重型拖拉机电液提升器插装式比例提升阀性能仿真与试验

为更准确地反映重型拖拉机电液提升器比例提升阀的本质特性,该文剖析了比例提升阀中各液压组件的内部结构和工作机理,并应用现代控制理论状态空间法建立了基于边界条件的比例提升阀非线性数学模型,应用MATLAB/Simulink搭建其仿真模型,基于四阶龙格库塔算法对其动、静态性能进行了仿真分析,揭示了其内部阀芯的运动规律。仿真结果表明:在静态性能方面,比例提升阀平均负载补偿压力约为1.5MPa,流量基本稳定在62L/min附近,具有良好的负载压力补偿和稳态调速特性;在动态性能方面,比例提升阀系统输出流量波动受负载变化影响小,且具有良好的动态调速性能。基于闭心式负载敏感液压系统试验平台,开展了比例提升阀稳态流量特性和动态性能试验,试验结果表明:比例提升阀静态流量输出平稳,回程误差小于5%,当负载阶跃变化时,比例提升阀可实时进行压力补偿,补偿压力约为1.5 MPa,液压冲击小,具有良好的稳态调速特性,满足重型拖拉机电液提升器田间作业需求,该研究可为拖拉机液压系统关键零部件建模仿真和试验分析提供参考。     

负载敏感变量泵结构建模与性能分析

作为现代农业装备液压系统关键零部件,负载敏感变量泵为农业绿色生产提供了保障。为深入研究负载敏感变量泵的工作性能,该文重点分析了其内部机械结构和工作机理,充分考虑了各运动部件的有效行程范围,应用现代控制理论状态空间法建立了基于边界条件的负载敏感变量泵非线性数学模型,基于Matlab/Simulink软件,采用四阶龙格-库塔算法对其稳态和动态性能进行了仿真分析,并搭建闭心式负载敏感液压系统试验平台,完成其性能试验,通过对比分析负载敏感变量泵动态特性试验与仿真结果,得到负载补偿压力误差约为0.1 MPa,验证了负载敏感变量泵非线性数学模型的正确性。试验结果表明:负载敏感变量泵输出流量和压力可实时与负载相适应,补偿压力约为1.5 MPa,可有效提高液压系统效率,减少系统发热,满足现代农业装备作业机组的田间作业需求。     

负荷传感转向液压系统优先阀的稳健设计

为了实现优先阀的稳健设计,基于解析法及SIMULINK分别建立了优先阀动态数学模型及仿真模型,仿真分析了系统各参数变化对优先阀动态响应特性的影响规律。在分析动态响应特性主要影响因素的基础上,以优先阀转向系统的流量响应超调量最小为设计目标,以优先阀的阀芯直径、弹簧刚度及节流口面积为设计变量,以方向盘角速度、转向负载、工作负载及输出流量为不确定因素,完成了基于损失模型的稳健设计。结果表明,稳健设计提高了设计目标的稳健性,一定程度上提升了优先阀的动态响应特性,该设计方法同样适用于其他阀件的改进设计。     

机械-液压双元动力发动机锥形配流阀的优化

机械-液压双元动力输出发动机（MHPE）将传统的内燃机和柱塞泵融为一体,可同时或单独输出机械、液压2种动力。MHPE采用锥形阀配流系统,其容积效率高低直接影响MHPE的整机性能。该文以容积效率为目标函数,以锥形阀的工作条件和结构尺寸为约束条件,以MHPE锥形阀的结构参数为优化变量,建立了优化模型,并基于iSIGHT软件进行优化设计。优化结果表明,优化后系统的容积效率提高5.71%,改善程度较大。     

作物茎秆膨胀收缩监测柔性可穿戴传感器研制与试验

作物茎秆膨胀和收缩变化与其水分状态密切相关,实时监测茎秆的膨胀和收缩变化能够及时掌握作物水分状态,对指导灌溉、提高农业水资源利用率具有重要意义。目前,对于作物茎秆膨胀和收缩变化的监测主要采用基于线性微位移测量原理的传感器,通过测量茎秆的膨胀和收缩引起的位移变化来反映水分状态,存在体积大、价格高、安装不便等问题。为此,该研究提出了一种基于压阻效应的柔性可穿戴传感器,采用柔性压力电极作为传感元件,贴附在作物茎秆表面,通过监测茎秆膨胀和收缩引起的压力变化来反映作物的水分状态,压力检测电路和数据采集电路将作物茎秆的压力信号转换成电信号进行输出和存储。首先在实验室环境下对传感器性能进行测试和标定,然后在温室环境下将传感器安装在番茄茎秆上观测番茄茎秆的压力变化,并与线性微位移传感器观测结果进行比较,最后在充分灌溉和水分亏缺2种条件下观测番茄茎秆的膨胀和收缩变化。结果表明,柔性压力传感器稳定性测试的平均相对变化率为0.109%;弯折前后引起的输出变化非常小,可以忽略不计;标定结果的决定系数大于0.99,最合适的工作压力范围为2～100 kPa;实验室环境下,柔性压力传感器与线性微位移传感器输出值之间的决定系数为0.9551;温室环境下,充分灌溉组中柔性压力传感器与线性微位移传感器输出值变化趋势一致,两者之间的决定系数为0.7672,亏缺灌溉组中两类传感器输出值均因水分亏缺而呈现下降趋势,输出值之间的决定系数为0.8519。本文所设计的柔性可穿戴压力传感器不仅能够实时监测番茄茎秆的膨胀和收缩变化,还可以对番茄亏水胁迫进行诊断,为实现高效节水灌溉提供重要的技术支撑。     

基于位移变化率和强度折减有限元的边坡失稳判定方法

采用强度折减有限元法计算边坡稳定时,以变形为基础的失稳判据具有显著的物理意义和工程意义。该文采用变步长的折减方法,基于位移变化率-强度折减系数曲线的转折突变作为失稳判据,并研究特征点的敏感性及选取范围。计算结果表明,当折减系数为1.42时,坡顶水平位移变化率、竖向位移变化率和总位移变化率均发生急剧性的转折。与位移相比,位移变化率-强度折减系数的曲线存在明显的转折突变,可更准确、明显地判断边坡稳定的安全度。至坡顶一定距离范围内的特征点,如位于非塑性区域且非滑动土体时,其位移变化率-强度折减系数的曲线发生转折突变,但曲线在转折点附近存在振荡现象。通过位移变化率计算得到的54个安全系数,平均值为1.420,变异系数为0.005 3,不同特征点根据水平位移变化率、竖向位移变化率和总位移变化率得到的安全系数基本一致。当特征点至坡顶的距离≤1倍坡高时,特征点的位移12 mm,且位移变化率均较大,此时特征点对位移变化率较敏感;当特征点至坡顶的距离1倍坡高时,特征点位移在5~18 mm之间,但位移变化率大幅度降低,此时特征点对位移变化率的敏感性大幅度降低。考虑边界约束的影响及特征点的敏感性,建议特征点的选取范围为:与坡顶距离为1倍坡高的范围。     

射流式在线混药装置汽蚀特性数值分析与试验

为了解不同压力比下的汽蚀特性,该文采用试验与数值分析相结合的方法,测量不同出口压力下(0.25、0.4、0.5、0.6、0.7、0.8、0.9、1.0、1.1、1.2、1.3、1.35 M'Pa)的工作流体、吸入流体与混合流体的质量流量,得到压力比与混药比的特性曲线;采用Mixture模型中的Zwart-Gerber-Belamri汽蚀模型,分析了不同出口压力下的内部静压分布和气相分布;对试验值与仿真值进行拟合分析,拟合优度R~2=0.9618,验证了模型的准确性;研究结果表明,当压力比大于0.6时,混药性能较差,甚至会出现逆流。当压力比在0.4~0.6之间时,混药比与压力比负相关。当压力比小于0.4时,混药比与压力比无关,即达到汽蚀混药比:在工作压力为2.0 MPa,吸入口压力为0下,当出口压力为0.8:MPa(压力比为0.4)时,内部流体发生汽蚀,且出口压力越低,汽蚀现象越严重。该研究为提高装置混药比稳定性能,保障流式混药装置高效运行提供理论依据。     

基于硬件在环仿真试验平台的电动液压助力系统能耗分析

为了研究电动液压助力转向（EHPS）系统的能耗影响因素,该文搭建了EHPS系统硬件在环仿真试验平台,包括主控平台、方向盘驱动模块、测试系统模块和转向阻力液压加载模块。利用该平台对某型EHPS系统主要组成元件的能耗进行了测试,该试验条件是在模拟农村道路的驾驶情况下,研究影响电动液压助力转向系统能耗的关键因素。试验结果表明,电动液压助力转向系统的待机功率,液压油的温度、黏度,转向阀的压降以及转向齿条力的大小对电动液压助力转向系统的能耗影响较大。研究结果对开发新型节能EHPS系统具有指导意义。     

液压机械无级传动全功率换段过程排量比调节模型

为了解决液压机械换段过程中存在的转速波动和瞬时动力中断等问题,该文以两离合器结合重叠的五阶段全功率动力换段方法为基础,分析了液压机械全功率换段过程变排量液压元件排量比调节规律。以某等差两段式液压机械为研究对象,建立了液压机械全功率换段过程变排量液压元件排量比调节模型,通过仿真分析和全功率换段过程试验,获得了换段过程液压回路压力从当前段到目标段随排量比变化的动态响应过程。结果表明,排量比变化量的仿真与试验结果基本一致,最大偏差为8.93%,验证了模型的正确性;排量比调节模型能够根据当前段状态参量和目标段压力预测出目标段排量值;阶跃排量比调节规律能有效缩短液压回路建压时间,建压时间为0.93 s,压力波动量较小,为0.64 MPa;按阶跃调节排量比至目标值,能在换段过程完成液压回路高低压侧压力平稳互换,换段前后输出转速几乎无波动、转矩连续传递。经增速机后的输出转矩为100和150N·m时,换段时间分别为1.00和1.10s,该转矩的最大波动量分别为6.80和6.84N·m,换段过程中功率连续且平稳传递。研究结果可为实现液压机械无级传动全功率换段控制及后续研究提供参考。     

风送喷雾雾滴粒径测量系统设计与影响因素试验

为方便测量不同喷雾条件下雾滴粒径大小,该文设计了喷头位置、喷雾角度、喷雾压力和风速大小等试验条件可精确调节的风送喷雾雾滴粒径测量系统。该系统喷头xyz三维空间位置调节范围分别为0～0.9、0～0.8和0～0.7m,调整精度为±0.04mm;喷雾角度调节范围为0～360°,调整精度为±0.005°;喷雾压力调节范围为0.2～0.5MPa,相对误差不大于1.5%;风速调节范围为0～15m/s,相对误差不大于4.17%。雾滴粒径风速影响特性试验表明,常用的3个粒径统计项D32、D43和DV0.5随风速增加而增大,其平均变化率分别为2.62、3.59和6.83μm·s/m,速度从3m/s增加到15m/s时,三者分别增加46%、26%和71%;雾滴粒径喷雾压力影响特性试验表明,D32、D43和DV0.5随压力增加而减小,其平均变化率分别为90.33、232.3和300.2μm/MPa,喷雾压力从0.2MPa增加到0.5MPa时,三者分别减小31%、36%和56%,表明风速和喷雾压力对雾滴粒径影响较大,在喷雾系统中进行风速和压力选择时需着重考虑其对粒径变化的影响。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.