础日粮中形成７种等氮和等能日粮。对照日粮含３３１克ＣＰ、８克Ｍｅｔ、５克Ｃｙｓ和１０ＭＪＤＥ／ｋｇＤＭ（包括８％鱼     

粗纤维测定法牧草细胞壁成分损失的研究

测试了１２种牧草的粗纤维、中性洗涤纤维含量和各自的无氮浸出物含量。牧草细胞壁损失含量与ＮＥＦ含量间呈非常显著正相关，款项人线性回归方程式为：ｙ＝－１６．６６＋０．７９ｘ（Ｐ＜０．０５），ＮＤＦＫ法ＮＦＥ含量与ＮＤＦ间呈非常显著相关（ｒ＝－０．９０１９Ｐ＜０．０１），其线性回归方程式为：ｙ＝５６．２５－０．７２ｘ（Ｐ＜０．０５）。ＮＤＦ法ＮＦＥ含量较ＣＦ法ＮＦＥ对照达显著水平（ｔ＝６．７０９＞ｔ０．     

磷对奶牛红细胞膜脂质的影响

对１５例临床上有明显低磷血症的奶牛血清磷、红细胞膜脂质成分进行了测定。结果表明，低磷血症奶牛血清磷、红细胞膜磷脂明显降低；红细胞膜胆固醇及膜胆固醇／磷脂摩尔比值（ｎｃｈ／ｎｐｌ）明显升高，与健康对照组牛相比差异极显著（Ｐ＜０．０１）；直线相关分析表明，血清磷与红细胞膜磷脂之间呈极显著正相关（ｒ＝０．９１７，ｙ＝１０．８５２ｘ＋３．１９６，Ｐ＜０．０１）；与红细胞膜胆固醇以及ｎｃｈ／ｎｐｌ之间分别呈显著负相关（ｒ＝－０．９４０，ｙ＝２．８５０ｘ－１．０７２，Ｐ＜０．０１；ｒ＝－０．９２０，ｙ＝１．９６８ｘ－１．４０１，Ｐ＜０．０１）。此外，红细胞膜微粘度与膜磷脂之间呈显著负相关（ｒ＝－０．９５４，ｙ＝１９．１２２ｘ－４．３８４，Ｐ＜０．０１），而与膜胆固醇以及ｎｃｈ／ｎｐｌ之间呈显著正相关（ｒ＝０．９８８，ｙ＝０．９２７ｘ＋０．９６４，Ｐ＜０．０１；ｒ＝０．９７８，ｙ＝－０．２９３ｘ＋１．１１３，Ｐ＜０．０１）。结果表明，磷是红细胞膜脂质成分改变的先决因素，而后者又是红细胞膜流动性及膜结构、功能发生变化并导致膜损伤的一个重要因素。     

ZIKA种母兔饲粮适宜营养水平的研究

连续三年在相同的繁殖季节，使用齐卡Ｎ系母兔１４８只，分别观察测定了四种不同营养水平组合日粮对不同繁殖状态母兔繁殖能力的影响。结果表明：在延期繁殖（母兔断奶后再配种）条件下，不同能量、蛋白水平对母兔繁殖性能的影响差异不显著（Ｐ＞０。０５），但中能高蛋白（ＤＥ１０．８８兆焦／公斤、ＣＰ１９％）的第３组日粮略胜于其它组合。由此得出，在引延期繁殖的ＺＩＫＡ能繁母兔，适宜的营养水平为：消化能（ＤＥ）１０兆焦／公斤，粗蛋白（ＣＰ）１９％，粗纤维（ＣＦ）１０％。在母兔进行半频密繁殖（母兔产后第１４天开始配种）情况下，高能高蛋白（ＣＤＥ１２．１３兆焦／公斤、ＣＰ１９％）饲粮对提高繁殖性能的效果明显优于高能低蛋（ＤＥ１２．１３兆焦／公斤，ＣＰ１５％）和低能低蛋白（ＤＥ１０．８８兆焦／公斤）和ＣＰ１５％）饲粮（Ｐ＜０．０５），尤其对提高母兔泌乳力效果明显（Ｐ＜０；０１），因此，实行频密（产后立即配种）或半频密繁殖的母兔，适宜营养水平为消化能１２兆焦繁殖的母兔，适宜营养水平为消化能１２兆焦／公斤，粗蛋白１９％，粗纤维９－１２％．     

生长肥育猪蛋氨酸需要量研究

以玉米、麦麸、花生粕、羽毛粉基础，研究在亚热带条件下服育猪蛋氨酸Ｍｃｔ需要量，生长猪基础饲粮（ＤＥ１２．９７ＭＪ／Ｋｇ，ＣＰ１４．４％，Ｃｙｓ０．３１）含Ｍｃｔ０．２０％，肥育猪基础饲粮（ＤＥ１３．１１ＭＪ／ｋｇ，ＣＰ１２．５％Ｃｙｓ０．２１％）含ｃｔ０．１８％。两种饲粮均以０．０４％的梯度添加ＤＬ－Ｍｅｔ共得５个Ｍｃｔ水平，参试猪为三元杂变猪生长期每个Ｍｃｔ３个重复（栏），每个重复４头猪；肥育期     

氯霉素间接竞争ELISA(ciELISA)检测方法的建立

以人工合成的氯霉素－牛血清白蛋白（ＣＡＰ－ＢＳＡ）为包被抗原,氯霉素（Ｃｈｌｏｒａｍｐｈｅｎｉｃｏｌ,ＣＡＰ）为竞争的半抗原,两者与一定量的抗ＣＡＰ单抗（ＣＡＰ－ＭｃＡｂ）反应。实验结果表明,理想的包被抗原浓度为１．２５μｇ／ｍｌ,抗ＣＡＰ－ＭｃＡｂ工作浓度为１：１２０００,酶标二抗工作浓度为 １： ５０００,可测最适范围为 １ｎｇ／ｍｌ－１００ｎｇ／ｍｌ,最小检测量为０．１ｎｇ／ｍｌ,批内和批间变异系数分别为３． ６２％和 ５． １９％。得到回归方程 ｙ ＝１．２７３０－ ０．６７４５ｘ（ｒ２＝ ０． ９７７９）和标准曲线,从而建立了快速定量测定 ＣＡＰ含量的间接竞争酶联免疫吸附试验（ＥＬＩＳＡ）。整个测定时间为６小时。     

饲粮营养水平对妊娠及泌乳獭兔繁殖性能、血清生化指标及生殖激素的影响

本文旨在探讨饲粮营养［消化能（ＤＥ）＋粗蛋白质（ＣＰ）］水平对妊娠及泌乳獭兔繁殖性能、血清生化指标及生殖激素的影响。选用平均体重为（４．７３±０．４２）ｋｇ的经产母獭兔 １００只,随机分成 ５组（每组 ２０个重复,每个重复 １只）,分别饲喂 １０．５ＭＪ／ｋｇＤＥ＋１８％ ＣＰ、１０．５ＭＪ／ｋｇＤＥ＋１６％ ＣＰ、１０．０ＭＪ／ｋｇＤＥ＋１７％ ＣＰ、９．５ＭＪ／ｋｇＤＥ＋１８％ ＣＰ、９．５ＭＪ／ｋｇＤＥ＋１６％ ＣＰ的试验饲粮。试验从母兔配种开始至仔兔 ４５日龄结束。结果表明：饲粮营养水平除显著影响断奶窝重（Ｐ＝０．０３６５）外,对妊娠及泌乳獭兔其他繁殖性能指标无显著影响（Ｐ＞０．０５）;饲粮营养水平显著影响妊娠獭兔血清谷草转氨酶活性（Ｐ＝０．０４３９）以及胆固醇（Ｐ＝０．０４７８）、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（Ｐ＝０．０２５６）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇含量（Ｐ＝０．０２４８）;妊娠獭兔血清生殖激素未受饲粮营养水平的影响（Ｐ＞０．０５）;饲粮营养水平显著影响泌乳獭兔血清总蛋白（Ｐ＝０．０３６９）、尿素氮（Ｐ＝０．０４７３）、胆固醇含量（Ｐ＝０．０２３２）;除血清促黄体生成素外,泌乳獭兔血清其他生殖激素均未受饲粮营养水平的影响（Ｐ＞０．０５）。由此得出,饲粮ＣＰ水平在 １６％ ～１８％、ＤＥ水平在 ９．５～１０．５ＭＪ／ｋｇ范围内变动时,饲粮营养水平对妊娠及泌乳獭兔繁殖性能、血清生殖激素基本无影响,但会影响部分血清生化指标。     

