脂肪酸优化对于哺乳母猪与乳仔猪的研究与应用（二）

3粉末脂肪在母猪的研究与应用 在母猪日粮中添加粉末脂肪对母猪具有重要意义。母猪在泌乳期对能量需求很高,在日粮中添加脂肪可有效的满足母猪泌乳需要,提高母猪泌乳量及采食量,增加乳中脂肪含量,为仔猪提供更多的能量,提高仔猪生产性能。由于母体可通过胎盘将部分脂肪转运至仔猪体内沉积,因此,妊娠后期母猪日粮中添加脂肪,还可使新生仔猪体内储存的脂肪增加、肝糖元提高,仔猪存活率提高。     

仔猪早期断奶好处多

仔猪早期断奶的目的在于缩短母猪的繁殖周期,提高母猪繁殖利用率,从而提高经济效益。实践证明,仔猪早期断奶有很多好处。(1)能增加母猪的产仔头数。通常仔猪60日龄断奶的母猪年产不足两胎(1.99胎),一个繁殖周期需183.25天;仔猪45日龄断奶的母猪年产超过两胎(2.17胎),一个繁殖周期需168天。若仔猪早期在30—35日龄断奶,其     

哺乳母猪的饲养管理

泌乳是母猪重要的生理功能,母乳中含有仔猪所需要的多种营养物质,它是仔猪出生后20日龄前最主要的营养来源。提高母猪的泌乳力,既能促进仔猪的生长发育,提高仔猪的哺乳率,又可避免母猪在哺乳期内减重过多,是饲养泌乳母猪的主要任务。     

哺乳母猪的饲养管理

泌乳是母猪重要的生理功能,母乳中含有仔猪所需要的多种营养物质,它是仔猪出生后20日龄前最主要的营养来源。提高母猪的泌乳力,既能促进仔猪的生长发育,提高仔猪     

酿酒酵母培养物对八眉黑猪母猪繁殖性能和仔猪生长性能的影响

本试验旨在研究酿酒酵母培养物对八眉黑猪母猪繁殖性能及仔猪生长性能的影响。选择健康状况良好、体况及预产期相近的八眉黑猪妊娠母猪20头,随机分成2个处理组,对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组(妊娠母猪、哺乳母猪、断奶仔猪)饲喂基础日粮+0.1%酿酒酵母培养物。试验期从母猪妊娠85 d开始至下次配种结束,仔猪从断奶前一周至70日龄结束。结果得出:日粮中添加0.1%酿酒酵母培养物能显著提高八眉黑猪断奶窝重和断奶均重(P0.05),分别提高了9.73 kg和0.49 kg;哺乳期显著提高了仔猪每头平均日增重23.05 g以及平均窝增重8.97 kg(P0.05);还能够缩短母猪非生产天数(P0.05)。总体来看,日粮中添加0.1%酿酒酵母培养物,可缩短母猪非生产天数,提高仔猪断奶窝重,增加断奶仔猪日增重。     

后备母猪初情日龄对母猪繁殖性能及哺乳仔猪生长性能的影响

为了探讨后备母猪不同初情日龄对母猪繁殖性能和哺乳仔猪生长性能的影响,试验采用单因子设计方法,将738头后备母猪按照初情日龄的早晚分为4个处理组(初情日龄200 d为Ⅰ组;200 d≤初情日龄220 d为Ⅱ组;220 d≤初情日龄≤240 d为Ⅲ组;初情日龄240 d为Ⅳ组),检测母猪第1胎、第2胎、第3胎及综合6胎的母猪产仔数、母猪产活仔数、仔猪初生均重、哺乳仔猪断奶均重、哺乳仔猪日均增重等指标。结果表明:(1)母猪头胎,Ⅱ组与Ⅰ组相比,母猪产活仔数、哺乳仔猪断奶均重、哺乳仔猪日均增重均显著提高(P0.05);(2)母猪第2胎,Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组与Ⅰ组、Ⅳ组相比,母猪产仔数、母猪产活仔数均显著提高(P0.05);(3)母猪第3胎,Ⅱ组与Ⅰ组、Ⅲ组、Ⅳ组相比,母猪产仔数、母猪产活仔数均显著提高(P0.05);(4)母猪综合6胎,Ⅱ组与Ⅰ组、Ⅲ组、Ⅳ组相比,母猪产仔数、母猪产活仔数、哺乳仔猪日均增重均显著提高(P0.05)。说明后备母猪初情日龄对母猪繁殖性能和哺乳仔猪生长性能存在显著影响,最佳初情日龄为200 d～220 d。     

