Rainfall/runoff/erosion relationships and soil properties survey in abandoned shallow soils of NE Spain

Purpose

Shallow soils previously cultivated under terraced systems may change their properties after agricultural release and spontaneous plant colonization. Investigations were conducted in terraced fields (NE Spain) to prove that vegetation installed after the abandonment may generally improve soil properties by the formation of stable organic horizons. However, restriction in plant species along the natural vegetation succession and intensification of erosion processes may occur after abandonment depending on fire frequency and soil use history.

Materials and methods

Ten environments with different plant covers under a Lithic Xerorthent were selected and erosion plots (Gerlach type) installed providing their best adaptability at the terrace scale. Selected soil environments represented the sequence of abandonment: from current poorly cultivated soils, soils under pasture, soils under shrubs, and soils under stands of pine and cork trees. Relevant rainfall events producing runoff and erosion were recorded from November 2011 to May 2012. Erosion rates and erosion components were analysed in sediments and water in order to monitor carbon, nitrogen and other nutrient removal by overland flow. Similarly, the physical and chemical properties of the soil environments under study were determined at the same time interval of runoff erosion.

Results and discussion

Soils under pasture, vines and recently burnt pine forest produced the highest runoff followed by soils under shrubs and forest. However, eroded soil yields and nutrient removal were much higher in cultivated soils and soils in recently burnt sites, which had shown poorer soil properties with respect to soils abandoned for longer and preserved by fire. Fire-affected soil environments also showed a thinner organic horizon and reduced water retention. Although erosion rates and nutrient depletion were low in all environments with respect to other areas of Spain, higher splash than water erosion was an early warning indicator of the high susceptibility to degradation of these shallow soils.

Conclusions

Results outlined that the renaturalization dynamics after agricultural abandonment are complex biophysical processes involving the parent material, depth to bedrock and other soil properties as well as the succession of vegetative cover and plant associations responsible for building a new soil mantle contrasting with erosion processes. Planning for management of land abandonment is strongly recommended.

     

山西省葛铺煤矿弃土弃渣径流泥沙研究

通过人工降雨模拟实验,对岚县葛铺煤矿堆土场,弃渣场及原状地貌耕地的径流量和泥沙量进行了系统的研究.结果表明,在降雨量相同的情况下,不同下垫面条件下的径流量与泥沙量的排序为:堆土场>弃渣场>耕地;随着降雨量和坡度的增大,各地类径流量和泥沙量也随之增大.并且针对实际情况,对该矿区未来的水土流失防治技术进行了探讨.     

不同土地利用方式下赤红壤坡面土壤侵蚀特征

为探究降雨和土地利用对南方赤红壤坡面侵蚀特征的影响,通过天然降雨观测试验,定量分析不同土地利用方式(坡耕地、果园、人工草地和撂荒地)下坡面径流和侵蚀泥沙特征,探讨降雨类型及土地利用对坡面侵蚀产沙的影响以及降雨特征参数与坡面水沙指标间的关系。结果表明:(1)2018年研究区降雨主要集中在5—9月,且每月降雨量主要由一场或几场暴雨及大暴雨组成;(2)坡耕地坡面年径流量和年侵蚀量均最大,分别是果园、人工草地以及撂荒地处理下的3.4,8.0,6.0倍和340.5,1605.3,1720.3倍;(2)次降雨下,坡面径流量在年内表现为前期平稳,后期波动增加,侵蚀量表现为前期波动较大,后期变化相对平稳,且侵蚀产沙主要集中在前期;(3)不同土地利用方式下,暴雨及大暴雨产生的径流量均占年径流量的75%以上,坡耕地、果园、人工草地以及撂荒地处理下由暴雨和大暴雨产生的侵蚀量分别占年侵蚀量的99.1%,71.8%,52.3%和51.6%;(4)降雨量和最大30min降雨强度是影响赤红壤坡面侵蚀最重要的降雨特征参数,降雨历时和植被覆盖度均显著影响果园、人工草地及撂荒地坡面径流量。研究结果有助于明晰南方赤红壤区不同土地利用现状土壤侵蚀特征,为区域水土保持提供参考依据。     

兴宁县石马河流域土壤侵蚀类型

本文通过定点观测研究,根据侵蚀力类型与地貌形态,将该地土壤侵蚀划分为:面状侵蚀、沟状侵蚀和崩岗侵蚀。一、面状侵蚀为:由雨滴打击地面、紊动地面径流产生的击溅侵蚀。由于地形和植物等的影响。片蚀实以细沟状侵蚀为主,并通过水量平衡方程、植被和产沙关系,对径流小区水量平衡,植被对片蚀的影响,小区产流、产沙状况作了探讨。二、沟状侵蚀为坡面和崩岗壁面集流作用的结果。三、流水和重力共同作用产生崩岗侵蚀。本文对崩岗侵蚀中面状流水作用区,重力-流水作用区,流水搬运-沉积区的发育过程,以及泥沙冲淤变化作了分析论述。     

草地开垦人为加速侵蚀的人工降雨试验研究

通过野外人工降雨试验分析了人为破坏草被对土壤加速侵蚀的影响。研究结果表明天然草地基本上不发生径流和土壤流失。天然草被破坏开垦后径流量增加1273～3050m³/km²,产沙量增加500～1700t/km²。撂荒地（4年）的径流量明显高于天然草地,但土壤侵蚀量很小,撂荒地开垦后径流和流失量明显高于天然草地开垦后的径流量和侵蚀量,其中产沙量为新开垦天然草地的6.2倍。草地的地上部分吸水量占降雨量的15.5%,天然草地上地形、降雨因子对土壤侵蚀的影响甚微。草地开垦后,土壤侵蚀量随雨强和坡度的增加而增大。     

神府东胜煤田原生地面放水冲刷试验研究

神府东胜煤田是我国重要的能源重化工基地,在开发建设过程中造成了严重的人为水土流失,为了分析计算神府煤田弃土弃渣、扰动地面及非硬化路面的新增水土流失量,以本区未经人为扰动的、撂荒的原生地面为自然侵蚀本底值的作用对象,采用野外放水冲刷实验的研究方法,对原生地面的侵蚀产沙规律进行了研究.结果表明径流量、产沙量与放水流量,径流量、产沙量与坡度的关系均呈线性相关,即随着坡度与放水流量的增大,径流量和产沙量也在线性增加.径流量与产沙量之间呈幂函数关系变化,关系式为Ms=0.049W0.93.     

Identification of vulnerable areas for gully erosion under different scenarios of land abandonment in Southeast Spain

Abandonment of agricultural land is one of the main changes in Mediterranean land use. To mitigate runoff and erosion from abandoned land, it is necessary to identify locations that are vulnerable to erosion as a result of land abandonment. The objective of our study was to identify vulnerable areas for gully erosion using different scenarios of land abandonment in Southeast Spain. The study area was the Carcavo basin, a semi-arid catchment in the province of Murcia (Southeast Spain). A preliminary field survey confirmed the assumption that abandoned fields have more gully erosion compared to cultivated fields. This can be explained by the quicker concentration of runoff on abandoned land due to crust formation and reduced surface storage capacity. Next we simulated the spatial dynamics of land abandonment with a spatially explicit land use change model for the period 2004 to 2015 for four different land use change scenarios. The results of the simulation were used to identify vulnerable areas for gully erosion by a simple GIS-model based on the controlling factors of gully erosion. The potentially vulnerable areas for gully erosion increased for the different scenarios ranging from 18 ha to 176 ha. Most of the vulnerable areas are located around channel heads or along channel walls. The combination of more gully erosion on abandoned fields and an expected increase of land abandonment are potentially a big problem in relation to land degradation and reservoir sedimentation. The identification of vulnerable areas enables soil conservationists and engineers to mitigate gully erosion by applying preventive conservation practices.     

神府东胜煤田原生地面放水冲刷试验研究

神府东胜煤田是我国重要的能源重化工基地，在开发建设过程中造成了严重的人为水土流失，为了分析计算神府煤田弃土弃渣、扰动地面及非硬化路面的新增水土流失量，以本区未经人为扰动的、撂荒的原生地面为自然侵蚀本底值的作用对象，采用野外放水冲刷实验的研究方法，对原生地面的侵蚀产沙规律进行了研究。结果表明：径流量、产沙量与放水流量，径流量、产沙量与坡度的关系均呈线性相关，即随着坡度与放水流量的增大，径流量和产沙量也在线性增加。径流量与产沙量之间呈幂函数关系变化，关系式为Ms=0.049W^0.93。     

不同坡度径流小区产流产沙监测结果初报

相同土壤在同一降雨条件下,影响土壤侵蚀的因素是地形及植被。用粮农组织推荐的径流小区观测方法,经过2年对不同坡度上同一耕作方法和同一作物的侵蚀测定表明:10°～24°之间随坡度增大土壤侵蚀量增加,24°～35°之间随坡度增加土壤侵蚀增加趋势不大;径流系数也有同样反映。洋芋是陕北的主要作物,但洋芋作物地中的水土流失量大于其它作物地,甚至在陡坡26°时大于对照裸地。水平沟耕作栽培是一种有效治理措施,它在微地形上改变了地面坡度及坡长,有明显的截流保持水土效益,2年试验结果比坡地传统耕作减少土壤流失量60.3%。     

Temporal Variations of Flow–sediment Relationships in a Highly Erodible Catchment of the Loess Plateau,China

The flow–sediment relationship is important to understand the soil erosion and land degradation processes in severe eroded areas. This study researches on variations of streamflow, sediment load, and flow–sediment relationship on multi‐temporal scales (annual, flood season and, monthly scales) in a highly erodible catchment of Chinese Loess Plateau. The results demonstrated that the streamflow, sediment load, sediment concentration, runoff coefficient, and sediment coefficient all experienced evident reductions, and the decrease in the middle and downstream stations was more significant compared with the upstream stations. The land use changes and implementation of soil and water conservation measures played major role for the streamflow and sediment load reductions with respect to precipitation change, and the runoff coefficient and sediment coefficient linearly decreased with the percentage of conservation measure area. The runoff‐sediment yield relationship on annual, flood season, and monthly scales could be generally characterized by the linear function, and the slopes during the post‐change period was lower than those during the pre‐change period of sediment load. The sediment concentration–streamflow discharge relationship represented consistent form over the entire study period, and the logarithmic function was appropriate to describe the relationships on the three timescales. The decrease of sediment concentration contributed greatest (60·7%) to sediment reduction compared with runoff productivity of rainfall (30·2%) and precipitation (9·1%). Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

红黏土侵蚀劣地集水区30年植被恢复中的水沙特征

为探究红黏土侵蚀劣地植被恢s复的水土保持效益,在自然降雨条件下,对红黏土区裸地对照及植被恢复的2个自然集水区进行长期降雨径流泥沙监测,得到30年的产流产沙数据.结果表明:1)植被恢复第6年裸地对照和恢复林地的产流差距显著,8年后恢复林地基本不再产沙.年内产流产沙集中在雨季4-6月,植被的减流和减沙效益分别超过40％和90％.在次降雨尺度上,植被能够显著降低径流泥沙曲线斜率,在降雨量相同的条件下减小地表产流产沙量.2)降雨过程产流产沙与降雨强度I60变化趋势一致,呈多峰型,总体上恢复区延缓产流1h以上,产流峰值减小67％ ～ 83％,中雨条件下植被延缓径流和降低产流峰值的效益最好.3)恢复林地径流中全N、全P、全K流失量分别减少54.62％、57.53％、56.46％,次降雨过程中全N和全K流失质量浓度高于全P浓度,且随径流过程波动较大.植被恢复后的红黏土集水区产流产沙及养分流失显著减少,水土流失得到有效控制.     

退耕驱动的近地表特性变化对土壤侵蚀的潜在影响

黄土高原是我国、乃至全球土壤侵蚀最严重的区域之一,侵蚀强度及时空分布特征受近地表特性的显著影响.退耕还林(草)工程大面积的有效实施,势必会引起近地表特性(土壤理化性质、植被茎秆、枯落物、生物结皮、根系系统)的显著变化,进而对坡面径流的水动力学特性及侵蚀过程产生影响.本文从退耕驱动的近地表特性变化、近地表特性变化对坡面径流水动力学特性的影响、近地表特性变化对土壤侵蚀过程(土壤分离、泥沙输移、泥沙沉积)的影响及其机制、区域土壤侵蚀对退耕的响应4个方面较为系统地总结近几十年国内外的研究成果,并提出了目前亟待强化的研究领域.这对理解退耕坡面土壤侵蚀过程及其动力机制、建立植被覆盖坡面的土壤侵蚀过程模型、评价退耕坡面的水土保持效益,具有重要的理论意义.     

The PESERA coarse scale erosion model for Europe. I. – Model rationale and implementation

The principles and theoretical background are presented for a new process‐based model (PESERA) that is designed to estimate long‐term average erosion rates at 1 km resolution and has, to date, been applied to most of Europe. The model is built around a partition of precipitation into components for overland flow (infiltration excess, saturation excess and snowmelt), evapo‐transpiration and changes in soil moisture storage. Transpiration is used to drive a generic plant growth model for biomass, constrained as necessary by land use decisions, primarily on a monthly time step. Leaf fall, with corrections for cropping, grazing, etc., also drives a simple model for soil organic matter. The runoff threshold for infiltration excess overland flow depends dynamically on vegetation cover, organic matter and soil properties, varying over the year. The distribution of daily rainfall totals has been fitted to a Gamma distribution for each month, and drives overland flow and sediment transport (proportional to the sum of overland flow squared) by summing over this distribution. Total erosion is driven by erodibility, derived from soil properties, squared overland flow discharge and gradient; it is assessed at the slope base to estimate total loss from the land, and delivered to stream channels.     

Contrasted Impact of Land Abandonment on Soil Erosion in Mediterranean Agriculture Fields

Abandonment of agricultural land results in on-and off-site consequences for the ecosystem. In this study, 105 rainfall simulations were carried out in agriculture lands of the Mediterranean belt in Spain(vineyards in Málaga, almond orchards in Murcia, and orange and olive orchards in Valencia) and in paired abandoned lands to assess the impact of land abandonment on soil and water losses. After abandonment, soil detachment decreased drastically in the olive and orange orchards, while vineyards did not show any difference and almond orchards registered higher erosion rates after the abandonment. Terraced orchards of oranges and olives recovered a dense vegetation cover after the abandonment, while the sloping terrain of almond orchards and vineyards enhanced the development of crusts and rills and a negligible vegetation cover resulted in high erosion rates. The contrasted responses to land abandonment in Mediterranean agricultural lands suggest that land abandonment should be programmed and managed with soil erosion control strategies for some years to avoid land degradation.     

河岸植被对坡面径流侵蚀产沙的阻控效果

河岸植被在流域水土保持与非点源污染控制方面具有重要作用。为探究河岸植被阻控坡面径流侵蚀产沙效果及其影响因素,该文通过野外模拟径流冲刷试验,定量分析了北江干流河岸植被阻控坡面径流和侵蚀产沙的特征,探讨了河岸植被对径流与泥沙相互关系的影响以及河岸植被阻控效果与坡度和放水强度的关系。结果表明,(1)植被的存在延迟了坡面初始产流时间、降低了坡面径流系数、减弱了径流侵蚀力,放水强度和坡度越大,坡面产流时间越早、径流系数越大、植被对径流的拦截效果越低,其中,植被对不同坡度上径流系数的平均阻控效果分别为3.35%、3.36%、4.28%和3.17%,对不同放水强度下径流系数的平均阻控效果分别21.69%、17.40%和10.01%,对坡面径流侵蚀力的阻控效果分别为60.00%、32.23%、27.29%和22.76%;(2)植被坡对坡面累积泥沙量的阻控效果分别为60.14%、32.83%、24.19%和20.86%,植被的存在可以有效提高土壤的抗侵蚀能力并减少侵蚀产沙量和降低侵蚀泥沙中值粒径,植被阻控泥沙的效果大于其阻控径流的效果;(3)相关性分析表明,产流时间与累积泥沙量、粒径均呈显著负相关,植被的存在一定程度上改变了退流时间与两者之间的关系;径流系数、径流侵蚀力与累积泥沙量、粒径均呈显著正相关;植被对累积泥沙量和径流侵蚀力的阻控效果与随坡度和放水强度的增加而降低。综上,河岸植被对坡面径流和泥沙具有不同的阻控效果,且受坡度和放水强度影响显著,研究结果可为流域水土保持与河岸植被建设提供支持。     

茵陈蒿群落垂直结构对坡面产流产沙过程的影响

为探究茵陈蒿群落不同垂直结构对产流、产沙过程的影响,利用人工模拟降雨试验的方法,研究了不同垂直结构的茵陈蒿群落坡面侵蚀过程。结果表明:在植被盖度相同条件下,茵陈蒿多层群落结构(茵陈蒿+狗尾草+生物结皮)和双层群落结构(茵陈蒿+生物结皮)的减流、减沙效果显著优于单层群落结构,二者的减流效益分别为40.5%和22.6%,减沙效益分别为86.6%和73.5%。不同垂直结构的茵陈蒿群落累积产沙量均可表示为累积产流量的幂函数(R~20.98),表现为累积产沙量随累积产流量的增加而增加,且随群落结构层数的增加,3种垂直结构群落的累积产沙量增幅减小。植物根系可以改善土壤结构,增加降水入渗,减少地表径流,是影响产流、产沙过程的关键因素。因此,群落垂直层次多、组分复杂、整体预防水土流失的能力也相应较强。对易于形成植被空层的草地群落,应当重视其低层植被建设,加强草地群落垂直结构及其水土保持功能的相关研究,以期为黄土高原草地植被恢复和结构配置优化提供理论依据。     

黄土高原沟沿线的廊道防蚀效应探析

在分析黄土高原地区的沟沿线、沟沿线上下沟间地和沟谷地土壤侵蚀特征、小流域泥沙来源、坡沟侵蚀产沙关系的基础上，结合廊道的生态功能和以往的研究结果，认为在沟沿线的上部建立草灌与整地工程措施相结合的植物廊道，来拦蓄阻截沟间地的来水来沙，可使流域的土壤侵蚀量减少54．5％～77、0％。     

水土保持及土壤侵蚀动态机制研究现状及存在问题

简要回顾了目前我国水土保持研究存在的问题,提出了以“地表径流调控”为主的水土保持技术措施和基于水动力学特性的侵蚀产沙机理研究方向和研究意义。系统总结了以“地表径流调控”为主的水土保持措施和减流减沙效应指标以及土壤侵蚀过程机理研究现状,探讨了径流调控及坡面流侵蚀动力过程中存在的主要问题以及亟待开展的研究。     

EFFECT OF RAINFALL INTENSITY,SLOPE, LAND USE AND ANTECEDENT SOIL MOISTURE ON SOIL EROSION IN AN ARID ENVIRONMENT

Most climate change scenarios predict a significant increase in the frequency of high intensity rainfall events especially in the dry areas, which will increase runoff and soil erosion. Understanding the factors that control soil erosion is crucial to recommending appropriate measures to protect soils and reduce their vulnerability. The objective of this research was to investigate the effect of rainfall intensity, slope, land use and antecedent soil moisture on soil erosion and runoff. Twelve sites from Al‐Muwaqqar watershed, Jordan, were selected to represent six slope angles: 1, 2, 3, 5, 7 and 9%. Two sites, one cultivated with barley and one as rangeland, were selected within each slope. Erosion was measured under three rainfall intensities: 3, 5 and 10 mm h⁻¹; and three different antecedent soil moisture contents: dry, wet and very wet; using a rotating disk rainfall simulator. Regression equations indicated that rainfall intensity was the most important factor affecting soil erosion and that erosion could occur at a relatively small intensity on wet soils as a result of subsequent rainfall events. Soil erosion on cultivated land was primarily affected by moisture content, while on uncultivated land, it was mostly affected by slope steepness. Rainfall intensity, slope and antecedent moisture explained 84–89 and 59–66% of the variation in runoff and soil loss, respectively. The results indicated the significant influence of cultivating the land on soil erosion. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.