Effects of tied ridges and mulch on barley (Hordeum vulgare) rainwater use efficiency and production in Northern Ethiopia

Two alternative in situ area rainwater conservation practices (tied ridging and mulching) were evaluated for four seasons (2004, 2007, 2008 and 2009) at an experimental station in Mekelle, Ethiopia. The objectives were to evaluate the performance of barley as influenced by mulch and tied ridge and to understand the relationships of rainfall and runoff on barley fields. About 16-30% of the seasonal rainfall resulted in runoff when barley was grown without water conservation, whereas the in situ conservation practices resulted in significantly low runoff. Tied ridging and mulching increased the soil water in the root zone by more than 13% when compared with the control. Consequently, grain yield and rainwater use efficiency increased significantly with tied ridging but not with mulching. Tied ridging increased the grain yield over the control at least by 44% during below average rainfall years. Neither mulching nor tied ridging were significantly different from the control when the seasonal rainfall was above average. Since rainfall is often unreliable, we recommend tied ridging as a water conservation technique for loams in the study area in order to mitigate the effect of drought stress in barley. However, tied ridges could be carefully opened when excess water is expected to cause waterlogging.     

雨型对东北典型黑土区顺坡垄作坡面土壤侵蚀的影响

基于人工模拟降雨试验,研究了雨型对东北黑土区顺坡垄作坡面土壤侵蚀的影响。根据典型黑土区侵蚀性降雨标准及雨型特征,试验设计了总降雨量相同(降雨量为87.5 mm)的5种不同雨型,即增强型(降雨过程中降雨强度分布为50-75-100-125 mm/h)、减弱型(降雨过程中降雨强度分布为125-100-75-50 mm/h)、峰值型(降雨过程中降雨强度分布为50-75-100-125-100-75-50 mm/h)、谷值型(降雨过程中降雨强度分布为100-75-50-75-100 mm/h)和均匀型(降雨过程中降雨强度保持75 mm/h不变),以及1个坡度(即顺坡垄作改横坡垄作的临界坡度5°)。结果表明,受前期预降雨的影响,各雨型处理的顺坡垄作坡面径流量差异较小,但坡面侵蚀量存在明显差异,其中峰值型雨型引起的坡面侵蚀量最大,分别是谷值型、减弱型、均匀型和增强型雨型处理下的1.20、1.63、1.78、1.80倍。引起侵蚀量较大的雨型(峰值型、谷值型和减弱型)在典型黑土区天然降雨中出现频次超过70%,这可能是该区夏季顺坡垄作坡面侵蚀作用强烈的重要原因之一。同一降雨强度在不同雨型中出现的时序不同,其产生的径流量和侵蚀量对总径流量和总侵蚀量的贡献率也不相同。除125 mm/h外,同一降雨强度出现在起始阶段产生的侵蚀量对坡面总侵蚀量的贡献率显著大于其出现在其他阶段对坡面总侵蚀量的贡献率。     

黑土区坡耕地几种耕作措施水土保持效益研究

我国东北黑土区作为全国水土流失重点区域,其坡耕地的水土流失问题早已备受关注。【目的】采取保护性耕作措施可以大大降低坡耕地的水土流失强度,起到保水保肥的作用。【方法】在10°坡径流小区上,对比分析了黑土区不同耕作措施对坡耕地坡面产流、土壤侵蚀以及土壤养分的影响。【结果】竹节垄Ⅱ与横坡耕作相比,产流起始时间延长38 min,单次降雨径流量减少57.1%,产沙量减少51.9%;0～20 cm土层土壤有机质、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾平均质量分数分别提高5.89%、11.48%、16.54%、21.75%。【结论】在相同降雨条件下,横坡耕作、竹节垄Ⅰ、竹节垄Ⅱ较顺坡耕作均有不同程度的减流减沙作用,竹节垄Ⅱ效果最为明显。     

Runoff estimation in southern Brazil based on Smith's modified model and the Curve Number method

The objective of this work was to measure and model the runoff for different soils classes at different rainfall intensities (30, 60 and 120 mm h⁻¹) in Southern Brazil. A portable rainfall simulator with multiple nozzles was used to simulate these rainfall intensities. For each soil, the initial time and runoff rate, rainfall characteristics (total, duration and intensities), surface slope, crop residue amount and cover percentage, soil densities (bulk and particle), soil porosity (bulk, macro and micro), textural fractions (clay, silt and sand), and the initial and saturated soil water content were measured. The runoff measured was compared to Smith's modified and Curve Number (USDA-SCS) models. The cumulative runoff losses were 67, 45 and 27% of the total rainfall, for a Rhodic Paleudalf, Typic Quartzipsamment and Rhodic Hapludox, respectively. An inverse relationship was observed between initial runoff and the runoff rate, independently of the soil surface and rainfall conditions. Increasing rainfall intensity decreased the time to runoff and increased runoff rate. The Smith's modified model overestimated the cumulative runoff by about 4%. The Smith's modified model presented a better estimate for both higher and lower rainfall intensities (120 and 30 mm h⁻¹). The SCS Curve Number model overestimated the cumulative runoff by about 34%. This large overestimate is probably due to that the model did not take into account the soil tillage system used in the field by farmers, particularly for irrigated conditions. The combination of high porosity, low bulk density and presence of crop residue on soil surface decreased runoff losses, independently of the soil texture class. Smith's modified model better estimated the surface runoff for soil with a high soil water content, and it was considered satisfactory for Southern Brazil runoff estimations. The SCS Curve Number model overestimated the cumulative runoff and its use needs adjustments particularly for no-tillage management system.     

Rainfall harvesting on slopes using contour furrows with plastic-covered transverse ridges for growing Caragana korshinskii in the semiarid region of China

A rainwater harvesting system on slopes using contour furrows with plastic-covered transverse ridges designed to be used in small rainfall dominated areas of the semiarid loess region of China has been tested from 2001 to 2004. The system consisted of constructing contour furrows on the loess slope at a distance of 5 m with plastic-covered transverse ridges built in the furrows between shrubs of Caragana korshinskii. There were three treatments in the study: (1) plastic-covered ridge with gravel-mulched furrows (T1), (2) plastic-covered ridge with bare furrows (T2), and (3) control (no ridge and no contour furrow) (T3).

The experimental results indicated that runoff from the natural loess slope was small and variable, and only produced from a few rainfall events with high intensity. Runoff efficiency averaged 13.8, 4.5, 1.4, and 0.4% in 2001, 2002, 2003, and 2004, respectively. However, the plastic-covered ridges accumulated runoff from most rainfall events, particularly from the light rains less than 5 mm. So the natural loess slope between the furrows and the plastic-covered ridges in the furrows can complement each other, i.e., the plastic-covered ridges induce runoff from small rainfall to the planted area, and the natural loess slope between the furrows concentrate runoff from heavy rainfall, thus improving rain use efficiency. The total runoff collected from both the natural loess slope and the plastic-covered ridges to the planted area in the furrows was 231, 143, 88, and 59 mm in 2001, 2002, 2003, and 2004, respectively. Soil moisture storage in the 200-cm deep soil layer was obviously higher for T1 and T2 than for T3, and C. korshinskii showed a significant improvement in growth for the T1 and T2 treatments. Therefore the combination of contour furrows and plastic-covered ridges as rainwater harvesting system may have a great potential development in the small rainfall dominated arid regions of China.     

Effects of sand column, furrow and supplemental irrigation on agricultural production in an arid environment

The effects of supplemental irrigation, sand columns and blocked furrows on soil water distribution and barley yield were studied on arid soils affected by surface crusts. The sand columns were 50 mm diameter, 600 mm deep, and filled with sand of 0.375 mm mean diameter. The blocked furrows were trenches about 250 mm deep, 300 mm wide, and 6 m long established perpendicular to the slope direction. Sand column and furrow treatments significantly increased soil water storage compared with natural or control treatments. Soil water storage significantly increased by about 210% and 230% near the center of the sand column and the furrow treatments, respectively, relative to the control treatment. For sand column treatments, soil water storage decreased linearly with distance from the center of the sand column to about 2.5 m, while for the furrow treatment soil water storage decreased logarithmically to a distance of about 1.0 m, beyond which the soil water storage was not significantly different from the natural or control treatments. The furrow and sand column treatments significantly increased the water application efficiency, seasonal consumptive use and barley grain and straw yields compared with natural and control treatments. Increasing furrow spacing increased the catchment area and consequently crop production per furrow, but decreased crop production per unit total (cultivated and catchment) area. Decreasing sand column spacing reduced surface runoff and increased soil water storage and consequently barley grain and straw yields. Supplemental irrigation is essential for grain production in limited rainfall areas. Soil management is also required to overcome the problems of the soil surface crusting and the low permeability of subsurface soil layers for maximum rainwater efficiency, and for optimal crop production with minimum supplemental irrigation water. Where agricultural land is not limited, furrowed soil surfaces appear to be the most suitable technique for barley grain production. Sand columns with sprinkler irrigation might be more suitable for growing barley as forage crop where agricultural land is limited. Received: 19 October 1998     

Micro-catchment water harvesting potential of an arid environment

Micro-catchment water harvesting (MCWH) requires development of small structures across mild land slopes, which capture overland flow and store it in soil profile for subsequent plant uses. Water availability to plants depends on the micro-catchment runoff yield and water storage capacity of both the plant basin and the soil profile in the plant root zone. This study assessed the MCWH potential of a Mediterranean arid environment by using runoff micro-catchment and soil water balance approaches. Average annual rainfall and evapotranspiration of the studied environment were estimated as 111 and 1671 mm, respectively. This environment hardly supports vegetation without supplementary water. During the study period, the annual rain was 158 mm in year 2004/2005, 45 mm in year 2005/2006 and 127 mm in year 2006/2007. About 5000 MCWH basins were developed for shrub raising on a land slope between 2 and 5% by using three different techniques. Runoff at the outlets of 26 micro-catchments with catchment areas between 13 and 50 m² was measured. Also the runoff was indirectly assessed for another 40 micro-catchments by using soil water balance in the micro-catchments and the plant basins. Results show that runoff yield varied between 5 and 187 m³ ha⁻¹ for various rainfall events. It was between 5 and 85% of the incidental rainfall with an average value of 30%. The rainfall threshold for runoff generation was estimated about 4 mm. Overall; the soil water balance approach predicted 38-57% less water than micro-catchment runoff approach. This difference was due to the reason that the micro-catchment runoff approach accounted for entire event runoff in the tanks; thus showed a maximum water harvesting potential of the micro-catchments. Soil water balance approach estimated water storage in soil profile and did not incorporate water losses through spillage from plant basins and deep percolation. Therefore, this method depicted water storage capacity of the plant basins and the root zone soil profile. The different between maximum water harvesting potential and soil-water storage capacity is surplus runoff that can be better utilized through appropriate MCWH planning.     

Agro-hydrological evaluation of on-farm rainwater storage systems for supplemental irrigation in Laikipia district,Kenya

Semi-arid agro-ecosystems are characterized by erratic rainfall and high evaporation rates leading to unreliable agricultural production. Total seasonal rainfall may be enough to sustain crop production, but its distribution and occurrence of intra-season dry spells (ISDS) and off-season dry spells (ODS) affect crop production. Rainwater harvesting (RWH) and management, especially on-farm storage ponds for supplemental irrigation offers an opportunity to mitigate the recurrent dry spells. Farm ponds are small runoff storage structures of capacities ranging from 30 to 100 m³ used mainly for supplemental irrigation of kitchen gardens, and sometimes for domestic and livestock water supply. The main objective of the study was to evaluate the hydrological and economic performance of farm ponds with the view of assessing their contributions to water and food security in semi-arid agro-systems of Kenya. Agro-hydrological evaluation of on-farm runoff storage systems entailed field survey, monitoring of water losses, analysis of rainy seasons and dry spell occurrence, soil moisture and water balance, estimation of supplemental irrigation requirement (SIR) and farm-level cost-benefit analysis of cabbage production using low-head drip irrigation system. Significant water losses through seepage and evaporation, which accounted on average for 30–50% of the stored runoff, is one of the factors that affect the adoption and up-scaling of on-farm water storage systems. Frequency analysis of rainfall revealed that there is 80% probability of occurrence of dry spells exceeding 10 and 12 days during the long rains and short rains, respectively. The occurrence of off-season (after rainfall cessation) dry spells was more pronounced than intra-seasonal (within the rainy season) dry spells. The length of intra-seasonal (10–15 days) was less than off-season dry spells (20–30 days). The occurrence of off-season dry spells coincides with the critical crop growth stage, in particular flowering and yield formation stages. A 50 m³ farm pond with a drip system irrigation system was found adequate to meet supplemental irrigation requirement for a kitchen garden of 300–600 m² planted with a 90 days growing period cabbages. The cost-benefit analysis showed that farm ponds are feasible solutions to persistent crop failures in semi-arid areas which dominant most countries in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA).     

Effects of rainfall harvesting and mulching technologies on water use efficiency and crop yield in the semi-arid Loess Plateau, China

In semi-arid areas, crop growth is greatly limited by water. Amount of available water in soil can be increased by surface mulching and other soil management practices. Field experiments were conducted in 2005 and 2006 at Gaolan, Gansu, China, to determine the influence of ridge and furrow rainfall harvesting system (RFRHS), surface mulching and supplementary irrigation (SI) in various combinations on rainwater harvesting, amount of moisture in soil, water use efficiency (WUE), biomass yield of sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolour L.) and seed yield of maize (Zea mays L.). In conventional fields without RFRHS, gravel-sand mulching produced higher biomass yield than plastic-mulching or straw-mulching. In plastic-mulched fields, an increasing amount of supplemental irrigation was needed to improve crop yield. There was no effect of RFRHS without plastic-covered ridge on rainwater harvesting when natural precipitation was less than 5 mm per event. This was due to little runoff of rainwater from frequent low precipitation showers, and most of the harvested rainwater gathered at the soil surface is lost to evaporation. In the RFRHS, crop yield and WUE were higher with plastic-covered ridges than bare ridges, and also higher with gravel-sand-mulched furrows than bare furrows in most cases, or straw-mulched furrows in some cases. This was most likely due to decreased evaporation with plastic or gravel-sand mulch. In the RFRHS with plastic-covered ridges and gravel-sand-mulched furrows, application of 30 mm supplemental irrigation produced the highest yield and WUE for sweet sorghum and maize in most cases. In conclusion, the findings suggested the integrated use of RFRHS, mulching and supplementary irrigation to improve rainwater availability for high sustainable crop yield. However, the high additional costs of supplemental irrigation and construction of RFRHS for rainwater harvesting need to be considered before using these practices on a commercial scale.     

均匀降雨条件下不同下垫面产汇流特性试验研究

雨水产汇流过程受地表状况、降雨强度、降雨历时、土壤前期含水量等多因素的影响,试验采用SBS(屋面防水材料)、不透水地砖(人行道铺设材料)及草地三种不同下垫面材料,进行了多场模拟降雨试验。试验结果表明,透水性差的下垫面（SBS、不透水地砖）,主要影响因素是雨强、历时,历时越长,雨强越大,径流系数越大。透水性较好的下垫面（草地）,土壤前期含水量是影响产流量的主要因素,试验同时表明草地覆盖率大于80%,径流系数显著减小。经对试验数据进行回归分析,建立了一定条件下降雨历时?径流系数,雨强?径流系数,流量?径流系数之间的函数模型。研究成果对城市雨水资源利用具有重要参考价值和实际指导意义。     

耕作方式和土层厚度深度对紫色土胶体迁移的影响

【目的】研究不同的田间管理措施对不同粒径土壤胶体迁移的影响。【方法】通过微区试验,设置不同耕作措施(平作、垄作、平作+完整秸秆覆盖、垄作+完整秸秆覆盖、平作+粉碎秸秆覆盖、垄作+粉碎秸秆覆盖),并在平作条件下设置不同紫色土土层厚度(20、40、60、80、100、120 cm)处理,研究不同措施对地表径流和壤中流中产流量、不同粒径范围(0.45~2、0.22~0.45μm、<0.22μm)胶体出流浓度和流出量的影响。【结果】①秸秆还田覆盖处理能够显著减少地表径流的产流量,但是会增加壤中流的产流量,特别是完整秸秆还田覆盖;平作条件下,壤中流产流量会随着土壤深度的增加而减少。②垄作或垄作+秸秆覆盖处理与平作处理相比能够显著降低地表径流和壤中流中大粒径范围胶体的出流质量浓度和流出量,而且对壤中流中<0.22μm粒径的胶体出流质量浓度和流出量降低程度也比较显著。③小粒径的胶体容易随地表径流迁移,而壤中流中粒径较大的胶体更加容易迁移,小粒径胶体颗粒随着紫色土土层厚度的增加出流质量浓度和流出量都会减少。【结论】对于不同耕作措施而言,垄作+粉碎秸秆覆盖处理对于减少地表径流和壤中流产流量,以及减少地表径流和壤中流中胶体的流出质量浓度和流出量都比较显著。对于不同紫色土土层厚度处理而言,土层深度越深胶体流出量越少,而且小粒径胶体比大粒径胶体更难从壤中流中流出。     

Soil water storage and surface runoff as influenced by irrigation method in arid soils with surface crust

The effects of irrigation methods, application rates and initial moisture content on soil water storage and surface runoff were studied in soils liable to surface crust formation during 1995–1996 at the University of Jordan Research Station near Al-Muwaqqar village. Four irrigation methods were tested (sprinkler, furrow, basin and trickle) and four application rates (6.2, 14.4, 24.4 and 28.4 mm/h). Two runs were performed (soil initially dry and soil initially wet). Basin irrigation provided the highest application efficiency followed by trickle, sprinkler and furrow irrigation methods. Entrapping water by the basin borders increased soil water storage by allowing more water to infiltrate through the surface crust. Decreasing the application rate from 28.4 to 6.2 mm/h increased soil water storage significantly in all 150 mm layers to a depth of 600 mm. If the soil was already wet, soil moisture storage decreased owing to siltation during the prewetting and formation of a surface crust and low soil water storage capacity. A sedimentary crust formed at the bottom of the furrows in the furrow irrigation treatment, which reduced soil water storage and increased surface runoff significantly owing to the reduction in infiltration. Increasing the application rate from 6.2 to 28.4 mm/h in the furrow surface irrigation treatment increased the runoff discharge 10-fold. Even with the lowest application rate the runoff coefficient under sprinkler irrigation was 20.3% indicating high susceptibility of Al-Muwaqqar soils to surface crust formation.     

Soluble potassium transport in agricultural runoff water

Potassium transport in runoff from three agricultural soils was investigated in laboratory and field experiments using a kinetic equation describing soil K desorption. In the laboratory, this equation was used to study the effect of rainfall intensity and soil slope, cover, and residue incorporation on the effective depth of interaction between surface soil and runoff (edi), an important parameter in the kinetic equation. Using simulated rainfall, edi increased linearly (from 1.6 to 22.0 mm) with an increase in rainfall intensity (50 to 160 mm h⁻¹) and soil slope (2 to 20%). edi was reduced an average 82% following incorporation of 5.0 t ha⁻¹ of wheat straw (Triticum aestivum L. sp.) and 44% by a 0.5-mm² mesh screen, simulating crop cover, compared to the control (4.5 mm). This reduction was attributed to a decreased turbulent mixing of water at the soil surface brought about by an increased physical protection of soil. For all soils and treatments, edi was logarithmically related to soil loss (r² = 0.80), allowing estimation of edi under variable rainfall intensity, soil slope, type, and cover conditions from measured or estimated soil loss. The values of edi, thus estimated were used in the kinetic equation to predict solution K transport in runoff from eight agricultural watersheds in Oklahoma, U.S.A. Measured and predicted mean annual flow-weighted concentrations of solution K were not significantly different and were strongly correlated (r² = 0.92). These results improve our capability to predict K transport in runoff under field conditions. These methods could also be applied to other agricultural chemicals transported in runoff and results used to improve management of soil and water.     

Quantifying risk for water harvesting under semi-arid conditions: Part II. Crop yield simulation

Risk assessment of maize yield was carried out using a crop growth model combined with a deterministic runoff model and a stochastic rainfall intensity model. These were compared with empirical models of daily rainfall–runoff processes. The combination of the deterministic runoff model and the stochastic rainfall intensity model gave more flexible performance than the empirical runoff model. Scenarios of crop simulation included production techniques (water harvesting, WH, and conventional total soil tillage, CT) and initial soil water content at planting (empty, half and full). The in-field water harvesting technique used in the simulation was a no-till type of mini-catchment with basin tillage and mulching. The lower the initial soil water content at planting, the greater the yield difference between the WH and CT production techniques. With the low initial soil water content at planting, the WH production technique had up to 50% higher yield compared to the CT production technique, clearly thus demonstrating the superiority of the WH production technique. Under all the variations in agronomic practices (planting date, plant population, cultivar type) tested, the WH had a lower risk than CT under these semi-arid climatic conditions (i.e., WH increased the probability of higher crop yields).     

Irrigation management in arid areas affected by surface crust

The effects of supplemental irrigation and irrigation practices on soil water storage and barley crop yield were studied for a crust-forming soil at the University of Jordan Research Station near Al-Muwaqqar village during the 1996/97 growing season. An amount of 0.0, 48.9, 73.3, 122.2 and 167 mm supplemental irrigation water were applied. The 48.9, 73.3 and 122.2 mm applications were applied through surface irrigation into furrows with blocked ends, and the 0.0 and 167 mm applications via sprinkler irrigation. The greatest water infiltration and subsequent soil storage was achieved with the 122.2 mm application followed by the 73.3 mm irrigation, both surface applied. Application efficiency (the fraction of applied water that infiltrated into the soil and stored in the 600 mm soil profile) and soil water storage associated with supplemental blocked furrow irrigation was significantly greater than with supplemental sprinkler irrigation. For arid zone soil, which has little or no structural stability, application of supplemental irrigation water via short, blocked-end furrows prevents runoff and increases the opportunity time for infiltration, thereby increasing the amount of applied water that is infiltrated into the soil and stored in the soil profile. Supplemental irrigation, applied by a low-rate sprinkler system, was not as effective because of the low infiltration rates that resulted from the development of a surface throttle due to dispersion of soil aggregates at the soil surface. The differences in stored water had a significant effect on grain and straw yields of barley. Without supplemental irrigation, barley grain and straw yields were zero in natural rainfall cultivation with a total rainfall of 136.5 mm. Barley yields in the control treatment, with a 167 mm supplemental sprinkler irrigation were low being 0.19 and 1.09 ton/ha of barley grain and straw, respectively. Supplemental irrigation through blocked-end furrows increased barley grain and straw yields significantly compared with supplemental sprinkler irrigation to a maximum of 0.59 and 1.8 ton/ha, respectively. The improvement coming from the increased water storage associated with furrows. Since irrigation water is very limited if available, farmers are encouraged to form such furrows for reducing runoff from rainfall thereby increasing the amount of water available for forage and field crop production.     

次降雨有效降雨量的影响因素及其估算模型

利用沧州市南皮生态农业试验站点2011—2013年不同土层深度的含水率及降雨量和降雨时间,结合由植株叶面积指数得到的不同生育期植株的截留容量,分析了最大容水量S和最大降雨强度二者与降雨有效性的相关关系,并在此基础上建立了次降雨有效降雨的估算模型。结果表明,土壤初始含水率与降雨有效性线性相关,且在不发生溢流情况下,可以用土壤最大容水量S作为是否考虑土壤初始含水率折减作用的分界点;另外,对于降雨强度I≥0.7 mm/min的降雨,降雨强度与降雨有效性相关性显著,并且随最大降雨强度的增大,降雨有效性逐渐减小;最后将运用传统模型和新估算模型计算的有效降雨量值与实测有效降雨量值验证对比,新模型比传统模型更加贴近实测有效降雨,并且降雨量较大时差别更加明显。     

生物结皮对土壤水气传输特性的影响

为研究生物结皮对土壤气体传输、水力传导特性的影响,在陕北水蚀风蚀交错区,以4种处理土样(无结皮、去结皮、3 a生结皮和7 a生结皮)为研究对象,进行土壤导气率、饱和导水率和入渗速率的测定分析.结果表明:在土壤吸湿和脱湿过程中,相同土壤含水率所对应的土壤导气率值不同,且脱湿过程的导气率值高于吸湿过程;生物结皮导致土壤导气率降低;由于生物结皮的存在,土壤总孔隙度和毛管孔隙度增加,在增强土壤持水性的同时降低了土壤的导水性;生物结皮生长年限越久,土壤水分入渗的能力显著降低;3种入渗模型中Horton模型的决定系数R²的值大于同处理下其他模型,该模型更适合于用来模拟该区域生物结皮覆盖下的土壤入渗特征.     

聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)对不同土壤坡地水分养分迁移过程的影响

采用室内人工降雨模拟试验,分析了小降雨强度下聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)对塿土和砂黄土坡面土壤水分养分迁移过程的影响。试验结果表明,与对照相比较,PAM处理降低坡地入渗速率,增大了地表径流量,砂黄土表现更显著,其径流系数提高了约113%;PAM对土壤硝态氮流失过程影响甚微,但对径流磷和钾的流失特征影响显著;施加PAM分别增加塿土坡地径流磷和径流钾流失量近55%和100%,分别提高了砂黄土坡地径流磷和径流钾流失量1.4倍和4.8倍。因此,水蚀环境不严重的黄土坡地,采用地表施加PAM方式来降低土壤养分流失的途径是不适宜的。     

基于自动监测径流场的秸秆覆盖坡耕地产流产沙过程

设计了一个可用于坡面侵蚀过程研究的自动监测径流场,该径流场主要由6个径流小区和1套模拟降雨装置组成。采用德国UGT径流测量装置,实现地表径流的自动采样和记录。用设计的径流场对秸秆覆盖坡耕地的产流产沙过程进行了研究,结果表明相对于裸露地表,秸秆覆盖能明显降低各径流小区的产流率和产沙率,延缓产流增加趋势,减少产沙总量达54.5%~63.8%。因此,增加坡耕地土壤表面的秸秆覆盖量可有效避免产流在短时间内急剧增加,并能减少对土表的冲刷作用。     

不同地表条件下土壤侵蚀的坡度效应

通过野外人工模拟降雨的方法，对不同地表条件下的径流和产沙的变化与坡度、降雨量、降雨强度等因素进行了相关分析，并在此基础上，就上述过程中的坡度效应进行了评价。结果表明，在相同降雨作用下，坡度对土壤侵蚀影响表现为：光滑地表大于中等粗糙地表大于粗糙地表；但在不同地表条件下，坡度与侵蚀和径流的相关性表现出不同。相对光滑地表，中等粗糙与粗糙的地表。在不同降雨作用下，径流量与侵蚀量，随坡度的变化，表现出不同的变化规律。且存在着一定的临界坡度。这一研究，为该区域坡耕地水土保持措施的配置提供了一定的理论依据，同时也可服务于黄土高原退耕还林（草）工程的实施。