大豆灰斑病菌生理小种鉴定

大豆灰斑病菌生理小种鉴定胡国华，于凤瑶，程显伟，勇健康，栾怀海（黑龙江友谊县农垦科学院红兴隆所１５５８１１）大豆灰斑病（ＣｅｒｃｏｓｐｏｒａｓｏｊｉｎａＨａｒａ）广泛发生于世界大豆产区。１９１５年日本首次发现，我国以黑龙江东部地区发生严重，近年向西移...     

东北春大豆灰斑病菌生理小种鉴定结果初报

 大豆灰斑病病原菌具有高度的变异性,能分化出许多生理小种,美国的Athow 1952年首次报道了大豆灰斑病病原菌的生理分化现象。     

大豆品种感染灰斑病前后氨基酸含量的比较

在植物抗病机制的研究中,经常提到氨基酸的作用,作者对大豆灰斑病的抗病品种和感病品种在接种前后氨基酸的含量进行了比较,结果如下。 1 材料与方法 1.1 供试材料:抗病品种:东农9674、合丰29、东农8090;感病品种:东农1330、黑农39、合丰27。     

大豆灰斑病菌(Cercospora sojina Hara)及其对寄主作用的研究

 大豆灰斑病是一种世界性大豆病害,曾给我国的大豆生产造成重大的损失。本文主要从应用的角度论述了大豆灰斑病菌(Cercospora sojina Hara)的生物学特性、侵染循环、潜育期以及病害的预测,同时从病原物与寄主相互作用的角度,对大豆灰斑病生理小种的分化、抗性的遗传及代谢毒素等方面进行了综述,以期为该病害的防治及抗病育种研究提供资料与指导。     

黑龙江省大豆灰斑病研究现状

大豆灰斑病(Cercospora Sojina)是世界性病害,在各主要大豆生产国都有报道。我国在1921年就有对此病的记载。目前黑龙江、吉林、辽宁、河北、山东、安徽、江苏、福建、四川、云南、广西等都有发生。以黑龙江省最普遍,损失严重。黑龙江省农科院合江农科所     

大豆灰斑病病叶、病荚、病粒间的关系及其对产量的影响

１９９２～１９９５年进行了大豆灰斑病田疃小区接种试验,获得了病叶率、病荚率、病粒率及大豆产量的系统资料。回归分析结果表明,大豆灰斑病病叶率与病英率、病粒率之间及病英率与病粒率之间均呈直线相关 叶率、病英率、病粒率与产昨损失率之间亦呈直线相关,相关系数均达极显著水平,拟合率在８０％以上。协方差分析结果表明,大豆品种的抗生对这一相关关系有一定的影响。     

大豆灰斑病叶部病害普遍率与严重度关系初步探讨

 1992~1995年在田间接种条件下对大豆灰斑病叶部发病情况进行系统调查,获得86组感病品种(合丰22)和66组抗病品种(合丰25)普遍率与严重度间对应关系数据,在计算机上分析了两者的关系(I-S关系)。结果表明,感病品种和抗病品种叶部病害的I-S关系均可用直线方程描述,其直线回归方程分别为:#br#SS_感=-2.8029+0.5252IS±6.4364(SS、IS-感病品种严重度和普遍率)#br#SR_抗=-0.3843+0.6334IR±3.7679(SR、IR-抗病品种严重度和普遍率)#br#协方差分析结果表明,大豆品种的抗病性对大豆灰斑病叶部病害的I-S关系有一定影响。     

大豆灰斑病发生规律及防治技术研究

作者较系统地研究了我国春大豆产区主要病害灰斑病的发生和病害消长规律;在国内首次用自行筛选的一套鉴别寄主,鉴定出14个生理小种,明确了黑龙江省以及东北部分地区的病菌生理小种类型及分布。为育种工作提供了科学依据和抗源材料,配合育种部门,在短期内选育出和大面积推广了一批抗病新品种,并提出大豆灰斑病药剂防治技术。     

黄淮海地区夏玉米灰斑病病原菌鉴定及主栽品种抗性分析

 为明确黄淮海夏玉米区玉米灰斑病的病原菌种类,于2017年从河北、河南、山东、安徽、天津五省市疑似发生玉米灰斑病的76个市县采集样本,采用组织分离法和显微单孢分离法获得病原菌,通过形态与分子生物学手段进行病原菌种类鉴定,并对黄淮海地区、陕西、辽宁、黑龙江的37个菌株进行ISSR聚类分析。结果表明,引起黄淮海地区玉米灰斑病的病原菌为玉蜀黍尾孢(Cercospora zeae-maydis),玉蜀黍尾孢的变异具有地理种群特征。同时对黄淮海夏玉米区主栽品种进行人工接种鉴定,结果显示6个主栽品种中郑单958、登海605、先玉335、浚单20等4个品种对玉米灰斑病抗性较差,玉米灰斑病在本区域具有大面积发生和流行的风险。本研究为黄淮海夏玉米区灰斑病的综合防控提供支撑和理论依据。     

黄淮海地区夏玉米灰斑病病原菌鉴定及主栽品种抗性分析

 为明确黄淮海夏玉米区玉米灰斑病的病原菌种类,于2017年从河北、河南、山东、安徽、天津五省市疑似发生玉米灰斑病的76个市县采集样本,采用组织分离法和显微单孢分离法获得病原菌,通过形态与分子生物学手段进行病原菌种类鉴定,并对黄淮海地区、陕西、辽宁、黑龙江的37个菌株进行ISSR聚类分析。结果表明,引起黄淮海地区玉米灰斑病的病原菌为玉蜀黍尾孢(Cercospora zeae-maydis),玉蜀黍尾孢的变异具有地理种群特征。同时对黄淮海夏玉米区主栽品种进行人工接种鉴定,结果显示6个主栽品种中郑单958、登海605、先玉335、浚单20等4个品种对玉米灰斑病抗性较差,玉米灰斑病在本区域具有大面积发生和流行的风险。本研究为黄淮海夏玉米区灰斑病的综合防控提供支撑和理论依据。     

大豆对灰斑病菌15号小种的抗病基因定位及标记检测

为明确大豆对灰斑病菌15号小种的抗性位点,以大豆抗病品种垦丰16、感病品种绥农10及其杂交F₂、F₃代群体为试验材料,在接种鉴定的基础上,运用SSR标记技术及分离群体组群分析法(BSA法)对垦丰16抗病基因进行了定位,并应用108份大豆新品系对标记进行了符合性检测。结果表明,垦丰16对15号小种的抗性受1对显性基因控制,抗病基因位于大豆染色体组的J连锁群上,将该基因定名为Rcs15。用Mapmaker/Exp 3.0 b进行连锁分析,获得了5个与抗病基因紧密连锁的SSR标记:Satt 529、Satt 431、Sat_151、Satt 547和Sat_224,标记与抗病基因间的排列顺序和遗传距离为Sat_151-10.7 cM-Satt 529-18.5 cM- Rcs15-6.7 cM-Satt 547-7.8 cM-Sat_224-10.7 cM-Satt 431。标记符合性检测结果显示,Satt 547和Sat_224的检测准确率达到85%以上,可用于分子标记辅助选择育种和抗源筛选。     

A set of standard area diagrams to assess severity of frogeye leaf spot on soybean

European Journal of Plant Pathology - A set of standard area diagrams (SADs) was developed and validated to aid visual assessment of severity of frogeye leaf spot (FLS) caused by Cercospora sojina....     

Cross-resistance potential of fipronil in Musca domestica

The toxicity of fipronil to insecticide-susceptible houseflies and the cross-resistance potential of fipronil were determined for six insecticide-resistant laboratory housefly strains by topical application and feeding bioassay. The insecticide-resistant strains represented different levels and patterns of resistance to pyrethroids, organophosphates, carbamates and organochlorines. Five strains were almost susceptible to fipronil in feeding bioassay with resistance factors at LC50 between 0.36 and 3.0. Four of these strains were almost susceptible to topically applied fipronil (resistance factors at LD50 were 0.55, 0.83, 3.3 and 2.5, respectively), whereas one strain was 13-fold resistant to topically applied fipronil. A highly gamma-HCH-resistant strain, 17e, was 430-fold resistant to fipronil in topical application bioassay and 23-fold resistant in feeding bioassay at LD50/LC50. We also tested the toxicity of fipronil in a feeding bioassay and gamma-HCH in topical application bioassay on thirteen housefly field populations. Eleven of the field populations had resistance factors for fipronil ranging from 0.98 to 2.4 at LC50, whereas two populations were 4.0- and 4.6-fold resistant to fipronil. The resistance level to gamma-HCH at LD50 in the field populations ranged from 1.8- to 8.1-fold. The two strains showing fipronil resistance were 3.4- and 8.1-fold resistant to gamma-HCH. Fipronil and gamma-HCH toxicities were positively correlated in the field populations. Biochemical assays of esterase, glutathione S-transferase and cytochrome P450 monooxygenase indicated that the low fipronil resistance observed in laboratory and field strains could be caused by elevated detoxification or be due to a target-site resistance mechanism with cross-resistance to gamma-HCH.     

Note: Insecticide resistance in<Emphasis Type="Italic">Helicoverpa armigera</Emphasis> from cotton-growing areas in Turkey

Insecticide resistance inHelicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is one of the most important constraints on cotton production in Turkey. We investigated the susceptibility ofH. armigera strains collected from cotton fields in the Adana, Hatay and Antalya provinces to insecticides which are in wide use. LD₅₀ values for tralomethrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, endosulfan, profenofos and methomyl were determined by topical bioassay. At the LD₅₀ levels, resistance ratios for tralomethrin were 24.7-, 19.7- and 15.7-fold in the Adana, Hatay, and Antalya strains, respectively; and for lambda-cyhalothrin were 41-, 20-and 40-fold, respectively. Resistance ratios ranged from 1.2- to 2.1-fold in all field strains for endosulfan, profenofos and methomyl, with no significant resistance. These results suggest the presence of resistance to tralomethrin and lambda-cyhalothrin inH. armigera strains collected from cotton fields, but no resistance to endosulfan, profenofos or methomyl could be observed.     

Insecticide Resistance in Field Strains of Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) in China and Effect of Synergists on Deltamethrin and Parathion-methyl Activity

Filter-paper residual toxicities of some insecticides used extensively in China were determined during 1994 using newly hatched (within 30 min) larvae of four Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) strains. The strains were field collections collected in the Yangtze River cotton-belt areas. Compared with the susceptible laboratory strain from Qunli (Lishui County, Jiangsu province), the four field strains from Anqing (Anhui province), Jiangling (Hubei province), Cixi(Zhejiang province) and Tongzhou(Jiangsu province) had developed 185-, 6·7-, 698- and 249-fold resistance, respectively, to deltamethrin. Cixi and Tongzhou field strains had also developed 103- and 94-fold resistance to fenvalerate, and 10- and 3·6- fold resistance to parathion-methyl. Percentage of survivors at diagnostic dosage for deltamethrin showed that the strains from Anqing, Jiangling, Cixi and Tongzhou had 87·2, 18·3, 90·1 and 74·6% resistant individuals respectively. Cixi and Tongzhou field strains had 88·9 and 65·3% resistant individuals after application of parathion-methyl, which was consistent with the corresponding resistance ratios. Studies of the effect of synergists piperonyl butoxide (PBO), triphenyl phosphate (TPP) with deltamethrin and parathion-methyl in Cixi, Anqing and Tongzhou field strains suggested that metabolic resistance mechanisms such as carboxylesterases (CarE) and mixed function oxygenases (MFO) were involved in parathion-methyl resistance, but not in deltamethrin resistance. © 1997 SCI.     

Mechanisms for multiple resistances in field populations of common cutworm, Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) in China

The mechanisms for multiple resistances had been studied with two field resistant strains and the selected susceptible and resistant strains of Spodoptera litura (Fabricius). Bioassay revealed that the two field strains were both with high resistance to pyrethroids (RR: 63-530), low to medium resistance to organophosphates and carbamates, AChE targeted insecticides (RR: 5.7-26), and no resistance to fipronil (RR: 2.0-2.2). Selection with deltamethrin in laboratory could obviously enhance the resistance of this pest to both pyrethroids and AChE targeted insecticides. Synergism test, enzyme analysis and target comparison proved that the pyrethroid resistance in this pest associated only with the enhanced activity of cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (MFO) and esterase. However the resistance to the AChE targeted insecticides depended on the target insensitivity and also the enhanced activity of MFO and esterase. Thus, the cross-resistance between pyrethroids and the AChE targeted insecticides was thought to be resulted from the enhanced activity of MFO and esterase.     

杀虫剂室内选育亚洲玉米螟抗药性及交互抗性的研究

用4种杀虫剂及1种混合剂以点滴法分别逐代处理敏感性亚洲玉米螟五龄幼虫,以选育其抗药性。至30代,该虫对速灭杀丁及呋喃丹产生_的抗性分别达40.3及30.2倍,而后经5—6代正常饲养,其抗性虽有所衰退,但仍明显,可认为已成为抗性品系;而用甲基对硫磷、甲基对硫磷+速灭杀丁混合剂及辛硫磷(24代)处理,其抗性仅分别达1.8、3.4及4.0倍,由于获得抗性不明显,将此三种试虫称之选育品系。抗性品系对多种药剂存在着明显的交互抗性;而选育品系对其选育剂的抗性虽不明显,但它却对另外的有些药剂产生了抗性。     

氮肥对稻苗抗瘟性的影响

使用全国鉴定的18个抗病品种:特特普、砦糖、赤块矮选、农试4号、窄叶青8号、宁晚1号、晚付1号、谷农13、城堡1号、温选10号、大艮鱼、矮脚白米籽、红脚占、湘矮早9号、红410、金围矮、顺良早2号、珍龙13和1个感病品种朝六早。幼苗追施不同量的氮肥,分别接种菌株75-49和75-49-2,结果表明可将品种分为三类:第一类抗供试菌株,且不随氮肥水平发生任何变化。如前12个品种对2个供试菌株的反应和红脚占对75-49的反应,这些品种对供试菌株可能有主效抗性基因。第二类品种感供试菌株,但低氮水平发病轻,病情随施氮水平增加而加重。如湘矮早9号、红410、金围矮、顺良早2号和珍龙13对2个供试菌株的反应。这类品种虽无主效抗性基因,但可能有微效抗性基因。第三类品种对供试菌株感染,不论低氮和高氮水平发病都重,如朝六早对2个菌株的反应。这类品种可能无抗性基因。前两类品种γ-氨基丁酸和果糖、葡萄糖含量比朝六早多,而丙氨酸、谷氨酸、谷氨酰胺、天冬氨酸和天冬酰胺含量则较少。这些成份可能与微效基因控制的低水平抗性有关。