近交系小鼠的生长曲线拟合

通过４３６０只近交系小鼠体重分析,得出生长曲线：雄性ｒ＝２５．２４１７／１＋４．７８０３ｅ＾－０．４００４１ｘ,相关系数Ｒ＝０．９８９８,相关指数Ｒ＾２＝０．９７９７。雄性ｙ＝２３．７６４５／１＋３．９６４５ｅ＾－０．３３３９７ｘ,Ｒ＝０．９８２５,Ｒ＾２＝０．９６５２。     

日粮类型和羊草细度对肉牛瘤胃挥发性脂肪酸比例及能量转化效率的影响

用装有瘤胃瘘管和真胃瘘管的肥育阉牛,按完全拉丁方设计,连续定点消化道食糜采样,用ＫＢ－１型自控大型呼吸测热室测定能量平衡和氮平衡。结果表明,４种不同加工细度羊草,在维持饲养水平（１Ｍ）下的ＤＥ／ＧＥ,ＭＥ／ＤＥ,ＨＰ／ＭＥ,Ｋｍ,ＶＦＡ总量,乙酸：丙酸比例等的组间差异均不显著（Ｐ＞０．０５）,代谢能转化为维持净能效率（Ｋｍ）平均为６５．６９％（Ｃ．Ｖ＝０．８８％）;１．３Ｍ饲养水平的各种能量参数,４组间的差异亦均不显著（Ｐ＞０．０５）,代谢能转化为增重净能效率（Ｋｆ）平均３３．９２％（Ｃ．Ｖ＝１．８６％）。４种不同精料：羊草比例的日粮,在维持饲养水平下,ＣＨ４（ＫＪ）／ＤＥ（ＫＪ）＝０．０７３８＋０．０６１５（ＮＤＦ／ＯＭ）,ｒ＝０．８９２８,Ｋｍ＝６０．８６５１＋０．３３０４（丙酸ｍｏｌ／１００ｍｏｌＶＦＡ）,ｒ＝０．９９５５;在１．５Ｍ下,ＨＰ／ＭＥ＝１４．３８３８＋０．７８０５（乙酸ｍｏｌ／１００ｍｏｌＶＦＡ）,ｒ＝０．９９０３,Ｋｆ＝２２．９６９７＋０．６０２２（丙酸ｍｏｌ／１００ｍｏｌＶＦＡ）,ｒ＝０．９９８１,或Ｋｆ＝５７．２２６５－０．３８１７（ＮＤＦ／ＯＭ）,ｒ＝－０．９９８７。     

四川白鹅产蛋曲线的拟合及应用

研究得出四川白鹅的产蛋率与其月龄的曲线方程为ｙ＝－３７２．７９０６＋８６．００７６Ｘ－４．０６３８ｘ２，相关系数ｒ２＝０．９６５５。种鹅投入产出方程ｙ＝－３４３．１１０３＋１２．８６９５ｘ－０．０８８９ｘ２，相关系数ｒ２＝０．９８０７，其两个方程准确度很高，拟合效果很好。根据两方程可以确定在种鹅产蛋率降至３Ｏ％时淘汰，可得纯收入５０．０５元。最大投入产出比１．６９：１。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -