番鸭细小病毒国内分离株主要结构蛋白基因的克隆和序列分析术

摘 根据国外已发表的番鸭细小病毒（MDPV）FM株基因组核苷酸序列设计1对引物，应用PCK技术扩增MDPVFS株的VP2-VP3蛋白基因片段。将扩增后的VP2-VP3结构蛋白基因克隆到T载体上，MDPVFS株基因大小为1764bp，编码528个氨基酸，对插入片段进行序列测定。结果表明，我国分离的MDPVFS株基因序列与国外发表序列的同源性为98．6％，与已发表的YZ株同源性为99．5％，可见番鸭细小病毒结构蛋白基因较保守。     

猪细小病毒Z株NS部分基因的扩增及序列分析

从猪细小病毒Z株提取基因组DNA，利用PCR扩增部分基因，并对该扩增片段进行测序与分析。结果表明，扩增的NS基因长330bp，编码109个氨基酸。氨基酸序列中含有猪细小病毒的重要保守序列。并有1个潜在的糖基化位点NFSN。Z株NS基因与其他猪细小病毒Kresse、NADL2-2、NADL2-1株的核苷酸同源性分别为99％、98％、98％，氨基酸同源性均为99％。     

鹅细小病毒H1株VP2基因的克隆和序列分析

参考GenBank发表的鹅细小病毒(GPV)B株全基因序列，设计并合成一对引物，采用PCR方法对国内鹅细小病毒分离株H1(GPV-H1)株的结构蛋白VP2基因进行扩增，将扩增产物与pMD18-T载体连接并测序。结果表明：H1株VP2的核苷酸序列全长1764bp，编码587个氨基酸，与GenBarrk发表的GPV-B株、GPV-SHM株、GPV-YG株、番鸭细小病毒(MDPV)FRANCE株、FM株的VP2相比，核苷酸同源率分别为98．6％、96．2％、93．2％、80．3％、80．0％，推导氨基酸序列同源率分别为98．3％、97．5％、96．1％、88．2％、87．4％。     

番鸭呼肠孤病毒σB和σNS基因克隆及序列分析

参考GenBank番鸭呼肠孤病毒(muscovy duck reovirus,DRV)σB和σNS基因序列设计合成引物,对番鸭呼肠孤病毒MW9710株σB和σNS基因进行RT-PCR扩增,并对PCR产物进行了克隆和测序。结果显示扩增产物分别为1154bp和1113 bp,与预期的目的片段大小一致。核苷酸序列经BLAST软件分析表明：番鸭呼肠孤病毒MW9710株σB基因与番鸭呼肠孤病毒法国89026株同源性为88．1%；氨基酸同源性为94．0%：σNS基因与法国89026株和89330株同源性分别为93．8%和93．1%；氨基酸同源性为95．9%和95．1%。而σB和σNS基因与禽呼肠孤病毒的同源性约为60%～80%。表明番鸭呼肠孤病毒是不同于禽呼肠孤病毒的独立基因群。     

H5N1亚型禽流感病毒新疆株NS基因的克隆和序列分析

根据已发表的H5N1禽流感病毒NS基因全序列设计了1对引物，对4株禽流感病毒新疆株的NS基因进行了RT—PCR扩增，并将其克隆到pMD18-T载体上，分别获得了全长为817、851、854、854bp的全基因序列。序列分析结果表明，新疆毒株间的核苷酸同源性为97．8％～98．9%，氨基酸同源性为96．5％～98．7％，与广东、香港和东南亚等不同地区的11个毒株比较，同源性为90．0％～99．4％；与来自野禽、猪等不同种类的11个流感毒株比较，同源性为81．4％～99．3％。系统进化树分析表明，新疆株独立分支。     

猪细小病毒YK株NS1基因的克隆与序列分析

提取猪细小病毒（PPV）YK株基因组DNA，利用PCR技术扩增得到了NS1基因全序列，将其克隆到pMD 18-T质粒载体并进行了序列测定和分析。结果表明，NS1基因全长1989bp，编码662个氨基酸。氨基酸序列中含有在PPV复制过程中起重要作用的保守基序GKRN，并有3个潜在的糖基化位点NISN、NFSN和NLTR。PPV YK株的NSl基因与其他PPV毒株NADL-2（4973）株、NADL-2（5075）株、NADL-2（5034）株和Kresse株相比，核苷酸同源性分别为98．3％、99．9％、99．9％和99．7％，氨基酸同源性分别为99．7％、99．7％、99．7％和97．7％。结果说明，NS1基因具有高度保守性。     

猫细小病毒NS部分基因的克隆及序列分析

将疫苗用猫细小病毒(FPV)株提取基因组DNA,针对NS特定片段设计引物,利用PCR扩增出了部分基因并将该基因克隆到pMD18-T Vector中测序.结果表明,该基因长613bp,编码204个氨基酸.分离株基因与犬的细小病毒(CPV)、貂的细小病毒(MEV)毒株核苷酸同源性均为99%.氨基酸同源性达到97%、98%以上,与犬、貂的肠炎病毒有密切的亲缘关系.     

鹅细小病毒主要结构蛋白VP3基因的克隆与序列分析

将GPV H2分离株接种于13日龄非免疫鸭胚，收集接毒后3－7日死亡鸭胚的尿囊液。纯化病毒，通过PCR技术，从病毒基因组DNA中扩增出病毒衣壳蛋白VP3完整基因片段，经酶切鉴定后直接与pMD 18-T质粒载体连接，转化感受态大肠杆菌TG1。提取重组质粒经PCR鉴定和酶切鉴定后，对插入片段进行序列测定及分析。结果表明；鹅细小病毒H1分离株VP3基因全长1605bp,编码534个氨基酸，与国外已发表的鹅细小病毒B株核苷酸序列同源性为98．5％，氨基酸序列同源性为98．3％，表明这二个毒株亲缘关系相近。     

番鸭细小病毒XX株VP2基因的克隆和序列分析

根据国内外已发表的番鸭细小病毒(MDPV)FM株和GD株基因序列,应用DNAstar分子生物学软件设计1对引物,应用PCR技术扩增MDPV XX株的结构蛋白基因VP2全基因片段。将扩增得到的VP2全基因克隆到PGEM-T easy载体上,经菌液PCR鉴定后的重组子进行序列测定。结果表明,MDPV XX株基因大小为1764bp,编码587个氨基酸,其基因序列与国内外发表的FM株、GD株核苷酸序列同源性分别为98.4%和99.8%,而与同属的小鹅瘟病毒B株核苷酸同源性仅为78.2%。可见编码番鸭细小病毒结构蛋白的VP2基因较保守,且和同属的小鹅瘟病毒明显不同,这也是该病毒目前只有一个血清型的分子基础。     

鹅细小病毒JLDA株主要结构蛋白VP3基因的克隆及序列分析比较

以分离得到的鹅细小病毒JLDA株基因组DNA为模扳,根据GPVB株的基因序列设计一对扩增GPV VP3基因的特异引物,利用PCR技术,从病毒基因组DNA中扩增出病毒衣壳蛋白VP3完整基因片段,与pMD18 T simple vector连接,转化到感受态大肠杆菌DH5α中,提取重组质粒经PCR鉴定后,对插入片段进行序列测定及分析。分析结果：JLDA病毒株的VP3基因全长1605bp,编码534个氨基酸。与国内外已经发表的鹅细小病毒Goose parvovirus virulent B strain,completegenome（vp3）、GDFSH株、QTH株、Gooseparvovirus capsid protein VP3 gene-YZ、SY株、GD-01株、SCH株和DY株的核苷酸、氨基酸序列同源性在90．90％～98．10％之间,表明这9个毒株之间同源性很高,有共同的保守序列,为开发新型基因疫苗提供依据。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …