Factors affecting radial growth of the invasive <Emphasis Type="Italic">Prunus serotina</Emphasis> in pine plantations in Flanders

Prunus serotina is an invasive species that causes problems mainly in pine forests on sandy soils in Western Europe. Thus far, there have been almost no studies considering the diameter growth of P. serotina in its introduced range. We analysed the radial growth of P. serotina in seven Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) plantations in Flanders (Belgium) using multiple linear regression and a potential × modifier approach. The radial growth of P. serotina in the understory of the studied pine plantations was reduced by up to 50% when compared to potential P. serotina growth in full light conditions. Size and site effects were strongly growth-reducing; crowding effects were important only for small individuals. The actual radial growth of P. serotina below pines was determined primarily by the diameter and age of the P. serotina tree and by competition with neighbouring trees.     

Potential use of visible and near-infrared spectroscopy for pine species discrimination by examination of needles

The correct identification of pine species is necessary for proper application of wood in forest?based industries, since the quality of each species’ wood depends on factors intrinsic to the material. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential use of near?infrared and visible spectroscopy in the discrimination of pine species planted in southern Brazil. Needles of Pinus clausa, P. glabra, P. kesiya, P. oocarpa, P. palustris, P. pseudostrobus, P. rigida, P. roxburghii and P. serotina were collected from experimental plantations located in the region of Rio Negro, Paraná, Brazil. The needles were dried and milled for analysis. The evaluation was performed with a spectral range of 400–750?nm (visible) and 1 000–2 500?nm (near?infrared). Analysis using the visible spectra resulted in two principal components explaining 95% of the variation between the needle samples. In the near?infrared analysis, it was possible to discriminate between all nine pine species studied using only two principal components, where the first explained 99% of the variation between species. Spectroscopy based on needles can be used for pine species discrimination, using the original data without mathematical treatment, in southern Brazil.     

Genetic diversity of Castanopsis acuminatissima (Bl.) A. DC. in northern Thailand and the selection of seed trees for forest restoration

Castanopsis acuminatissima (Bl.) A. DC. is one of a number of framework species which are being planted to restore seasonally dry tropical forests in northern Thailand. This study describes the level of microsatellite variation within and among three populations of this species in three National Parks in northern Thailand: Doi Suthep-Pui, Doi Inthanon and Jae Sawn, using published primers developed for Castanopsis cuspidata var. sieboldii Nakai. The five microsatellite loci employed in this study detected a total of 54 alleles (n = 72). The informativeness of the microsatellite loci varied from six to 18 alleles, with an average of 10.8 alleles found over all loci. The mean observed heterozygosities in the three populations showed no significant deviations from Hardy-Weinberg expectations. The vast majority of genetic diversity was contained within the populations, with no significant differentiation between them (F_ST = 0.006). Algorithms were designed to capture microsatellite diversity, and the rationale for using microsatellite markers to inform genetic conservation is discussed. The implications for seed collection of C. acuminatissima for forest restoration are also discussed.     

Multiple invasions of Bemisia argentifolii into Australia and its current genetic connectivity across space

Detecting the number of invasions is crucial to understanding the process of invasion and perhaps the success of some invasive pest species. Detecting multiple invasions can be difficult using partial mitochondrial COI, however, due to lack of variation. To examine the post-invasion history of Bemisia argentifolii (also called B. tabaci Middle East-Asia Minor 1 and B biotype) in Australia and test for the presence of spatial genetic structure, we developed microsatellite loci based on the whole-genome sequence of B. argentifolii. We investigated gene flow among populations of B. argentifolii collected between 1995 and 2018, covering the time since the first detection in Australia (1994). Structure plots and PCAs of the microsatellite data revealed three clusters in 1995–1996, indicating multiple introductions. Since then, B. argentifolii has become a widespread single genetic population across the continent, with no geographic genetic structure in recent samples. The haplotype network generated from mitochondrial COI shows that Australian B. argentifolii mostly has the same haplotype as the invasive populations established elsewhere around the world. Analysis of the more recent samples showed that gene flow was high across regions, indicating movement of B. argentifolii across Australia is currently extensive. Undesirable traits and pathogens not already present in Australia, including insecticide resistance and plant viruses, could arrive with any new introductions of B. argentifolii and are likely to spread rapidly and be difficult to contain. This highlights the importance of biosecurity and continued quarantine measures to prevent new incursions, even when a species has already established.

     

Genetic diversity and differentiation of fall webworm (Hyphantria cunea Drury) populations

The molecular variation and genetic relationships among five populations of the fall webworm (Hyphantria cunea Drury) in China were assessed using microsatellite technology. Ten microsatellite primers, producing polymorphic bands, were used across 300 samples. The percentage of polymorphic loci (PPB) was 98.36%; the percentage of polymorphic loci in five populations ranged from high to low in the following order: Cangzhou population, Yantai population, Qinhuangdao population, Dandong population, and Shijiazhuang population. The results showed that 34.38% of the total genetic variation of the fall webworm (GST) occurs among populations, while most variation (65.62%) exists within populations. Nei’s genetic distances ranged from 0.1386 to 0.3224. Using the unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA), Nei’s genetic distances were analyzed by a clustering technique and the dendrogram shows that population differentiation is closely related to the time and geographic origin of the invasion. The major factors impacting genetic diversity of fall webworm populations are longitude, the plain area ratio, annual precipitation, latitude and time of invasion. The formation of genetic structure is correlated with characteristics of the life history and invasion ecology of the species.     

Genetic variation in Polish strains of Gremmeniella abietina

Thirty-nine strains of Gremmeniella abietina were isolated between 1980 and 2005 from diseased or symptomless Pinus sylvestris and Pinus nigra, or sporadically Pinus jeffreyi and Pinus armandii from four regions of Poland with varying climatic conditions. Thirty-five of the strains were genetically similar to the G. abietina A type found in Scandinavia, whereas four were similar to the B type. On the basis of random amplified microsatellite markers, very high intrapopulation and interpopulation genetic variation was detected among the strains. The average value of the Jaccard genetic similarity coefficients among strains was 0.56 for A type and 0.47 for B type, and the monomorphic loci partition was small, at 14% of all analysed loci for the A type. The degree of genetic variation of the fungal strains within each of the four regions was similar, showing no significant differences. The Jaccard coefficient for the strains isolated from P. sylvestris and P. nigra differed significantly, at 0.57 and 0.54 respectively. The genetic distance among A type strains from the investigated regions, expressed using Nei’s coefficient, was not correlated with geographic distance; however, it was highly dependent on elevation (correlation coefficient r = 0.92).     

Concentrations of foliar and surface soil in nutrientsPinus spp. plantations in relation to species and stand age in Zhanggutai sandy land, northeast China

The concentrations of the foliar and surface soil nutrients and the variation with species and stand age were studied inPinus spp. plantations in Zhanggutai area, northeast China. The results showed that the total N, total P and C: N ratio of the soil inP. sylvestris var.mongolica stands were significantly higher in comparison with those inP. tabulaeformis andP. densiflora stands. ForP. sylvestris var.mongolica, the foliar P concentration appeared to decrease with age, and the foliar N and K concentrations did not show a consistent change with age. As for the different tree species of the similar age, the foliar N and P concentrations were significantly different (p<0.05), being withP. sylvestris var.mongolica>P. densiflora>P. tabulaeformis. The foliar N: P ratio ofP. densiflora significantly was higher thanP. sylvestris var.mongolica andP. tabulaeformis, while the foliar K was no obvious difference between the three tree species. There were significant correlation (p<0.05) between soil total N and P, soil organic matter and total P, foliar N and P, but it did not show significant correlations between soil and foliar nutrient concentrations, which might attribute to the excessive litter raking, overgrazing and low soil moisture in this area. Based on the foliar N: P ratio, we introduced a combination threshold index of N: P ratio with their absolute foliar nutrient concentrations to determine the possible limiting nutrient. According to the critical N: P ratio and their absolute foliar N, P concentrations, theP. sylvestris var.mongolica stands showed a decreased N limitation degree with age, theP. densiflora stands showed unlimited by N and P in the whole, and theP. tabulaeformis stands showed co-limited by N and P. No significant difference in soil nutrient concentrations of the surface soils was found between 45, 29, 20-yr-oldPinus sylvestris var.mongolica plantation stands. Foundation item: This research was supported by Key Knowledge Innovation Project (KZCX3-SW-418) of Chinese Academy of Sciences. Biography: CHEN Guang-sheng (1978-), male, master candidate in Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, P. R. China Responsible editor: Song Funan     

The process of decline of an endangered tree species,Pinus armandii Franch. var.amamiana (Koidz.) Hatusima, on the southern slope of Mt. Hasa-dake in Yaku-shima Island

The process of decline of an endangered tree species,Pinus armandii var.amamiana, was monitored on the southern slope of Mt. Hasa-dake in Yaku-shima Island from 1994 to 1998. There are 163 trees ofP. armandii var.amamiana over 1.3 m in height. They are distributed on steep ridges and rocks with a thin soil layer mostly consisting of friable granite. During the monitoring period, 21 trees ofP. armandii var.amamiana died and the mortality rate was 12.9%. Dead trees were categorized into three types: standing, uprooted and landslide. The uprooted- and landslide-typed dead trees were found only after a severe typhoon struck Yaku-shima Island. This suggests that the combination of fragile site conditions and severe typhoons play an important role in the process of decline ofP. armandii var.amamiana. The standing-typed dead trees were presumed to have been killed by pine wilt disease, accounting for 71.4% of the dead trees. However,Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, the cause of pine wilt disease, was not detected from any of the wood chips or branch samples from the standing-typed dead trees ofP. armandii var.amamiana. This might indicate that some factor(s) other than pine wilt disease could be responsible for the standing-typed death ofP. armandii var.amamiana in natural habitats. A part of this paper was presented at the 109th Meeting of the Japanese Forestry Society.     

花吊丝竹居群遗传多样性的ISSR分析

[目的]研究花吊丝竹居群遗传多样性和遗传结构,为种质资源有效利用和良种选育提供理论指导。[方法]利用12条ISSR引物对48份种质(共3个居群)花吊丝竹居群进行遗传多样性和遗传距离分析。[结果]共检测到124个位点,其中,多态性位点为102个,种质和居群水平上的多态位点百分比(PPB)分别为82. 26%和50. 27%,Ne’基因多样性指数(He)分别为0. 220 4和0. 206 6,Shannon’s信息指数(I)分别为0. 349 4和0. 300 5,表明花吊丝竹居群间存在中等水平的遗传变异。根据Nei’s遗传多样性计算出不同居群间分化水平(Gst)=0. 163 3,表明16. 33%的遗传变异存在于居群间,居群内的遗传变异为83. 67%。居群间的基因流Nm为2. 562 1,表明花吊丝竹居群间存在较大基因流,很大程度减少居群间遗传差异。基于遗传距离的UPGMA聚类结果表明,48份种质可分为3组,3个居群可分为2组,居群间地理距离与亲缘关系无显著相关性。[结论]虽然花吊丝竹主要靠营养生殖来繁衍后代,其居群遗传多样性较丰富,且居群内遗传多样性大于居群间。此外,福建居群遗传多样性明显高于广西和广东地区居群。     

Effects of some materials extracted fromAjuga species on the larvae ofHyphantria cunea and its natural enemies

Six kinds of extracts drawn fromAjuga multiflora andA. multiflora var.brevispicata and A. multiflora var.serotina using methanol and acetone were used in this experiment to test their killing activity to the second instar larvae ofHyphantria cunea and their influence on its natural enemies. The average death rate caused by those extracts on the second instar larvae was 85.70%. The mortality rate caused by the extracts drawn with methanol was from 88.89% to 96.33%, which was significantly higher than that caused by acetone extracts. Those extracts were safe toTrichogramma dendrolimi, Coccinella septempunctata, the natural enemies ofH. cunea. We did not found any evidence shown that those extracts had any influence the emergence and the development ofT. dendrolimi. Those methanolic extracts gotten fromA. multiflora andA. multiflora var.brevispicata had no significant effects on the mortality of the larvae and adults ofC. septempunctata. Those extracts could be used in the control ofH. cunea safely. The research was sponsored by National Nature Science Fundation (39470586) (Responsible Editor: Chai Ruihai)     

缓释肥N/P养分配比及加载量对3种珍贵树种大规格容器苗生长的影响

[目的]研究缓释肥N/P养分配比及加载量对南方红豆杉、浙江楠和浙江樟苗木生长发育的影响,以科学指导大规格容器苗的高效培育。[方法]试验采用析因设计,研究N/P养分配比(1.75∶1、2.25∶1、2.75∶1和3.25∶1)及其加载量(1.5 kg·m~(-3)、2.5 kg·m~(-3)、3.5 kg·m~(-3)和4.5 kg·m~(-3))对3种珍贵树种2年生容器苗生长、株高生长节律、干物质积累及叶片SPAD值等影响。[结果]缓释肥N/P养分配比及加载量对3个树种容器苗生长及SPAD值影响不一。南方红豆杉、浙江楠和浙江樟干物质积累及根冠比在不同N/P养分配比间差异不大,浙江樟苗木生长受N/P养分配比影响较小,随着N/P养分配比增加,明显促进了浙江楠容器苗生长,却抑制了南方红豆杉的生长。缓释肥加载量对3个树种2年生容器苗生长和干物质积累的影响均达到极显著水平,随着缓释肥加载量增加可明显地促进3种树种株高、地径生长及干物质积累,增加了浙江楠地上干物质积累及南方红豆杉地下干物质积累,而对浙江樟根冠比影响未达统计学显著水平,但均显示加载量在3.5 kg·m~(-3)时达到最大值。N/P养分配比及与加载量的互作对3个树种苗木生长和干物质积累影响不明显,说明N/P养分配比对3个树种容器苗生长和质量的影响不因加载量的改变而变化或变化不大,反之亦然。随着缓释肥N/P养分配比的增加,可明显地延长南方红豆杉苗木株高的线性生长期,提高浙江楠株高的线性生长量,但对浙江樟株高的线性生长影响不明显。3种树种苗木叶片SPAD值差异很大,N/P养分配比及加载量并未改变3种树种叶片SPAD值动态变化规律,但随着N/P养分配比提高使南方红豆杉和浙江樟叶片SPAD值的起伏强度增大,3个树种SPAD值动态变化均随加载量增加而增大。[结论]南方红豆杉大规格容器苗培育较适宜的N/P养分配比为A1(1.75∶1)或A2(2.25∶1),而浙江楠和浙江樟为A3(2.75∶1),加载较高量的缓释肥F3(3.5 kg·m~(-3))可明显促进3种树种大规格容器苗的生长及SPAD值的提高,但加载量超过一定限度后,反而影响苗木的生长发育。     

Growth of axenic cultures of Cronartium flaccidum on callus tissue from Pinus nigra var. laricio and Pinus sylvestris

The callus-fungal method was employed to test the response to C. flaccidum of the highly susceptible P. nigra var. laricio and the resistant P. sylvestris, and to ascertain whether results obtained with this method matched in planta observations. Calli were inoculated with axenie cultures of C. flaccidum obtained by incubating basidiospores on modified Schenk and Hildebrandt medium. Several parameters were evaluated. Colony growth was more rapid on P. nigra var. laricio. Colonies were dense on P. nigra var. laricio, but sparse on P. sylvestris. Aerial hyphae growth was abundant on P. nigra var. laricio, but less frequent on P. sylvestris. Hyphal branching began after 18 h on P. nigra var. laricio and after 45 h on P. sylvestris. Necrosis of the host cells set in after 24 h on P. nigra var. laricio, and after 70 h on P. sylvestris. The number of cells with plasmolysis was much larger in P. nigra var. laricio than in P. sylvestris. These results were consistent with the known resistance of the two species on whole plants.     

An evaluation of methods for characterising and monitoring gum arabic of commerce and related Acacia gums

Summary Three methods that have been suggested as inexpensive for characterisation of gum arabic were evaluated in characterising and monitoring gum arabic of commerce. The methods were; physico-chemical and carbohydrate analysis (analytical), determination of molecular mass by gel permeation chromatography (gpc) and an Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). The results revealed that gpc provides quick and consistent information on gum arabic of commerce from Acacia senegal. It was able to detect the three chemical species; Arabinogalactan protein complex (AGP), Arabinogalactan (AG) and Glycoprotein (GP) fractions that are typical of A. senegal and could differentiate gum from the two varieties of A. senegal, i.e., var. senegal and var. kerensis on the basis of the enhanced UV peaks in the later. It was able to distinguish gums from different Acacia species as well as suspected contaminants. The analytical method could differentiate between the two varieties of A. senegal on the basis of optical rotation, protein content and viscosity which were noted as basic parameters for comparison. However, where the proposed FAO (1990) specifiction was applied in its present form, it failed to adequately characterise gum from var. kerensis as gum arabic. Secondly, natural product variability i.e., the observed between sample variation made the method to have limited application in adequately characterising gum arabic from even a single source. The method was able to distinguish gums from the other Acacia species purely on the basis of optical rotation though information on nitrogen and sugar composition was also invaluable. Generating data on the composition of sugars requires time that militates against the method as a slow process. Because of the overlap in the analytical parameters for some samples, it could be adequately characterise two of the samples that were presented as suspected contaminants. Nonetheless, by combining information of gpc and analytical data, a better evaluation of the gums was achieved. The method of Elisa has a future scope but will require refining it by utilising monoclonal antibodies to be developed for it to be more specifc in characterising gum arabic from A. senegal. The authors wish to thank Dr. P. A. Williams of the North East Wales Institute, Deeside, Clwyd, UK for the use of the gpc and Elisa facilities. B.N.C. is grateful to the Kenyan and British governments for financial support.     

Will all the trees fall? Variable resistance to an introduced forest disease in a highly susceptible host

Although tanoak (Notholithocarpus densiflorus syn. Lithocarpus densiflorus) is the species most affected by the introduced pathogen Phytophthora ramorum, with demonstrable risk of extirpation, little is known about the origin, range or structuring of the tree's susceptibility. We examined variation in resistance to P. ramorum using a wound inoculation assay of detached leaves from trees at five geographically separated sites, and a non-wound inoculation assay on twigs from trees at two sites. The structure of variation in resistance was compared to the structure at nine nuclear microsatellite markers.Resistance varied quantitatively, with 23% and 12% of the variation among individuals and populations, respectively. There was a significant correlation between resistance in detached leaves and lesion size in non-wounding twig inoculations. Among-population genetic diversity at nine microsatellite loci was weakly structured but significantly non-zero, with 9.5% of variation among populations. Within-population neutral genetic diversity was a poor predictor of resistance, and estimates of phenotypic distances for resistance were no greater than neutral genetic distances.The limited phenotypic and genetic structure we found indicates that tanoaks at all study sites are susceptible, and there is no evidence of prior selection for disease resistance. We conclude that tanoak populations across the species’ range are at risk, but local disease dynamics will depend on both host genetics and environmental conditions.     

毛红椿天然群体遗传多样性及取样策略探讨

[目的]研究毛红椿天然群体遗传多样性取样策略,为其种质资源收集、保存和遗传多样性保护等提供参考依据。[方法]利用8对微卫星分子标记进行毛红椿天然群体遗传多样性和空间自相关分析,综合制定其天然群体合理取样策略。[结果]毛红椿天然群体等位基因数平均为7.5个,期望杂合度(H_e)和多态性信息指数(PIC)均值分别为0.643 7和0.636 0,基因分化系数(G_(ST))均值为0.290 7。在遗传多样性取样策略方面,提出了根据毛红椿群体基因分化系数来确定取样群体遗传变异所占总变异比例的运算公式为1-(G_(ST))~(n-1),其中,n为取样群体的数量。当取样群体达到4个时,基本上能包括该树种97.5%的遗传变异;同时确定了目标群体的选择方法,应选择与其它群体间基因分化系数均值较大的4个群体,即贵州册亨(CH)、浙江遂昌(SC)、浙江仙居(XJ)和云南师宗(SZ)。通过构建云南宾川(BC)、云南师宗(SZ)和江西宜丰(YF)群体内取样单株数量与基因多样性和等位基因之间的捕获曲线,确定了群体内取样单株数量应达到15个以上;毛红椿天然群体内300～520 m范围内的单株间存在相似关系,超出此范围个体间差别较大,说明在进行群体内单株取样时,单株间距应大于520 m。[结论]取样群体数量、群体间遗传分化系数、群体内单株数量以及单株间距离等影响了毛红椿取样群体的遗传多样性。毛红椿天然群体遗传多样性取样策略为取样群体4个、每个群体最少取样15个单株,单株间距大于520 m。     

基于cpDNA rps16序列分析兰考泡桐与白花泡桐和毛泡桐的遗传关系

【目的】通过测序法分析兰考泡桐与白花泡桐和毛泡桐在叶绿体rps16序列上的遗传差异,旨在分析三者之间在叶绿体基因上的变化特点和规律,探讨其种间的遗传关系。【方法】选取兰考泡桐、白花泡桐和毛泡桐各15个样本,对其提取的DNA用PCR扩增获得特异片段,并将其纯化与测序。利用软件Clustal X 2.0对所得序列进行排序;运行MEGA 4软件,进行多序列比对,分析其序列特征,并计算出K2P遗传距离。【结果】(1)对获得的rps16序列进行测定分析,得兰考泡桐序列长度分别为932 933 bp;白花泡桐序列长度为932 bp;毛泡桐序列长度分别为916918 bp。对所得rps16序列进行排序后的长度为938 bp,平均GC含量为34.31%。3个种所代表的个体之间共有10个变异位点,占整个序列长度的1.07%。其中有9个变异位点属于碱基插入或缺失类型,占变异位点总数的90%,占整个序列长度的0.96%。有1个变异位点属于碱基替换类型,占整个变异位点总数的10%,占整个序列长度的0.11%。(2)整个rps16片段的序列共有10个变异位点,其中兰考泡桐与白花泡桐在总的变异位点上,具有一致的碱基位点9个,占总变异的90%。而兰考泡桐与毛泡桐相比,没有相同的碱基。【结论】根据三种泡桐的rps16序列的序列特征和变异位点的分析,表明在叶绿体遗传方面,兰考泡桐具有与白花泡桐更多相似的遗传物质,其亲缘关系较近。综上所述,推测兰考泡桐与白花泡桐可能来自同一母系遗传。     

Characterization of 14 anonymous nuclear loci in Pinus thunbergii and their cross-species transferability

We characterized 14 anonymous nuclear loci from Pinus thunbergii Parl., an important pine species native to Japan. One hundred and twenty-six single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified from these loci, giving a frequency of 1 SNP per 51 bp. Nucleotide diversity (θ) ranged from 1.06 × 10-3 to 11.87 × 10-3, with an average of 4.99 × 10-3. Only one locus (mK45) deviated significantly from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Thirteen of 14 loci were applicable in other pine species. These loci will be useful for nucleotide variation studies and will provide material for SNP-based marker development in P. thunbergii and related species.     

新疆额尔齐斯河流域苦杨与欧洲黑杨遗传多样性分析

应用SSR标记技术,对新疆额尔齐斯河流域河谷分布的苦杨(Populus laurifoli)和欧洲黑杨(Populus nigra)天然居群的遗传多样性和遗传分化进行了研究。结果显示:苦杨和欧洲黑杨的天然居群具有较高的遗传多样性,且苦杨明显高于欧洲黑杨。与苦杨居群相比,欧洲黑杨居群间基因流较高,居群间的遗传分化程度较小,变异主要源于居群内。苦杨和欧洲黑杨居群内的杂合度较高,各个居群的各项遗传参数都要小于物种水平。苦杨和欧洲黑杨均偏离Hardy-Weinberg平衡,表现为杂合子过量的现象。     

Genetic variation of pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.) in the urban woodlands of Helsinki

We present a genetic profile of pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.) in three woodlands of the Helsinki region. We genotyped all mature trees and samples of seedlings to evaluate patterns of genetic variation and gene flow, and evaluate the long-term stability and natural regeneration of these stands. Although five microsatellite loci showed no significant differences in heterozygosity between generations in most locations, significant (p?per se does not interfere with gene flow over the distances represented here. Based on our findings, a minimal-maintenance program reliant upon natural regeneration of oak in the public parks of Helsinki seems plausible.