提高母猪妊娠后期和哺乳期日粮能量浓度对其生产性能、仔猪活力和后代终生生长的影响(下)

人们对高产母猪的选育,导致每窝活产仔数显著增加,但是随之而来的仔猪活力和生长性能会因此降低。为了增强仔猪活力和提高生长性能,提高母猪哺乳期能量摄入越来越重要。研究旨在探索提高哺乳期母猪日粮能量(DE)浓度对母猪体重、背膘厚、乳成分及其后代仔猪活力和生长的影响。在妊娠108 d时将妊娠母猪(N=100;大白×长白)随机分配饲喂4种能量浓度日粮(消化能,DE,MJ/kg)直到再次配种:13.8(LL)、14.5(L)、15.2(H)、15.9(HH)。所有日粮均含有1.2%总赖氨酸。妊娠108 d和断奶(哺乳期第26天)时采集血样,哺乳期采集初乳(0 d)和常乳(14 d)。每天记录母猪哺乳期采食量。仔猪出生时记录每窝(总活)产仔数、仔猪初生重、宫内生长受限(IUGR)特征和肌张力。在出生时和出生后24 h记录仔猪鼓膜耳温(TEMP)。在后代猪第1、6、14、26、33、40、54、75和141日龄时称重。后代猪于断奶后(PW)饲喂标准谷物基础日粮。后代猪屠宰时(141日龄)记录胴体数据。HH母猪的哺乳期消化能摄入高于其他处理组(P0.01)。初乳和常乳成分以及哺乳期采食量不受日粮处理影响。各处理组间的每窝产仔猪数和仔猪初生重相近。与其他处理组相比,LL母猪的后代表现出更多的IUGR特征(P0.01),而HH母猪的后代表现出更好的肌张力(P0.01)。与HH母猪的后代仔猪相比,LL母猪(P0.01)和H母猪(P0.01)的后代具有更高的24 h TEMP。H母猪断奶仔猪数高于L母猪(P0.05)和HH母猪(P0.01),而L母猪断奶仔猪窝重低于H母猪(P0.05)和LL母猪(P0.05)。断奶后仔猪生长不受日粮各处理影响。高DE日粮提高母猪能量摄入水平,但并不抑制食欲。饲喂HH日粮提高了仔猪出生时肌张力,而饲喂H日粮提高每窝断奶仔猪数。此次研究观察到仔猪活力的其他特征和断奶前窝生长性能结果互相矛盾。     

提高母猪妊娠后期和哺乳期日粮能量浓度对其生产性能、仔猪活力和后代终生生长的影响(上)

人们对高产母猪的选育,导致每窝活产仔数显著增加,但是随之而来的仔猪活力和生长性能会因此降低。为了增强仔猪活力和提高生长性能,提高母猪哺乳期能量摄入越来越重要。研究旨在探索提高哺乳期母猪日粮能量(DE)浓度对母猪体重、背膘厚、乳成分及其后代仔猪活力和生长的影响。在妊娠108 d时将妊娠母猪(N=100;大白×长白)随机分配饲喂4种能量浓度日粮(消化能,DE,MJ/kg)直到再次配种:13.8(LL)、14.5(L)、15.2(H)、15.9(HH)。所有日粮均含有1.2%总赖氨酸。妊娠108 d和断奶(哺乳期第26天)时采集血样,哺乳期采集初乳(0 d)和常乳(14 d)。每天记录母猪哺乳期采食量。仔猪出生时记录每窝(总活)产仔数、仔猪初生重、宫内生长受限(IUGR)特征和肌张力。在出生时和出生后24 h记录仔猪鼓膜耳温(TEMP)。在后代猪第1、6、14、26、33、40、54、75和141日龄时称重。后代猪于断奶后(PW)饲喂标准谷物基础日粮。后代猪屠宰时(141日龄)记录胴体数据。HH母猪的哺乳期消化能摄入高于其他处理组(P0.01)。初乳和常乳成分以及哺乳期采食量不受日粮处理影响。各处理组间的每窝产仔猪数和仔猪初生重相近。与其他处理组相比,LL母猪的后代表现出更多的IUGR特征(P0.01),而HH母猪的后代表现出更好的肌张力(P0.01)。与HH母猪的后代仔猪相比,LL母猪(P0.01)和H母猪(P0.01)的后代具有更高的24 h TEMP。H母猪断奶仔猪数高于L母猪(P0.05)和HH母猪(P0.01),而L母猪断奶仔猪窝重低于H母猪(P0.05)和LL母猪(P0.05)。断奶后仔猪生长不受日粮各处理影响。高DE日粮提高母猪能量摄入水平,但并不抑制食欲。饲喂HH日粮提高了仔猪出生时肌张力,而饲喂H日粮提高每窝断奶仔猪数。此次研究观察到仔猪活力的其他特征和断奶前窝生长性能结果互相矛盾。     

复合有机铁对母猪繁殖性能和仔猪生长性能的影响

通过在怀孕后期和哺乳期母猪日粮中添加不同水平的硫酸亚铁和复合有机铁,以及肌注铁与否来考察复合有机铁对母猪繁殖性能和仔猪生长性能的影响。结果表明,与无机铁相比,母猪饲粮中添加复合有机铁可提高母猪产活仔率和断奶仔猪存活率,提高仔猪10日龄、21日龄体重;综合铁源、铁水平以及肌注补铁的效应,添加120 mg/kg复合有机铁,同时仔猪均辅以肌注补铁,可显著提高仔猪肌注7日龄和断奶时体重(P<0.05)。     

不同甜菜粕添加水平对哺乳母猪生产性能的影响

试验研究不同甜菜粕添加水平对哺乳母猪生产和仔猪生长性能的影响,旨在为哺乳母猪饲料中甜菜粕的开发利用提供数据支持。选取3到5胎健康PIC母猪48头,随机分为3组,每组16个重复,每个重复1头,分别饲喂甜菜粕添加水平为0%,5%,10%的3种试验日粮。结果表明哺乳母猪日粮中添加甜菜粕可以显著提高哺乳母猪平均日采食量(P0.05),10%水平组哺乳母猪平均日采食量显著优于对照组。仔猪生长性能及母猪日均泌乳量、平均日采食量、发情间隔各处理组间差异均不显著(P0.05),但10%水平组可获得较好的仔猪平均断奶重、仔猪断奶窝重、窝增重、仔猪平均日增重、母猪日均泌乳量、母猪平均日采食量、母猪断奶发情间隔。研究表明,在哺乳母猪日粮中添加10%甜菜粕可提高哺乳母猪平均日采食量,有利于缩短哺乳母猪断奶发情间隔和提高断奶后母猪发情率。     

Maternal behaviour and performance in first-parity outdoor sows

When sows and their litters are kept outdoors, much of the responsibility for the litter is shifted from the herdsman to the sow compared to when the sows are kept indoors. Therefore, the maternal ability, including maternal behaviour, is believed to be important in outdoor piglet production. The aim of this study was to describe maternal traits in conventionally bred first-parity sows kept outdoors. Nursing behaviour, sow activity, sow body reserves, litter size and piglet growth were studied in 40 first-parity sows during a seven week long lactation. The sows were kept in groups outdoors. Sow activity (lying down or active) and nursing behaviour (nursing frequency, nursing duration and nursing terminator) were recorded on videotapes at four days post partum (pp) and directly observed at four and six weeks pp. Cross suckling was observed at four and six weeks pp. Sows were weighed and measured for backfat depth five days before farrowing, two weeks pp and at weaning seven weeks pp. Piglets were weighed at four days pp, at two weeks pp and at weaning. We concluded that sow nursing behaviour and activity are individual characteristics repeatable within sows' late lactation. Less active sows are more available for suckling. Light and thin sows have an earlier and more progressed weaning process than heavier, fatter sows. A significant positive relation was found between sow appetite in early lactation and piglet growth until weaning. Sow nursing behaviour is not important for piglet growth when sows and piglets are held in groups, piglets have access to sow feed and piglets are weaned as late as at seven weeks of age.     

Oxytocin,prolactin and somatostatin in lactating sows: associations with mobilisation of body resources and maternal behaviour

The aim of the present study was to investigate how oxytocin, prolactin and somatostatin during nursings relate to maternal characteristics of sows. Undisturbed nursing behaviour and sow–piglet nasal contacts of 21 lactating sows were recorded on day 13 of lactation, and hormonal status was assessed during three successful nursings on day 14. Piglet and litter growth (days 8–15), sow weight loss (days 1–15) and catabolic state (measured as NEFA on day 7), as well as number of successful nursings on day 13 were used as measures of mobilisation of sow body resources. Nasal contacts and sow behaviour facilitating udder massage were used as measures of positive piglet-directed behaviours. Concentrations of oxytocin were higher, those of prolactin lower and those of somatostatin similar during nursings compared to samples taken 15 min after nursing. Oxytocin peaked during most nursings and prolactin increased gradually after nursings. Non-nursing oxytocin values were positively correlated with the proportion of sow-terminated nursings but not with other measures of piglet-directed behaviour. Non-nursing oxytocin concentrations were positively correlated with piglet weight gain and concentrations of oxytocin during nursings were correlated with NEFA and sow weight loss. Our results indicate that oxytocin might have more than merely an all-or-nothing function in triggering milk ejection. Oxytocin seems to be quantitatively related to efficiency of milk production, although the present study design does not allow for speculation on causal relationships.     

A field study of the associations between behaviors and reproductive performance in lactating sows

The present study examined factors associated with suckling, eating and postural behaviors (standing, lying and sitting) and the relationships between sow behaviors and reproductive performance. A commercial farrowing-to-finish farm with approximately 300 female pigs was visited eight times for 3 years to record sow behaviors using time-lapse video recorders for 24 hr. The lactational and postweaning reproductive performances of each sow were recorded using a recording software system. Statistical models were built to investigate the factors associated with each behavior. Regression analyses were performed to determine the associations between behavior measurements and adjusted 21-day litter weights (A21d-Wt), weaning-to-first-mating intervals (WMI) and occurrence of >or= 2 dead piglets during lactation. The means of suckling intervals and frequency of postural changes of the 145 recorded sows were 47.5 +/- 0.59 min and 86.8 +/- 2.97, respectively. As parity increased from 1 to >or= 4, the suckling interval and total standing duration increased (P<0.05). The number of nursing piglets and observation days 4 to 21 of lactation were not associated with the suckling intervals. A longer duration of lactation was associated with a longer total standing duration and a higher frequency of postural changes (P<0.05). Shorter suckling intervals were associated with heavier A21d-Wt (P<0.05). Each change in postural behavior increased the likelihood of occurrence of >or= 2 dead piglets during lactation (P<0.05). No postural or suckling behaviors were associated with WMI. Eating behavior was not associated with any reproductive performance. In conclusion, sow behaviors during lactation were related to lactational performance but were not related to postweaning reproductive performance.     

Management of lactating sows during heat stress: effects of water drip, snout coolers, floor type and a high energy-density diet

Two experiments using 120 sows were conducted to determine the effects during heat stress of two floor types, snout coolers or a water drip system, and a high energy-density diet. During both studies, air temperature was maintained at or above 29 degrees C. Floor types included partially slotted concrete and plastic-coated, expanded metal. In Exp. 1, in addition to floor-type treatments, snout coolers were on or off and the water drip was on for 3 min each 10 min or off. Snout coolers increased (P less than .05) sow feed intake and decreased (P less than .05) sow lactation weight loss. Water drip increased (P less than .002) sow feed intake and reduced lactation weight loss. The drip X floor-type interaction was significant for most measures of piglet performance. Drip was beneficial for piglet weights when piglets were on plastic, whereas drip was detrimental to piglet performance while they were housed on concrete. In Exp. 2, two floor types, drip or no-drip and a high energy-density diet or control diet were examined during heat stress. The high energy-density diet reduced (P less than .01) sow feed intake but provided no measurable increase in piglet performance during heat stress. We conclude that water drip is an effective cooling technique for heat-stressed sows, especially when floors are plastic. Snout coolers, partial concrete slots and high energy-density diets provided only minor benefits to heat-stressed sows and were not of benefit to piglets nursing heat-stressed sows.     

Effect of organic and inorganic selenium sources and levels on sow colostrum and milk selenium content

A study was conducted to evaluate the short-term effects of feeding two dietary Se sources at various Se levels on the transfer of Se to the dam's milk and nursing pig. Six dietary treatments were arranged in a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement with two additional treatments in a randomized complete block designed experiment. Inorganic (sodium selenite) or organic (Se-enriched yeast) Se sources were added to the diet at .15 or .30 ppm Se. A non-Se-fortified corn-soybean meal basal diet served as a negative control, and a sixth group was fed .15 ppm Se from both inorganic and organic Se sources. A total of 43 sows were fed their treatment diets at 2.2 kg/d from 6 d prepartum to parturition and at full feed through a 14-d lactation period. Ten sows were initially bled at 6 d prepartum, and three sows and three pigs from their litters were bled at 7 and 14 d postpartum. Serum was analyzed for its Se concentration and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity. Colostrum was collected within 12 h postpartum and milk at 7 and 14 d of lactation. When the basal diet was fed, sow serum GSH-Px activity declined from 6 d prepartum and remained low throughout lactation. When dietary Se levels increased, sow serum Se concentration and serum GSH-Px activity increased (P < .05) at both 7 and 14 d postpartum. The short-term feeding of either Se source at .15 or .30 ppm Se did not affect colostrum Se content when inorganic Se was fed, but it was increased when organic Se was provided. This resulted in a significant Se source x Se level interaction (P < .01). Milk Se at 7 and 14 d postpartum was 2.5 to 3 times higher when the organic Se source was provided and resulted in a significant Se source x Se level interaction (P < .05). When the combination of inorganic and organic Se was fed at .15 ppm Se, colostrum and milk Se contents were similar to those of sows fed .15 ppm Se from the organic Se source. Pig serum GSH-Px activity was not affected at 7 and 14 d of age by dietary Se level or Se source fed to the sow, but serum Se increased (P < .05) as dietary Se level increased, particularly when sows had been fed organic Se. The results demonstrated that organic Se increased milk Se content more than did inorganic Se and increased the nursing pig's serum Se. These results indicate that inorganic Se was more biologically available for sow serum GSH-Px activity, but organic Se was more effectively incorporated into milk.     

膨化菜籽对哺乳母猪生产性能的影响

为研究夏季热应激情况下使用全脂膨化菜籽配制哺乳母猪饲粮对其生产性能的影响,选择妊娠107 d不同胎次的长大母猪30头,采用随机区组设计分为3组,每组10头母猪,分别接受3种饲粮处理：即试验1组（5.63%膨化菜籽）、试验2组（9%膨化菜籽）、对照组（2%猪油＋5%膨化大豆）。结果表明,母猪哺乳期第18至第22天日采食量,试验1组和试验2组分别比对照组提高0.90和0.38 kg;哺乳期第18至第22天日采食量峰值,试验1组和试验2组分别比对照组提高0.64和0.23 kg;日采食量达到峰值后下降速度,试验1组和试验2组分别比对照组低50%和42.5%。试验1组、试验2组和对照组母猪失重率均较小,分别为3.10%、5.90%、4.63%;母猪断奶后1周内全部发情。哺乳仔猪窝增重,试验1组和试验2组分别比对照组提高0.65、0.75 kg。哺乳仔猪18日龄以前没有出现腹泻,19～22日龄出现轻微腹泻,且腹泻率很低。乳品质,试验1组和试验2组优于对照组;血液生理生化指标,3组均在正常范围内。说明使用全脂膨化菜籽配制的哺乳母猪饲粮适口性好,能显著增加热应激情况下哺乳母猪的采食量,改善乳品质,提高其生产性能,效果优于添加猪油＋膨化大豆的饲粮。     

Sow performance and maternal behaviour in organic and conventional herds

Abstract

The study evaluates the first three parities of 144 Swedish Landrace×Yorkshire sows from three certified organic and three conventional commercial piglet-producing herds. Sows and litters were weaned at seven and five weeks post partum (pp) in organic and conventional herds, respectively. Herdsmen judged sow behaviour and maternal ability at farrowing, two weeks pp and at weaning. Herdsmen collected registrations of litter size, litter weight and sow fat status at farrowing and at weaning. Piglet mortality and oestrous signs were registered continuously during the nursing period. Sows in organic herds were scored to be more cautious among piglets, and to have better nursing behaviour and maternal ability in early lactation than sows in conventional herds. Piglet mortality was higher in organic than in conventional herds. Oestrus during lactation was only observed among sows in organic herds, and sows showing oestrus during lactation were fatter at weaning.     

Effect of drinker type and sound stimuli on early-weaned pig performance and behavior

Early-weaned pigs appear to be highly motivated to engage in motor patterns associated with nursing, which is thought to lead to the development of abnormal ingestive behaviors. If performance of these behaviors is related to sucking motivation, then the normal stimuli associated with nursing should stimulate pigs to perform these abnormal behaviors, specifically belly nosing. The goal of this study was to determine whether belly nosing could be affected by sow nursing vocalizations and whether the style of the drinker device influenced early-weaned pig behavior. Over six trials, 352 Yorkshire pigs were weaned at 15 d and assigned to pens (n = 44) of eight pigs based on litter, weight, and sex. Four pens in each of two rooms were outfitted with either a water nipple drinker or a drinker bowl. Rooms either had recorded sow vocalizations broadcast at hourly intervals or no sound (control). Pig behaviors were videotaped in a sample of pens (n = 32) on d 0, 1, 2, 5, 9, 11, 13, 16, and 18 after weaning. On d 0 to 2, pigs were observed continuously for feeding and drinking behaviors. On d 5 to 18, pigs were observed by scan sampling every 5 min for time budgets. Pigs with drinker bowls had higher apparent feed intakes during the first 2 d after weaning (P = 0.024), whereas they spent less time engaged in drinking behavior (P = 0.001). This coincided with an overall lower water use (P = 0.001) than that of pigs with nipple drinkers. Pigs with bowl drinkers also spent less time belly nosing than those with access to a nipple drinker (P = 0.012). Pigs in the sow vocalization treatment tended to have a higher ADG (P = 0.075), whereas they spent less time performing feeding behavior (P = 0.064). However, there was no effect of sow nursing grunts on belly nosing. These results suggest that there is a complex relationship between feeding, drinking and sucking, and belly nosing is not controlled by the same external stimuli as sucking. Because drinker type and the motor patterns that it accommodates affect belly nosing, it may be that the internal stimuli associated with nursing, such as the actual act of sucking, play a large role in the development of abnormal oral-nasal behaviors.     

母猪母性行为及其遗传研究进展

家畜生产中,母性行为是一个非常重要的性状。母猪选择中都注重其产仔数的提高,在提高产仔数同时,还要求它们能够成功喂养所产后代,因此改善提高母猪母性行为性状对仔猪的成活及生长至关重要。母猪的母性行为性状主要是指对仔猪尖叫反应、恐惧行为、攻击行为、育幼行为等,这些性状一般部分地受遗传控制,故可选择提高母性行为性状以改善母猪性能。本文综述了母猪母性行为性状及其遗传研究进展,讨论了母性行为与仔猪成活率之间的关系以及在选择、生产、管理中的应用;并对母性行为遗传研究提出一些看法,以期对国内家畜行为遗传研究起到推动作用。     

The association between sow and piglet behavior

Sows in modern pig industry are often housed individually in farrowing crates a few days before farrowing until weaning. These farrowing crates limit movements of the sow and therefore also limit them in expressing their behavior. These limitations may lead to distress with the sow and can result in stereotypical behaviors. Because it is possible that the general behavior of the mother sow also influences her piglets, the hypothesis of the present study was that there is an association between the general behavior of sows and the behavior of their piglets. Our results showed that there was indeed an association between the postures and activities of sows and the behavior of their piglets, not only for nursing–suckling behavior. Results also indicated that piglets prefer resting when sows are resting. When sows were standing up, piglets were running around more. Although there were indications that piglets were more at ease when sows were bar biting compared with when they were sham chewing, a specific relationship between sow stereotypical behavior and piglet behavior could not be demonstrated in the present study. Though, it should be taken in mind that relatively low frequencies of stereotypical behaviors were observed. Furthermore, it could be that not only the prevalence of a specific stereotypical behavior is important but also a specific threshold of that specific behavior should be exceeded to induce effects on the suckling piglets. Alternatively piglets could coinduce stereotypical behavior of the mother sow.