杨桃SCoT标记PCR反应体系建立与验证

用单因素设计法对影响杨桃SCoT-PCR反应体系的主要因素Mg2+, dNTPs,引物, Taq DNA 聚合酶及DNA 模板浓度进行优化。结果表明,适于杨桃研究的SCoT-PCR最佳反应体系为：总体积为20μL的反应体系中,含2.5mmol/L Mg2+,0.3mmol/L dNTPs,30mg/L模板DNA,1.00μmol/L引物和0.4U Taq DNA聚合酶。用不同引物及杨桃DNA对该体系进行验证,扩增条带清晰,结果稳定可靠,证明该反应体系适用于杨桃SCoT-PCR扩增。     

豌豆ISSR-PCR反应体系的建立和优化

以豌豆(Pisum sativum L.)DNA为材料,对影响其ISSR-PCR反应体系中的5种主要因素(模板DNA量、引物浓度、dNTPs浓度、Taq酶量、退火温度)进行优化,最终确定了豌豆ISSR-PCR反应的最佳体系(20 μL)为:15 ng模板DNA, 0.15 mmol·L^-1dNTP, 0.5 μmol·L^-1ISSR引物, 1 U Taq DNA聚合酶,引物842号的最适退火温度为50℃。该体系的建立为今后利用ISSR技术进行豌豆属种质资源的遗传多样性分析、遗传图谱构建和基因定位奠定了技术基础。     

正交设计优化草地早熟禾SRAP-PCR反应体系及引物筛选

采用L9(34)正交试验设计方法,对草地早熟禾(Poa pratensis)基因组DNA SRAP PCR反应体系中的Taq DNA聚合酶、Mg2+、引物及dNTP四因素的用量进行优化,并比较不同模板DNA用量对扩增的影响,建立草地早熟禾SRAP PCR最佳反应体系,同时,利用该体系对SRAP引物进行筛选。结果表明,草地早熟禾SRAP PCR最佳反应体系为Taq DNA聚合酶1.0 U、Mg2+ 1.75 mmol·L-1、引物0.25 μmol·L-1、dNTP 220 μmol·L-1、40 ng模板DNA、2 μL 10×PCR buffer,总体积20 μL。运用该体系从100对SRAP引物中筛选出43对引物能够产生清晰稳定的扩增条带且多态性丰富。优化体系的建立及引物的筛选可为今后利用SRAP标记技术对草地早熟禾进行遗传多样性分析、图谱构建、种质资源鉴定奠定技术基础。     

钝裂银莲花ISSR—PCR反应体系优化

本研究以改良的CTAB法提取的甘肃合作钝裂银莲花（Anemone obtusiloba）基因组DNA为模板,通过正交和单因素试验,探讨引物浓度、聚合酶浓度、Mg2+浓度、dNTPs浓度和模板浓度对银莲花ISSR PCR扩增的影响。结果表明,钝裂银莲花ISSR PCR最佳反应体系：总体积20 μL,模板浓度20 ng,聚合酶2 U,Mg2+浓度2.5 mmol·L-1,dNTPs浓度0.3 mmol·L-1,引物浓度0.4 mmol·L-1,引物UBC807退火温度为51 ℃。     

鹰嘴豆ISSR反应体系的正交优化

鹰嘴豆(Cicer arietinum)ISSR反应体系的建立可以为鹰嘴豆种质资源遗传多样性分析、遗传图谱构建和基因定位提供理论依据和技术参考。本研究以CTAB法提取的鹰嘴豆DNA为模板,采用L₁₆(4⁵)正交设计直观分析法,对鹰嘴豆ISSR-PCR反应中的4个主要因素(Mg²⁺浓度,引物浓度,TaqDNA聚合酶浓度,dNTPs浓度)在4个水平上进行优化,并在最优ISSR-PCR反应体系的基础上对引物UBC826的最适退火温度进行筛选。结果表明:Mg²⁺和引物浓度对PCR扩增结果有显著影响,dNTPs和Taq酶的浓度变化对PCR扩增结果无显著影响。鹰嘴豆ISSR-PCR优化反应体系(25 μL)为:3 mmol·L^-1 Mg²⁺,0.2 mmol·L^-1 dNTP,0.24 μmol·L^-1引物,2 U Taq DNA聚合酶。UBC826最适退火温度为56℃。     

番石榴ISSR-PCR最适反应体系的建立与验证

为更好的将ISSR标记应用于番石榴种质研究,本研究以“维邦2号”番石榴DNA为筛选体系试验材料,采用单因子试验对ISSR反应中Mg2+浓度、dNTPs浓度、引物浓度、Taq酶浓度、DNA浓度进行了优化。实验结果表明,番石榴20µl最适反应体系为：2.0µl 10×Buffer,1.0mmol/L Mg2+,0.25mmol/L dNTPs,0.8mmol/L引物,0.2U Taq酶,10ng的DNA。利用该反应体系,选用引物UBC810对9份番石榴种质进行PCR反应,再选取“南宁本地番石榴实生2号”DNA作为模板对8条ISSR引物进行PCR反应,对所确立的扩增体系进行验证。结果显示扩增产物条带多态性丰富,且特异性强、重复性好,表明本研究所确定的反应体系适用于番石榴的ISSR分子标记。     

百脉根ISSR-PCR反应体系的建立与优化

运用L16(45)正交设计对百脉根ISSR反应的5个因素,即DNA模板浓度、dNTPs浓度、引物浓度、Mg2+浓度、TaqDNA聚合酶浓度在4个水平上进行优化实验,通过不同反应体系扩增效果比较,最终确定在20uL体系中各反应物的最适含量为:40ng模板DNA、2μL 10×PCR Buffer、0.15mmol/LdNTPs、0.75μmol/L ISSR引物、1.5mmol/L MgCl2、1UTaqDNA聚合酶。该体系的建立为今后利用ISSR技术进行百脉根属种质资源的遗传多样性分析奠定了技术基础。     

灰色家鸽ISSR反应体系的建立与优化

本研究旨在通过正交优化得出灰色家鸽的ISSR-PCR反应的最佳体系。以灰色家鸽为试验材料,使用引物ISSR807,采用正交优化方法对影响PCR反应的Mg²⁺、dNTPs、引物、Taq DNA聚合酶、模板进行了体系优化,同时对引物的最佳退火温度进行了选择,建立了适合灰色家鸽的ISSR-PCR分析的最佳体系。结果表明,灰色家鸽ISSR-PCR反应的最优体系为:25 μL总体积中包括10×PCR Buffer 2.5 μL, Mg²⁺ 2.6 mmol/L, dNTPs 0.2 mmol/L, 引物0.4 μmol/L,Taq DNA聚合酶0.5 U,DNA 模板1.2 ng/μL,最佳退火温度为56.2 ℃。通过对ISSR-PCR反应体系的优化,能为利用该技术进行灰色家鸽遗传多样性评价、不同种源鉴定及亲缘关系分析奠定基础。     

结缕草属植物ISSR-PCR反应体系研究

以SDS法提取的结缕草(Zoysia spp.)叶片DNA为模板,应用正交试验设计,从Mg²、dNTP、引物和DNA聚合酶并通过比较不同浓度的模板DNA对PCR扩增的影响,确立结缕草属植物ISSR-PCR反应的最佳体系。结果表明:各因素不同浓度对PCR反应结果有显著影响,正交设计可以用于ISSR反应体系建立,该方法建立的结缕草属植物ISSR-PCR优化反应体系为10X Buffer7、0 ng模板DNA、Mg²+2.0 mmol·L^-1、dNTP 150μmol·L^-1、Primer 0.3μmol·L^-1、Taq DNA聚合酶1.0 U,总体积20μL;经对11份结缕草属植物进行检验,证明该体系稳定可靠。该体系的建立可为今后利用ISSR标记技术进行结缕草属遗传多样性研究、种质资源鉴定和亲缘关系分析等提供依据。     

狗牙根SRAP-PCR反应体系优化及引物筛选

利用正交设计,从Mg2 、dNTP、引物浓度和DNA聚合酶4种因素3个水平以及不同的模板DNA浓度来优化狗牙根SRAP-PCR反应体系,并对引物进行了全面筛选。狗牙根SRAP-PCR优化反应体系结果为:2μL 10×buffer4、0 ng模板DNA、Mg2 1.25 mmol/Ld、NTP 260μmol/L、引物0.2μmol/L、Taq DNA聚合酶1.0 U,总体积20μL。运用该结果从90对引物中共筛选出扩增条带清晰、多态性丰富的SRAP引物34对。优化体系的建立及其引物的筛选为今后利用SRAP标记技术进行狗牙根遗传分析、图谱构建、基因定位与种质资源鉴定奠定了技术基础。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein