Numerical simulations of steady-state subsurface drainage with vertically decreasing hydraulic conductivity

Most subsurface drainage equations assume either homogeneous, two-layer or three-layer soil conditions. Finite difference simulations were performed to quantify the effect of gradually decreasing hydraulic conductivity on watertable depths for steady-state subsurface drainage. For vertically decreasing hydraulic conductivity, and for cases where drain spacing was based on effective hydraulic conductivity of the 0.5 to 2.0 m layer, mid-spacing watertable depth ranged from 0.282 to 0.900 m. The average value was 0.718 m, which is considerably shallower than the 0.9 m design value used for determining drain spacing. These higher watertables may have detrimental effects on crop yield, especially in arid areas where soil salinity is a problem. The importance of the difference between actual and design watertable depths was mostly related to the type of hydraulic conductivity decrease function, drain depth, and drainage rate. These differences are explained by the position of the drain within the soil profile and the effect of the spacing on the equivalent depth of flow. Using effective hydraulic conductivity of the 0.5 to 3.0 m layer for determining drain spacing reduced the error. For an effective hydraulic conductivity value of 0.3 m/d, the average watertable depth increased from 0.748 m for the 2.0 m auger hole to 0.829 m for the 3.0 m hole. The results presented can be used to estimate the error on watertable depth resulting from ignoring the vertical variations of hydraulic conductivity.     

红壤地区典型农田土壤饱和导水率及其影响因素研究

研究了湖南祁阳红壤地区旱地、水田的原状土和扰动土的饱和导水率,并分析了土壤的有机质含量、土壤质地、土壤容重等土壤基本性质对土壤饱和导水率的影响状况。结果表明:原状土的饱和导水率变化于44.8×10-4~1.94×10-4cm/s之间,扰动土的饱和导水率变化于2.59×10-4~1.09×10-4cm/s之间;同一水稻土剖面上的饱和导水率基本呈现由上向下逐渐减小的趋势,且原状土的饱和导水率普遍大于扰动土的饱和导水率。原状土和扰动土的饱和导水率与土壤的主要物理性质之间存在着一定的相关性。通过SPSS统计软件分析显示,土壤容重是影响饱和导水率的最主要因素,而其它如有机质含量和粘粒含量等因素也有着一定的影响。     

A method to predict changes in hydraulic conductivity caused by drainage plows and backfilling of trenches

A method was developed to predict the reduction in hydraulic conductivity around drainpipes due to the laying technique.For the trenchless technique the flow of soil around the body that is forced through the soil is assumed to be a sequence of steady state situations for which the stream lines are the sliding lines defined by Prandtl (1921). From the stream lines and an assumed displacement of the soil mass, a relation is derived between the deformation of the soil, the friction angle and the distance to the plow body.The relation between hydraulic conductivity and deformation was derived from cores placed in a triaxial apparatus. When the friction angle is known, the reduction in hydraulic conductivity can be determined.For the trenching technique, the change in dry bulk density due to settling of the backfill is derived from the relation between the change in density of loosened soils and the original density of the soil before loosening. Using a relation between density and hydraulic conductivity, the reduction in conductivity is obtained.The predicted hydraulic conductivity in the deformed zone caused by a drainage plow and that in backfilled trenches in a silt loam soil and a silty clay loam soil was compared with the hydraulic conductivity derived from measured drain discharges, heights of water table and known original hydraulic conductivities of the undisturbed soil.     

太湖地区主要水稻土的饱和导水率及其影响因素研究

主要研究了太湖地区3种主要水稻土(白土、黄泥土和乌栅土)的原状土和扰动土的饱和导水率,并分析了土壤的有机质含量、土壤质地、土壤容重、土壤团聚度、土壤结构系数等土壤基本性质对土壤饱和导水率的影响。结果表明:原状土的饱和导水率变化于5.16×10-4~11.62×10-4cm/s之间,扰动土饱和导水率变化于0.76×10-4~3.31×10-4cm/s之间;同一水稻土的剖面上的饱和导水率基本呈现由上向下逐渐减小的趋势,且原状土的饱和导水率普遍大于扰动土的饱和导水率。原状土和扰动土的饱和导水率均与土壤的各项主要物理性质之间都存在着一定的相关性。影响原状土饱和导水率的因素主要是土壤容重、团聚度、结构系数和有机质等,而不同类型的土壤饱和导水率之间相差较大。影响扰动土饱和导水率的因素除了容重、团聚度、结构系数和有机质外,还有土壤的质地(即粘粒含量)。为进一步探讨太湖地区土壤水分的合理利用与管理、环境的治理和农业的持续发展提供了参考的依据。     

In situ water transmission characteristics of a tropical soil under rice-based cropping systems

In soils under rice-based cropping systems in Asia water movement and distribution in the root zone of rice and dryland crops are important for efficient water management. Saturated hydraulic conductivities in the wetland soil profile were evaluated from measurements of hydraulic gradients and percolation rates in the field. The subsoil layer (15–60 cm) restricted percolation rate to a greater degree than the puddled top soil.Unsaturated hydraulic conductivities and soil water diffusivities in the soil profile under dryland conditions were obtained from simultaneous measurements of soil water content using the neutron moderation technique and the soil matric potential by tensiometers over time and soil depth. Soil matric potential versus hydraulic conductivity and soil water content versus soil water diffusivity relations of various soil depths were established. At equivalent soil matric potentials, the hydraulic conductivity of surface soil was greater than that of the subsoil layers. Soil water diffusivity at different depths responded similarly. The study describes a simple in situ technique to measure percolation rates in wetland rice fields and evaluation of water transmission properties of field soil profiles.     

降雨入渗补给量计算的数值模拟方

基于土壤水运动的物理过程，提出了降雨入渗补给地下水的计算模型。该模型以超渗产流和蓄满产流的混合产流模式计算地表产流量，以双层土壤蒸发模式和植物蒸散发机制计算蒸散发量，并在考虑大孔隙对土壤水运动影响的基础上，采用一维土壤水运动分层计算模型模拟土壤水运动。利用零通量面法确定非饱和土壤渗透系数、土壤水分率定模型其它参数。利用江苏徐州汉王水文试验站蒸渗仪实测资料对模型计算的入渗补给量进行了检验，结果表明，模型可以较好地模拟以土壤水运动为核心的水文过程及降雨入渗补给量。     

基于GPS与GE的土壤水力参数空间变异采样间距确定

为在土壤分析研究时,制定工作量少、试验设计经济合理,同时采样点具备代表性的野外采样方案,采用GPS与Google Earth相结合的方法,在陕西省泾惠渠灌区研究了土壤水力参数区域尺度的空间变异性,结果表明:土壤饱和含水率与饱和导水率在该区域尺度下属于中等变异,且两者均具有较强的空间依赖性;饱和含水率的最佳拟合模型为球形模型,土壤饱和导水率的最佳拟合模型为指数型;推荐两者的采样间距分别为2.38 km和7.14 km。     

地表滴灌条件下土壤湿润体运移量化表征

基于非饱和土壤水分运动的Richards方程,采用HYDRUS-2D/3D模拟软件对11种典型土质(美国制土壤质地分类系统)中滴灌湿润体的运动过程进行了数值模拟。结果表明,湿润体平均含水率的增量与滴灌流量正相关,与饱和导水率负相关;湿润体垂向迁移距离与滴头流量、饱和导水率和时间呈幂函数关系;湿润体径向迁移距离可用滴头流量、平均含水率的增量、垂向迁移距离和时间来定量表征。据此建立了描述不同土质中湿润体动态变化规律的经验公式,通过与数值模拟结果、文献试验数据等进行对比,表明此经验公式对不同土质中湿润体运移规律的预测效果较好,可为农业生产中地表滴灌设计提供简便实用的计算工具。     

农田地表径流氮素流失特性分析

为了了解不同的灌溉条件下水旱农田地表径流氮素流失特性,开展水旱作物节水与传统灌溉条件下农田地表径流氮素流失试验研究。结果表明,不同作物类型对氮素流失影响显著,旱地铵态氮质量浓度低于水田,而硝态氮则高于水田;灌溉方式对氮素流失有一定的影响,但并不显著。虽然节水灌溉农田地表径流氮素质量浓度较高,但由于排水总量大大减少,所以...     

西南喀斯特地区土壤饱和导水率及其影响因素研究

通过对西南喀斯特地区典型土壤的饱和导水率的分析,研究了喀斯特地区不同植被退化类型下土壤的饱和导水率及其影响因素。结果表明,西南喀斯特地区不同植被退化类型下土壤的饱和导水率存在着明显的差异,原状土表层饱和导水率在27.2×10-4~50.8×10-4cm/s之间,一般未经人为干扰的原始森林土壤饱和导水率>人为干扰形成的灌丛土壤>农业用地;在土壤剖面中自上而下饱和导水率明显降低;扰动土壤表层饱和导水率在0.27×10-4~1.53×10-4cm/s之间,明显低于原状土壤,仅为原状土壤的0.9%~3.0%。喀斯特地区影响土壤饱和导水率的主要因素有土壤容重、土壤孔隙度、土壤有机质含量、土壤质地等。主成分分析结果表明,影响原状土饱和导水率的主要因素为土壤质地和土壤孔性,而土壤孔性是影响扰动土壤导水率的主导因素。     

大孔隙对土壤比水容重及非饱和导水率影响的实验研究

以南京市栖霞区东阳镇的粉砂壤土为例,用土壤水分特征曲线(van Genuchten模型)拟合包含大孔隙原状土、不包含大孔隙扰动土的实测数据,得到了模型参数,进而得到比水容重和非饱和导水率与土壤含水量之间关系的表达式,在此基础上对比分析了原状土与扰动土水分运动参数之间的异同,并着重分析了土壤大孔隙对其影响。结果表明,受土壤大孔隙的影响,在同一含水量的情况下,扰动土的比水容重比原状土大1～2个数量级,并且随着吸力的增大,二者的差值逐渐减小;扰动土的非饱和导水率小于原状土,最大可相差2～3个数量级。     

土壤传递函数在计算土壤饱和导水率中的应用

以河南省封丘县为研究区域,应用7种土壤传递函数(Campbell、Cosby、Brakensiek、Wosten1997/1999、Saxton和Li的方法)分别对该地区不同深度土壤的饱和导水率值进行了模拟预测。通过与野外采样数据的统计分析比较,获得了适用于该地区各层次土壤饱和导水率的传递函数方程,分别选用Wosten1999和Li的方法建立了分层土壤饱和导水率分布图,为该地区的土壤水分运动模拟提供了基本土壤水文资料。     

黄淮海平原主要土壤水力参数的研究

通过对黄淮海平原 3种主要土壤饱和导水率的研究 ,结果表明 :3种土壤的饱和导水率在 5 .95×1 0 - 6 ～ 1 .0 8× 1 0 - 2 cm/ s之间变化 ,并随着土壤剖面深度的增加呈现出上土层高、中间土层低、底土层又升高的趋势 ;扰动土与原状土的饱和导水率差异较大 ,达到极显著水平 ;土壤容重、孔隙度、有机质含量、粘粒含量和全盐含量等均对土壤饱和导水率有一定的影响。原状土的饱和导水率能反映田间水分运动以及孔隙状况 ,对研究土壤水量平衡和水土保持有重要的意义。扰动土的饱和导水率在农业工程上有参考价值。     

基于自动监测径流场的秸秆覆盖坡耕地产流产沙过程

设计了一个可用于坡面侵蚀过程研究的自动监测径流场,该径流场主要由6个径流小区和1套模拟降雨装置组成。采用德国UGT径流测量装置,实现地表径流的自动采样和记录。用设计的径流场对秸秆覆盖坡耕地的产流产沙过程进行了研究,结果表明相对于裸露地表,秸秆覆盖能明显降低各径流小区的产流率和产沙率,延缓产流增加趋势,减少产沙总量达54.5%~63.8%。因此,增加坡耕地土壤表面的秸秆覆盖量可有效避免产流在短时间内急剧增加,并能减少对土表的冲刷作用。     

多孔介质水分运动的随机数值分析

采用van Genuchten-Mualem模型描述非饱和水力传导度和水分特征曲线,将模型中的3个参数作为随机场处理,联合运用Karhunen-Loeve展开和摄动方法,得到饱和非饱和水流的一个随机数值模型。应用该模型分析了介质随机参数的空间变异性对水头分布的影响,结果表明,水头标准差对介质参数的敏感程度由大到小依次为非饱和参数n、β、饱和水力传导度Ks,饱和带水头分布的变异性较非饱和带小。     

宁夏黄灌区灌淤土水力参数研究

对宁夏黄灌区灌淤土水力参数进行了较为系统的研究.研究结果表明,原状土与扰动土饱和导水率变化范围分别为10～100 cm/d和3～50 cm/d.原状土饱和导水率随土壤剖面变化规律与扰动土一致:随着土壤深度的增加,饱和导水率呈现高低往复变化.原状土和扰动土的饱和导水率受粘粒含量、密度、孔隙度影响较大,受有机质含量影响较小...     

The hydraulic effect of filter materials around gappy non-ideal field drains

The analyses of Widmoser and of Kirkham for flow into gappy non-ideal drain pipes with longitudinal slits and circumferential openings, respectively, were modified to take into account the hydraulic effect of filters when the boundary between filter material and soil is an equipotential surface. Upper and lower bounds were found for the effective drain radii of the drain pipes when surrounded by a cylindrical filter, by calculating the effective drain radii of the drain pipes with filter surrounds whose outer boundaries are the equipotential surfaces just contained within and without the outer cylindrical surface of the filter. The calculated bounds are close to each other for large filter thicknesses, but become further apart as the filter thickness is decreased. These calculated bounds for the effective radius were used to calculate, by the hodograph method, lower and upper bounds for the maximum water-table height for parallel lines of drain pipes installed in an infinitely deep soil. These show that the maximum water-table height in drained land is considerably lowered in the presence of a filter more permeable than the soil surrounding a gappy nonideal drain, and that a thin filter of high hydraulic conductivity relative to the soil is hydraulically more beneficial than a thicker filter of hydraulic conductivity only slightly more than that of the soil. An exact analysis, useful only for large filter thicknesses, is also given for the flow towards pipe drains with circumferential openings when surrounded by permeable material with hydraulic conductivity varying inversely with radial distance.     

Runoff estimation in southern Brazil based on Smith's modified model and the Curve Number method

The objective of this work was to measure and model the runoff for different soils classes at different rainfall intensities (30, 60 and 120 mm h⁻¹) in Southern Brazil. A portable rainfall simulator with multiple nozzles was used to simulate these rainfall intensities. For each soil, the initial time and runoff rate, rainfall characteristics (total, duration and intensities), surface slope, crop residue amount and cover percentage, soil densities (bulk and particle), soil porosity (bulk, macro and micro), textural fractions (clay, silt and sand), and the initial and saturated soil water content were measured. The runoff measured was compared to Smith's modified and Curve Number (USDA-SCS) models. The cumulative runoff losses were 67, 45 and 27% of the total rainfall, for a Rhodic Paleudalf, Typic Quartzipsamment and Rhodic Hapludox, respectively. An inverse relationship was observed between initial runoff and the runoff rate, independently of the soil surface and rainfall conditions. Increasing rainfall intensity decreased the time to runoff and increased runoff rate. The Smith's modified model overestimated the cumulative runoff by about 4%. The Smith's modified model presented a better estimate for both higher and lower rainfall intensities (120 and 30 mm h⁻¹). The SCS Curve Number model overestimated the cumulative runoff by about 34%. This large overestimate is probably due to that the model did not take into account the soil tillage system used in the field by farmers, particularly for irrigated conditions. The combination of high porosity, low bulk density and presence of crop residue on soil surface decreased runoff losses, independently of the soil texture class. Smith's modified model better estimated the surface runoff for soil with a high soil water content, and it was considered satisfactory for Southern Brazil runoff estimations. The SCS Curve Number model overestimated the cumulative runoff and its use needs adjustments particularly for no-tillage management system.     

Calculation of non-steady flow towards a drain in saturated-unsaturated soil by finite elements

The problem of two-dimensional non-steady flow of water towards a drain in saturated—unsaturated soil is solved by a Galerkin-type finite element approach. Special emphasis is placed upon the type of boundary conditions to be used at the circumference of the drain, the hydraulic conductivity of the soil and the discretization scheme of the finite element network. Numerical solutions are compared with the Thiem—Dupuit well formula and with hodograph solutions given by Van Deemter (1950) and Childs (1959).     

Opening floodgates in coastal floodplain drains: effects on tidal forcing and lateral transport of solutes in adjacent groundwater

The effects of opening tidal barriers (floodgates) upon water table levels and lateral transport of solutes adjacent drains was investigated at two sites on a coastal floodplain. The sites had contrasting geomorphology, soil texture and sediment hydraulic properties. The site with lower hydraulic conductivity (0.3–0.9 m day⁻¹) soils (Romiaka) also had a higher elevation and hydraulic gradients towards the drain. While floodgate opening at Romiaka enhanced the amplitude of pre-existing tidal interaction with adjacent shallow groundwater, altered hydraulic gradients and caused some salt seepage, lateral solute movement from the drain was highly attenuated (<10 m). The site with very high hydraulic conductivity soils (Shark Creek; >125 m day⁻¹) had a lower elevation and seasonally fluctuating hydraulic gradients. The introduction of a tidal pressure signal into the drain by opening the floodgate at Shark Creek caused tidal forcing of groundwater over 300 m from the drain. Floodgate opening at this site also caused changes in groundwater hydraulic gradients, leading to incursion of saline drain water into shallow groundwater over 80 m from the drain. Lateral movement of solutes was relatively rapid, due to macropore flow in oxidised acid sulfate soil horizons, and caused substantial changes to shallow groundwater chemical composition. Conversely, when groundwater hydraulic gradients were towards the drain at this site there was substantial lateral outflow of acid groundwater into drains. This study highlights the importance of assessing the hydraulic properties of soils next to drains on coastal floodplains prior to opening floodgates, particularly in acid sulfate soil backswamps, in order to prevent unintended saline intrusion into shallow groundwater.