风化煤矸石坡面水土流失规律模拟

采用室内模拟径流冲刷试验,研究风化煤矸石坡面水土流失规律。结果表明：1）在设计径流量为2．0和2．5L／min时,坡面产流曲线呈现为“单峰”或“多峰”曲线,没有明显规律性,当设计径流量增大到3．0和3．5L／min时,坡面产流曲线多为“单峰”曲线,且峰值出现时间较早,具有相似的规律性;2）坡面平均产流量随设计径流量和坡度的增大而迅速增大,增长趋势符合幂函数关系,且设计径流量对坡面平均产流量的影响大于坡度;3）坡面平均产沙率随设计径流量和坡度的增大增长趋势明显,增长趋势符合幂函数关系,且设计径流量对坡面平均产沙率的影响大于坡度。研究结果可为工矿区水土保持提供一定的参考。     

南方红壤区不同利用土地产流产沙特征试验研究

研究不同类型降雨下土地利用/覆被对水土流失过程的影响,对于科学指导植被建设和控制水土流失具有重要意义。采用人工模拟降雨的方法,对南方红壤区典型小流域8种不同利用土地的径流、泥沙在不同降雨条件下的流失特征进行了研究。结果表明,不同利用土地的径流和泥沙流失差异明显,且各利用土地的径流和泥沙流失的变化对雨量雨强变化的响应不同;相同降雨条件下径流调控排序为果园>旱平地>油茶>弃土场>水保林>坡耕地>水田>裸地,泥沙调控排序为果园>油茶>旱平地>水田>裸地>水保林>坡耕地>弃土场。因此,具有水土保持措施的果园保水保土最好,而裸地产流最大,坡耕地和弃土场泥沙流失最多,产流和产沙没有完全的对应关系,该研究结果为南方红壤区的水土保持规划与水土流失综合治理提供了基础数据和科学依据。     

Soil loss,soil degradation and rehabilitation in a degraded land area in Guarapuava (Brazil)

Erosion and soil degradation are environmental impacts recognized worldwide. The degraded areas in the Guarapuava region are small (patchy). However, these areas are important sources of sediment that affects water quality in rural catchments and could threaten farm sustainability because farmers in this region generally have only a small area for cultivation. This paper presents a case study at a field scale that explores key questions concerning the evaluation of soil erosion, the appraisal of soil degradation and area recovery. This study was carried out over seven years (2002–2008). Several different measurement procedures were employed including assessment of soil loss, aggregation distribution, bulk density, total porosity, aggregate water retention and palisade efficiency. The degraded area displayed a very high soil loss (165.2–217.7 t ha⁻¹ y⁻¹). The palisades were efficient for sediment retention because they were able to trap 62–88 per cent of the total sediment that originated in the area during the first year when this management technique was applied. After their installation, the retained sediment was gradually enhanced with respect to its physical, chemical and biological characteristics. The palisades promoted efficient soil recuperation in spite of the degraded conditions of the degraded area (shallow rills and cohesive soil). The use of palisades together with enclosure of the area was the most efficient method for promoting soil recovery and plant succession. These techniques allowed transformation of the area from a loss system towards an accumulation system with respect to sediment, water, nutrients, organic matter and seeds. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

紫色土区小流域侵蚀产沙对水土保持措施的响应

探讨降雨量与水土保持措施对流域水沙关系的影响,对流域水土流失预报和水土保持效益评价具有十分重要的科学意义,但在紫色土区这方面的研究还相当薄弱。以鹤鸣观小流域Ⅱ号支沟实测降雨径流泥沙数据为基础,分析了水土保持措施对流域径流、泥沙及水沙关系的影响。结果表明:流域治理后期,降雨产流量变化率、降雨产沙量变化率均减小,随着降雨的增多,水土保持措施对径流、产沙的影响效应增强;暴雨强度愈小,降雨量愈少,水土保持径流拦蓄作用愈显著;但降雨量愈大,泥沙拦蓄作用愈显著;流域减水量一般在30%~70%,而减沙量都高于90%,减沙量明显高于减水量;由于水土保持综合治理的作用,1989年后的多年平均径流量较1989年前减少33.11%,多年平均产沙量减少90.50%。     

基于SWAT模型的不同土地利用结构对流域水沙的影响

为明确不同土地利用结构对流域产流产沙及其过程的影响,以黄土高原沟壑区典型小流域罗玉沟流域为例,基于1986-2000年气象资料,以该流域4种主要土地利用类型及调整后的土地利用结构为假设情景,通过SWAT模型模拟探讨土地利用结构对流域水沙的影响.结果表明:1)与1995年土地利用结构下的产流产沙量相比,极端情景下,林地和梯田可分别减少径流56.86％、11.97％,减少泥沙达80％以上;2)林地集中分布较分散分布的水沙量最大可分别减少4％、27％左右,但集中程度可能存在一个阈值,大于该阈值后流域产流产沙量无太大变化;3)相同面积比例的土地利用类型在流域中分布位置不同,流域出口的产沙量也较1995年有不同程度减少,最大可减少26.79％,产流量无明显差异,但流域内部产流产沙过程有所不同,林地分布在上游时,流域上中游的水沙量最低.因此,调整流域土地利用结构时可适当提高林地集中程度;重视流域上游尤其是源头的土地利用结构优化,在流域产流产沙源头可采取减水减沙效果更好的植被措施,梯田等受人类活动影响的措施尽量布设在流域中下游.     

土壤表面特性与坡度对产流产沙的影响

通过不同坡度下，前期有、无发育土壤结皮及前期打破土壤结皮的对比试验．分析了土壤表面特性与坡度对产流产沙的影响。结果发现，土壤结皮与坡度对产流均有影响，土壤结皮与坡度均通过降低入渗而增加产流；随着坡度的增加土壤结皮的贡献率降低，坡度的贡献率增加；不同坡度下，随着降雨历时的增加，土壤结皮的影响在降低。产生土壤结皮后，侵蚀力的增大远远大于抗蚀力的增大，导致产沙量增大。打破土壤结皮下产流量与产沙量仍旧很高，说明仅在表层扰动并不能彻底消除土壤结皮的影响。     

Effects of land use on soil erosion and nitrogen loss in the hilly area of the Loess Plateau,China

This study examines the effects of land use and slope angle on runoff, soil loss and nitrogen loss from hillslopes of the Loess Plateau in China. Farmland, wasteland and four forest treatments (sea buckthorn+poplar, immature sea buckthorn, mature sea buckthorn, and immature Chinese pine) were the types of land use that were compared. The results showed that July was the critical period for runoff, soil loss and nitrogen loss from farmland. Farmland was the most susceptible land use. Sea buckthorn+poplar, immature sea buckthorn, and mature sea buckthorn limited the runoff, soil loss and nitrogen loss. Farmland on slopes over 15 degrees should be abandoned because of the high erosion rate and nitrogen loss. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Identification of vulnerable areas for gully erosion under different scenarios of land abandonment in Southeast Spain

Abandonment of agricultural land is one of the main changes in Mediterranean land use. To mitigate runoff and erosion from abandoned land, it is necessary to identify locations that are vulnerable to erosion as a result of land abandonment. The objective of our study was to identify vulnerable areas for gully erosion using different scenarios of land abandonment in Southeast Spain. The study area was the Carcavo basin, a semi-arid catchment in the province of Murcia (Southeast Spain). A preliminary field survey confirmed the assumption that abandoned fields have more gully erosion compared to cultivated fields. This can be explained by the quicker concentration of runoff on abandoned land due to crust formation and reduced surface storage capacity. Next we simulated the spatial dynamics of land abandonment with a spatially explicit land use change model for the period 2004 to 2015 for four different land use change scenarios. The results of the simulation were used to identify vulnerable areas for gully erosion by a simple GIS-model based on the controlling factors of gully erosion. The potentially vulnerable areas for gully erosion increased for the different scenarios ranging from 18 ha to 176 ha. Most of the vulnerable areas are located around channel heads or along channel walls. The combination of more gully erosion on abandoned fields and an expected increase of land abandonment are potentially a big problem in relation to land degradation and reservoir sedimentation. The identification of vulnerable areas enables soil conservationists and engineers to mitigate gully erosion by applying preventive conservation practices.     

西南黄壤和西北黄土坡面侵蚀产沙规律比较研究

喀斯特地区是我国主要生态脆弱地区之一,黄壤是该地区主要土壤类型,本文基于贵州省毕节市与陕西安塞径流小区观测资料,对比分析降雨与坡面径流深、产沙模数等关系,研究次降雨坡面侵蚀规律.结果表明:黄壤坡面产流产沙主要来源于大雨及暴雨,受降雨量影响最大,数量上小于黄土坡面;黄壤坡面产流与降雨量相关性大于与其与时段降雨强度相关性,黄土坡面反之;随降雨级别增大,黄壤坡面产流与降雨特征关系由无规律变为线性;时段降雨强度与黄壤坡面产沙呈指数关系,与黄土坡面呈幂函数关系;缺乏过程资料时,可采用M=0.54e011p预测黄壤坡面次降雨侵蚀量;降雨侵蚀力与产流产沙呈线性关系,单位降雨侵蚀力引起的产流产沙量黄壤坡面均小于黄土坡面;坡面产流与产沙均呈良好线性关系,产流量相近时,黄壤坡面产沙量略小于黄土坡面.研究结果表明黄壤坡面侵蚀量小于黄土坡面,但由于其土层薄,侵蚀程度仍十分严重,区域水土流失防治工作仍需加强.     

黄土高原坡耕地土壤物理结皮对坡面产流产沙过程的影响

探究黄土高原坡耕地土壤物理结皮对坡面产流产沙的影响和作用机理,为黄土高原坡耕地水土流失防治提供科学依据.通过室内人工模拟降雨试验,研究坡耕地沉积结皮和翻耕以后形成的击溅结皮对坡面产流产沙过程的影响.根据研究区坡耕地结皮形成的特点,试验共设计5个处理,分别为裸地、沉积结皮、沉积结皮破坏、翻耕和翻耕击溅结皮,每个处理对应2...     

基于AnnAGNPS模型的黄土高原小流域土壤侵蚀定量评价

以位于黄土丘陵沟壑区的砖窑沟流域为试点，利用AnnAGNPS模型进行土壤侵蚀定量评价。采用流域8次径流事件监测数据进行模型检验，径流量和沉积物量的相对误差分别为10%和-10%，AnnAGNPS模型能够比较理想地模拟流域长期的径流量和沉积物量，并可应用于黄土丘陵沟壑区的径流流失和土壤侵蚀定量评价。采用2004年土地利用状况模拟分析了流域土壤侵蚀量及其空间分布，结果表明：该流域平均片蚀和细沟侵蚀强度为3508 t/(km²·a)，属中度侵蚀等级，黄土沟壑地的平均侵蚀强度最大，属极强度侵蚀等级；严重的沟道侵蚀显著增加了运移到流域出口的泥沙。     

Runoff and sediment yield in a semi-arid environment: the effect of land management after farmland abandonment

This paper deals with the evolution of abandoned fields in semi-arid environments. The study has been carried out in the Central Ebro Depression, NE Spain, where large areas traditionally cropped with cereals alternating with fallow have been recently set-aside, following the agrarian policy of the European Union. Most of the information has been obtained using a rainfall simulator on 220 m², open plots, reproducing six possible land-uses: control plot 1 (abandoned), control plot 2 (abandoned, adding chemical fertilizer), cereal, fallow land, fallow land with organic fertilizer and fallow land with chemical fertilizer. The results obtained show that abandoned land produces a very quick response to precipitation, high peak flows and runoff coefficients, and a shallow wetting front, confirming the effects of the low density of plant cover and the development of a microcrust. Fertilizing fallow land plots increases the penetration of the wetting front, with moderate impact on the other hydrologic parameters. The study demonstrates that (i) surface runoff is controlled by the addition (or not) of fertilizer; and (ii) sediment concentration is mostly controlled by ploughing.     

快速城镇化地区的耕地撂荒空间格局、影响机理与治理路径

揭示快速城镇化地区耕地撂荒的空间格局特征和影响机理对保障中国城镇化和工业化进程下的国家粮食安全和社会稳定具有重要意义。该研究通过构建快速城镇化地区耕地撂荒影响机理的理论框架,以溧阳市为研究区,实证分析其耕地撂荒的程度、空间格局等特征,并探究其影响机理与治理路径。结果表明：1）2019年溧阳市耕地撂荒面积1 344.48 hm2,撂荒率为3.03%,各村撂荒率介于0.01%～54.26%,快速城镇化地区的耕地撂荒现象普遍存在。2）溧阳撂荒高密度区主要聚集在工业、商业和旅游业等发展水平高和旱地比例高的区域,快速城镇化地区耕地撂荒在空间上具有一定的集聚和带动效应。3） 快速城镇化地区的乡村非农产业发展和劳动力流失加剧了耕地撂荒程度;而高比例水田、道路密度等基础条件和土地流转、基本农田保护政策能有效抑制耕地撂荒。快速城镇化地区的耕地撂荒应引起决策部门的重视,未来一方面应该继续推进土地整治工程,吸引农业资本下乡,创新\     

水土保持措施对径流泥沙及养分流失的影响

以北京市门头沟区龙凤岭水土保持科技示范园为研究对象,对2005—2009年汛期(5—11月)径流小区的径流量、侵蚀产沙量及养分流失量进行了分析。结果是:同为10 m坡长的径流小区,其径流量和养分流失量从大到小依次为裸地、坡耕地和石坎梯田,产沙量最大的是裸地,其次是石坎梯田,最小的是坡耕地;与裸地小区相比,10 m坡长的水土保持措施小区可减少全氮流失量50.5%~91.4%、减少全磷流失量31.8%~75.8%;20 m坡长裸地径流小区的径流量、泥沙量和养分流失量均明显大于鱼鳞坑,鱼鳞坑小区可减少径流量68.4%~83.0%、减少产沙量71.1%~82.7%、减少全氮流失量64.4%~74.9%、减少全磷流失量40.6%~87.3%。说明水土保持措施具有良好的保持水土和减少养分流失的作用。     

模拟玉米茎秆流对土壤侵蚀的影响

玉米茎秆流是降雨过程中经玉米冠层截留后沿茎秆流向根部的水量,是种植坡地地表径流的重要组成部分,对植物根部的土壤侵蚀过程具有重要影响。采用人工模拟降雨方法,研究了成熟期玉米茎秆流对坡地土壤侵蚀的影响。试验土槽长为0.40 m、宽为0.23 m、深为0.14 m;采用直径为2 cm的PVC管模拟成熟期玉米茎秆,高度为1.2 m;模拟茎秆流量为5,10,15 g/s,用相同降雨条件下无茎秆流坡地作为对照措施;降雨强度为60,90,120 mm/h,降雨历时108 min,坡度为10°。结果表明:(1)与对照措施相比,茎秆流具有加快坡地地表产流的作用;(2)模拟茎秆流条件下地表产流量和产沙量均高于对照,相较无茎秆流坡地,3个降雨强度下各茎秆流量的产流贡献率为14.90%~43.10%,产沙贡献率为12.47%~26.75%;(3)茎秆流在茎秆周围地表形成细小股流,促使坡地土壤侵蚀过程由面蚀向细沟侵蚀转变,从而增加了坡地土壤侵蚀量。因此,在坡地水土流失计算与评价中应考虑茎秆流的土壤侵蚀作用。     

红壤坡地水土保持措施减流减沙效果研究

根据多年定点观测数据,定量分析了不同水土保持措施的减流减沙效果及差异。地面植被尤其是近地表植被的覆盖有着极其显著的减流减沙作用,只有当不同层次的植被优化配置时,才能达到最佳的减流减沙效果;等高横坡间作的减流减沙作用较顺坡间作更为明显;梯田的减流减沙效果明显,梯壁植草效果更好。     

乌拉山废弃矿区坡长对客土坡面产流产沙与沟蚀特征的影响

为研究不同坡长客土坡面产流产沙及沟蚀特征差异变化,通过设计2个坡度(15°,20°)下不同坡长(2,4,6,8,10 m)的野外径流小区进行冲刷试验。结果表明:(1)初始产流时间变化范围与产流停止时间均随坡长增加而增大,产流率初期快速增加,达到初次峰值后呈现不规律波动,累积产流量随坡长增加而增多;产流率、累积产流量与坡长、产流时间及其交互作用呈极显著相关(p＜0.01),累积产流量在2种坡度下均与坡长、产流时间呈幂函数相关。(2)产沙率初期快速增加,达到初次峰值后随冲刷时间逐渐下降,其均值随坡长增加而增大,总累积产沙量随坡长增加而增多;累积产沙量与坡长、产流时间的交互作用呈极显著相关(p＜0.01),累积产沙量在2种坡度下均与坡长、产流产流时间呈幂函数相关。(3)侵蚀沟平均横截面积自顶端呈现沿坡面减小,以及减小—增加—再减小2种趋势。累积产沙量与估算沟蚀量具有极显著相关性(p<0.01),其差值随坡长的增加而增加,其比率随坡长增加呈先上升后下降趋势,最大值出现在6 m坡长。研究结果为矿山修复客土坡面水土流失防治及侵蚀模型建立提供技术支持。     

四川黄壤区玉米季坡耕地自然降雨及其侵蚀产沙特征分析

为明确玉米全生育期自然降雨特征以及坡耕地产流产沙规律,以研究区自然降雨为基础,采用野外径流小区和室内分析相结合的方法,分别对横坡垄作、平作和顺坡垄作坡面玉米全生育期(苗期、拔节期、抽雄期和成熟期)的自然降雨、径流及侵蚀产沙量进行了测定。结果表明:研究区2015年玉米全生育期内雨量为676.71mm,其中成熟期侵蚀性雨量达411.71mm,占累计侵蚀性雨量的69.85%。玉米全生育期内,产流受雨量、玉米生育期显著影响,横坡垄作产沙受雨量、雨强的影响显著,而平作和顺坡垄作则受雨量、株高的影响显著;产流产沙均随玉米生育期的推进逐渐增加,且产沙受产流影响显著,横坡垄作和平作含沙量先减小后增加再减小,而顺坡垄作则先减小后增加;抽雄期横坡垄作产流显著小于顺坡垄作而产沙显著小于平作和顺坡垄作,成熟期横坡垄作产流产沙显著小于平作和顺坡垄作。研究区自然降雨条件下,雨量是影响黄壤坡耕地产流产沙的最主要因子,产沙滞后于产流;玉米成熟期土壤侵蚀最为严重,横坡垄作是防治研究区水土流失的有效途径,研究成果为山地黄壤水土流失有效防控与农业的可持续发展提供理论参考。     

喀斯特地区县域土壤侵蚀估算及其对土地利用变化的响应

喀斯特地区土层浅薄,不合理的土地利用导致严重的水土流失,加剧石漠化程度.为定量分析生态工程实施前后土壤侵蚀状况及其对土地利用变化的响应,基于GIS技术和RMMF模型,对环江县1991、2000和2010年土壤侵蚀进行模拟,并采用邻近水文站和径流小区泥沙监测数据进行验证.结果表明:1991、2000和2010年研究区土壤侵蚀模数分别为76.36、76.46和49.60t/(km2·a),与相关监测数据比较一致;土壤侵蚀总量分别为34.76万、34.80万和22.58万t,主要来源于非喀斯特区(均约占全县侵蚀总量的94％).研究区微度侵蚀面积占90％以上,轻度及以上等级所占比例较小.对比不同土地利用类型的土壤侵蚀模数,旱地远大于其他类型,其次是中覆盖度草地和其他林地.相同降雨条件下,由于旱地面积减少,2010年土壤侵蚀量较1991年减少4.21万t;2010年喀斯特区、非喀斯特区土壤侵蚀量较2000年分别减少了4.21％和8.76％.这预示生态工程实施后,环江县耕地减少、林地增加,土壤侵蚀减少.本研究为评估喀斯特地区土壤侵蚀现状以及退耕还林的水土保持效应提供参考依据.     

Land abandonment,landscape evolution,and soil erosion in a Spanish Mediterranean mountain region: The case of Camero Viejo

The Spanish Mediterranean mountains have played an important social and economic role for many centuries. However, since the 1950s these regions have been considered of little economic interest, and this has led to the abandonment of villages, reduced productive activity, and significant changes in the landscape. In the last 50 years the Camero Viejo region (Iberian System, northeast Spain) has been subject to these changes, and was selected as our study area. Landscape evolution and soil erosion, as a result of agricultural abandonment, were studied using different analysis techniques: photointerpretation, geographic information systems and rainfall simulation. The results showed that a large proportion of previously cultivated land has been subject to plant recolonization processes. From 1956 to 2001, woodlands area increased from 10·1 per cent to 37 per cent, and scrubland increased from 42 per cent to 60 per cent. Changes in landscape structure in the same period suggest that the Camero Viejo is in a transitional stage from a highly humanized landscape to a more natural landscape. Although plant cover expansion is evident on most Camero Viejo hillslopes, in some terraced areas erosion processes are active. The generalized abandonment of agricultural terraces has favored the collapse of the stone walls of the terraces, with sliding of the soil. Surface runoff on abandoned terraces is also important. These erosion processes are related to the hydrological functioning of slopes following abandonment, neglect, and in some areas the intensification of grazing. Terrace destruction has a negative impact on the landscape and represents the loss of fertile soils. Landscape diversity should be preserved as an essential element of the economic potential of the Camero Viejo. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.