用钾电极快速测定酸性及中性土壤中的速效性钾

自七十年代以来,离子选择性电极在工农业生产中日益得到广泛的应用^[1],在土壤研究中已用钾电极测定土壤溶液中的钾^[2];我们也曾用钾玻璃电极测定窑灰钾肥的含钾量和用1NHNO₃提取土壤的酸溶性钾,结果都比较满意^*。     

钾硅钙微孔矿物肥对褐潮土水稻生长及土壤性状的影响

盆栽试验设置不施肥、常规施肥、常规施肥+钾硅钙微孔矿物肥4 g·盆^-1、常规施肥+钾硅钙微孔矿物肥8 g·盆^-1、常规施肥+钾硅钙微孔矿物肥12 g·盆^-1 5 个处理, 研究了自主研制的钾硅钙微孔矿物肥对褐潮土水稻生长、产量及土壤理化性状的影响。结果表明: 与常规施肥相比, 加施钾硅钙微孔矿物肥后土壤容重降低0.04 g·cm^-3, 土壤孔隙度增加1.8%, 土壤有效硅、有效钾含量分别提高9.4~27.0 mg·kg^-1 和10.6~39.7mg·kg^-1, 土壤pH 提高0.1 个单位。在水稻生长方面, 加施矿物肥可提高叶片叶绿素含量, 旗叶面积最高增加4.8 cm², 有效穗数增加2.3~5.0 穗·盆^-1, 千粒重提高0.1~1.9 g, 水稻平均增产幅度达13.6%。加施钾硅钙微孔矿物肥后氮、磷、钾肥利用率分别提高0.6%~7.5%、0.1%~1.5%和8.5%~13.5%。基于产量分析, 褐潮土钾硅钙微孔矿物肥的最佳施用量为4 g·盆^-1(相当于450 kg·hm^-2)。     

白云母、绢云母和伊利石的释钾性能

云母矿物中的钾是土壤钾素的主要来源.研究云母的释钾过程,不仅对阐明云母的风化机理,钾在土壤中迁移与富集,钾循环等过程有重要意义,而且还可以指导利用这类含钾资源.云母中钾主要存在于其晶格中,部分可经风化或人工活化释放出来.土壤学中,把土壤或岩石经1mol/L中性醋酸溶液提取的部分称速效钾;经1mol/L硝酸溶液煮沸10分钟后提取的钾称缓效钾^[1].速效钾常以可溶性或吸附态存在,具极强的生物活性,能被植物直接利用;缓效钾可转化成速效钾^[2].因此,速效钾和缓效钾是评价土壤肥力的重要指标.云母风化是一结构破坏和钾释放的过程.许多学者对云母风化过程作过研究.     

我国东部花岗岩发育的红壤和黄壤的粘粒矿物组成及其演变

通过粘粒矿物的定量分析,研究了我国东部花岗岩发育的红壤和黄壤的粘粒矿物组成。赤红壤、红壤和黄红壤的粘粒(<2μm)中高岭石含量分别为54%、42%和35%,这与该土壤的年均气温之间有明显的正相关(r=0.998,n=3),然而这三个土壤粘粒的风化淋溶系数与年均气温呈良好的负相关(r=1.000,n=3)。黄壤与红壤的粘粒矿物组成有明显的差异,黄壤中含有较多的三水铝石和2:1型粘土矿物,而高岭石较少;红壤中三水铝石很少,在安徽的黄红壤中虽有不少非晶质氧化铝,但未见有三水铝石存在。     

南方酸化红壤钾素淋溶对施石灰的响应

为探究石灰施用的长期和短期效应对酸化红壤钾素的影响,依托始于1990年的国家红壤肥力与肥料效益监测长期定位试验,选取化肥氮磷配施(NP)、氮磷钾配施(NPK)、氮磷钾配施+半量秸秆还田(NPKS)及其增加常量石灰（NPL、NPKL、NPKSL）6个处理。室内土柱淋溶试验设置0 L、0.5 L、1 L和1.5 L石灰施用量,监测田间和淋溶后0 ~ 50 cm土层速效钾和缓效钾含量、pH及淋溶液中钾离子（K⁺）含量的变化。结果表明：1）施用石灰4年后,与NPKS、NPK、NP相比,各处理均增加了相应土层的缓效钾含量;NPKSL和NPL处理分别增加了0 ~ 40 cm和0~10 cm速效钾含量,增幅分别为2.06 % ~ 36.39 %和27.26 %。2）石灰施用量相同,各处理土壤累积K⁺淋溶量由大到小依次为NPKS处理、NPK处理和NP处理。施用石灰减少了NPKS和NPK处理淋溶液中累积K⁺含量,降幅为18.10 % ~ 57.70 %,且K⁺淋溶率也下降。3）施石灰提高了表层土壤pH;土壤中钾素盈余情况下,石灰当季施用量每增加1 000 kg·hm^-2,K⁺淋溶损失率降低11.7%;施用石灰和施肥是显著影响平均淋溶K⁺量和K⁺累积淋溶量的主效应。可见,施用石灰的短期和长期效应均能提高表层土壤pH;减少速效钾在剖面的运移,增加剖面下层缓效钾的含量;土壤淋溶K⁺量、累积K⁺淋溶量和K⁺淋溶率均随土壤中速效钾含量的增加而增加,随施用石灰而降低。合理的石灰用量能够有效降低酸化红壤K⁺淋溶损失风险。     

水稻的钾素吸收和外流与土壤钾、氮水平的关系

随着农业生产的发展,钾、氮配合施用已成为不少地区水稻高产的重要措施之一^[1-3],所以研究土壤中钾、氮比的变化就有一定的现实意义。但对这个问题,以往多看重于肥料的氮、钾比与作物产量关系的研究。从现有资料看,土壤中的氮钾相互之间对植物的吸收有着颉颃与促进的双重作用^[4,5],并且还存在着钾的外流现象^[6]。     

红壤侵蚀区不同地层背景马尾松林土壤理化特性及细菌多样性

[目的] 揭示土壤理化特性与细菌丰度之间的内在关系,为红壤侵蚀区马尾松林水土流失分区精准治理提供参考。[方法] 以福建省长汀县红壤侵蚀区马尾松林为研究对象,选择侏罗系中统漳平组中段(J₂Z²)、侏罗系中统漳平组下段(J₂Z¹)、侏罗纪燕山期早期侵入岩(γ₅^{2(3) c})、第四系全新统(Q_h)4种地层背景,分析测定不同地层背景马尾松林土壤理化特性和细菌群落组成及多样性。[结果] 不同地层背景马尾松林土壤理化指标整体表现为：J₂Z¹＞J₂Z²＞Q_h＞γ₅^{2(3) c};土壤养分含量各地层背景各有丰缺,J₂Z¹地层背景土壤有机质含量大于其他地层,Q_h地层背景氮含量大于其他地层,而γ₅^{2(3) c}地层背景磷和钾含量较高;4种地层背景土壤细菌差异操作分类单元(OTU)数目表现为：Q_h＞J₂Z²＞J₂Z¹＞γ₅^{2(3) c},分别占总OTU数目的21.62%,18.29%,16.79%,12.08%;细菌群落多样性表现为：J₂Z²＞Q_h＞γ₅^{2(3) c}＞J₂Z¹;J₂Z¹地层和Q_h地层土壤细菌多样性与土壤含水率和土壤pH值正相关,J₂Z²地层与土壤容重以及全磷含量正相关,γ₅^{2(3) c}地层与土壤钾含量和速效氮含量正相关。[结论] 红壤侵蚀区不同地层背景马尾松林土壤理化特性存在一定差异,在植被恢复过程中应考虑地层背景因素进行分区治理,细菌对不同地层背景土壤性质具有一定指示作用。     

高阳县农田土壤速效养分空间变异特征研究

土壤养分空间变异的研究对指导测土配方施肥具有重要意义。为了便于土壤养分的管理, 以河北省保定市高阳县为例, 应用地统计学和GIS相结合的方法, 研究了农田土壤速效氮、磷、钾含量的空间变异特征。结果表明: 土壤速效氮、磷、钾的含量范围分别为10.50~210.00 mg·kg^-1、1.02~197.75 mg·kg^-1和14.51~376.18 mg·kg^-1, 平均值分别为76.32 mg·kg^-1、22.28 mg·kg^-1和128.34 mg·kg^-1, 变异系数范围为36.11%~79.71%, 属于中等强度变异。速效氮、磷、钾的C0/(C0+C)值均介于25%~75%, 表现出中等强度的空间自相关, 空间变异是结构因素和随机因素共同作用的结果, 空间相关距离分别为43.96 km、1.05 km和51.94 km。通过插值误差的比较得出最优拟合模型, 速效氮、磷、钾最好的理论模型分别为球状模型、指数模型和球状模型, 趋势效应参数宜选取0阶。然后用普通克里格方法绘制了土壤速效氮、磷、钾的空间分布图, 速效氮含量绝大部分属低等水平, 无明显分布特征, 速效磷空间分布呈条带状, 速效钾空间分布呈条带状和岛状分布相结合的特点。     

施钾对不同肥力土壤玉米钾素吸收、分配及产量的影响

采用田间试验, 研究了吉林省高(榆树市)、低肥力(公主岭市)肥力条件下不同钾肥用量对玉米产量、钾素吸收和分配的影响。结果表明, 榆树试验点和公主岭试验点的最高产量施钾量分别为83.3 kg·hm^-2和113.9 kg·hm^-2, 最佳经济施钾量分别为75.1 kg·hm^-2和103.1 kg·hm^-2。公主岭低肥力试验点比榆树高肥力试验点的最高产量和最佳经济产量分别提高了3.70%和3.68%。施用钾肥可有效提高玉米干物质最大积累速率和钾素最大吸收速率, 并能提前干物质最大积累速率和钾素最大吸收速率出现的天数。当施钾量超过60 kg(K₂O)·hm^-2时, 公主岭低肥力试验点的干物质最大积累速率和钾素最大吸收速率均高于榆树高肥力试验点。适宜的钾肥用量有利于提高钾养分由营养体向籽粒的转运量、转运效率及籽粒养分比例, 榆树高肥力试验点籽粒养分比例低于公主岭低肥力试验点, 幅度为0.5%~1.7%。除施钾量60 kg(K₂O)·hm^-2处理外, 公主岭低肥力试验点的钾肥农学利用率、偏生产力和利用效率等指标均高于榆树高肥力试验点, 分别提高7.3~8.8 kg·kg^-1、4.4~8.3 kg·kg^-1、1.6%~6.2%。综合考虑提高玉米产量、效益及钾肥利用效率, 高肥力土壤适宜施钾量为75 kg·hm^-2, 低肥力土壤上适宜施钾量为103 kg·hm^-2。     

温度对土壤钾素容量和强度(Q/I)关系的影响

本文研究了温度对土壤钾素容量和强度(Q/I)关系的影响。在5,25和40℃三种温度下测定了新疆灰漠土、吉林暗棕壤和山东棕壤三种土壤样本的Q/I关系曲线。结果表明,随着温度的升高,土壤供钾能力增加,缓冲性能下降,供钾强度指标AR°值和供钾容量指标△K°值增加,表示土壤对钾的缓冲性能的PBC值减小。温度对AR°值的影响最为明显,当温度从5℃增加到40℃时,新疆灰漠土、吉林暗棕壤和山东棕壤的AR°值分别从0.0167,0.00074和0.0010增加到0.0348,0.0015和0.0014√mol·L^-1。     

土壤酶活性的总体在评价土壤肥力水平中的作用

土壤酶学的研究,从一开始便与土壤肥力的研究紧密地结合在一起.本世纪五十年代初,Hofmann^[5]提出了用土壤的酶活性作为衡量土壤的生物学活性和生产力的指标.其后,Lajudie与Pochon^[8]指出,根据土壤蛋白酶活性进行的分类,能较好地反映土壤的表观肥力.Moureaux^[9]在研究了许多土壤的转化酶活性后,也提出了类似的见解.     

SOIL CLASSIFICATION IN THE SOIL SURVEY OF ENGLAND AND WALES

The development of soil classification as a basis for soil mapping in England and Wales is briefly reviewed, and a system for future use is described. The things classified are soil profiles, and classes are defined by relatively permanent characteristics that can be observed or measured in the field, or inferred within limits from field examination by comparison with analysed samples. Profile classes are defined at four categorical levels by progressive division, and are termed major groups, groups, subgroups, and soil series respectively. Classes in the three higher categories are defined partly by the composition of the soil material and partly by the presence or absence of particular diagnostic horizons, or evidence of recent alluvial origin, within specified depths. Soil series are distinguished by other characteristics, chiefly lithologic, not differentiating in higher categories. Most of the soil groups, regarded as the principal category above the soil series, are closely paralleled in other European systems, in the U.S.D.A. system (7th Approximation with subsequent amendments), or in both. Compared with the system used hitherto, the main innovations are the use of specific soil properties to define classes at all categorical levels, and the separation at group level of classes based primarily on inherited lithologic characteristics. The soil-profile classification provides a uniform basis for identifying soil map units, considered as classes of delineated soil bodies. When a map unit is identified by the name of a profile class, it is implied that most of the soil in each delineation conforms to that class, and that unconforming inclusions belong to one or more closely related classes or occupy an insignificant proportionate area. Map units identified by land attributes not differentiating in the profile classification are termed phases.     

海南岛土壤粘粒矿物特征与土壤系统分类

研究了海南岛不同母质土壤的粘粒矿物特征:都含有较多的高岭石,其中玄武岩发育土壤粘粒中高岭石最多,但其结晶最差。片岩和紫色砂岩发育土壤含相当多的水云母,粘粒部分水云母含量高达40％～45％,石灰岩发育土壤水云母含量亦较高,达20％～37％,此类水云母属二八面体型的水化白云母。玄武岩和花岗岩发育的“湿润”土壤粘粒中针铁矿与赤铁矿的含量之比为（3～4）:1,而花岗岩发育的“常湿”土壤粘粒中只有针铁矿,不见赤铁矿存在,证明土壤中氧化铁矿物的类型是土壤湿润状况的反应,在中国土壤系统分类中可以用来区分“湿润”和“常湿”土壤的一个指标。     

贵州土壤的发生特性及分布规律

贵州省在云贵高原的东部,大地构造是滇桂台向斜和鄂黔台向斜的一部分.境内地形地貌复杂,山峦起伏,丘陵盆地,高山峡谷和宽谷盆地交错分布,具有显著的高原岩溶地貌特征.高原面呈阶梯状上升,海拔高度由600米左右逐渐升高到2300米左右.成土母质类型在山区以残积物和坡积残积物为主.     

THE USE OF CATHODOLUMINESCENCE IN THE IDENTIFICATION OF SOIL MINERALS

An apparatus, based on an optical microscope system, has been constructed for the subjective observation of cathodoluminescence, and the value of the technique has been determined for the examination of minerals and soils. The use of cathodoluminescence for the specific identification of minerals was found to be limited by the observation of different luminescent colours from the same minerals, and the same luminescent colour from different minerals. However, a sufficient variety of luminescent colours is believed to exist to allow the method to be used in conjunction with others for the identification of mineral grains. An examination of the trace element levels in a small group of mineral separates was found to be uninformative in trying to explain the variations in luminescent colours found.     

THE RATE OF SOIL SURVEY IN BRITAIN

Typical rates of soil survey (area, length of boundary and number of observations per day or hour) are presented for routine surveys on 1:25,000 and 1:10,560 base maps by the Soil Surveys of Scotland, and of England and Wales, in five areas. The distance a soil surveyor walks between observations sites each day is highly correlated with (Area surveyed x No. of observation sites).     

THE OCCURRENCE OF ETHYLENE IN ANAEROBIC SOIL

The production of ethylene and other hydrocarbon gases by soils under anaerobic conditions was measured by gas chromatography. Ethylene was the only hydrocarbon gas which occurred in physiologically significant concentrations; more than 20 ppm was found in several soils after 10 days at 20°C. These concentrations were considerably higher than those which were known to cause severe reductions in the extension of root axes of some plant species. Experiments with sterilized and unsterilized soil indicated that ethylene was produced by enzyme activity and not by chemical action. The gas was found in soil when the oxygen concentration fell below 2 per cent; total evolution was correlated with organic matter content, and was affected by drying and rewetting and by the growth of plant roots. The rate of production was increased by raising the temperature and by addition of glucose or peptone; high concentrations of nitrate depressed the rate, but sulphate and phosphate had little effect. It is concluded that ethylene may be a significant factor in causing injury to crop plants under waterlogged conditions and also in situations where anaerobic pockets occur within a mainly aerobic soil structure, provided that escape of the gas from the soil is impeded sufficiently to allow inhibitory concentrations to build up in the vicinity of plant roots.     

呼伦贝尔市大兴安岭东麓黑土区土壤侵蚀研究

利用卫星遥感资料结合全国耕地地力调查与质量评价项目的实施,在内蒙古呼伦贝尔市大兴安岭东麓低山丘陵黑土区进行了土壤侵蚀现状调查研究,摸清了该地区土壤侵蚀现状。结果表明,该地区国土面积的29.83%、耕地面积的55.94%已经产生了水土流失,年流失表土层总量达916.74万t,已对当地人民的生产生活产生了严重影响。     

河北曲周盐渍土区土壤元素特征

研究了地处华北冲积平原的曲周盐渍土区土壤元素全量 (ST)、1∶1浸出液(SE)和土壤溶液 (SS)中各元素的浓度范围和特征 ,及其与地下水中元素的联系。土壤元素全量主要与土壤质地 (反映了矿物组成 )有关 ,只有盐渍化严重的土壤 ,易溶性元素对其全量的增加有一定影响。元素在土壤溶液和 1∶1浸出液中的浓度差异受土壤水分状况的影响。各土层元素在SE中的含量占全量的百分率 ,其平均值和变异系数在一定程度上说明了该元素的可溶性和移动性。土壤—地下水系统中 1m和 2m土层的大部分元素在 1∶1浸出液中的浓度平均值与地下水矿化度和与地下水中相应元素的浓度值之间呈显著或极显著相关 ,无相关关系的元素 ,大多属迁移系数较小的元素。文中还以例说明了不同盐渍化程度土壤 1∶1浸出液中元素浓度垂直剖面特征 ,以及与地下水中相应元素浓度的联系。