21份偃麦草属牧草苗期耐盐性评价

对21份国外引进的野生偃麦草属种质材料在不同梯度NaCl胁迫下,通过存活率、株高、根茎比、生长胁迫指数和叶片伤害率的测定,利用主成分分析法和隶属函数法,综合评价其耐盐性.结果表明:随着盐浓度增大,偃麦草属材料除伤害率外,其它指标与对照相比均有所下降.根据综合评价值可知,其耐盐性由强到弱为ZXY03P-388,ZXY03P-349,ZXY03P-433,ZXY04P-210,ZXY04P-257,ZXY04P-77,ZXY03P-463,ZXY03P-480,ZXY04P-25,ZXY03P-368,ZXY03P-491,ZXY04P-176,ZXY04P-29,ZXY04P-490,ZXY04P-6,ZXY03P-444,ZXY04P-103,ZXY03P-318,ZXY03P-271,ZXY03P-289,ZXY04P-157.     

鸭茅种质资源对锈病的抗性评价及越夏情况的田间调查

鸭茅(Dactylis glomerata L.)是世界优良冷季型牧草之一,但在我国亚热带地区越夏率低、且容易感染锈病,影响其产草量和品质。从越夏率、抗锈病级数、以及抗锈病与越夏率相关性这3个方面对来自于世界五大洲的258份鸭茅种质资源进行评价。结果表明:越夏率为100%的材料有78份,抗锈病级别为高抗的种质材料有49份;其中越夏率为100%且抗锈病级别为高抗的种质材料有02122,00947,02-104,02-110,01824,PI325293,PI312450,I231471,PI308794,PI269885,ZXY06P-1633,ZXY06P-2199,casfellafa,woronowii,California共15份;鸭茅抗锈病与越夏率之间的相关性很低(r=0.09876,P=0.115)。筛选出的15份种质资源可作为重要的育种材料,也可在亚热带地区作为优秀品系直接种植。研究结果也可为鸭茅抗锈病、耐热新品种的选育提供理论依据。     

20份无芒雀麦种质材料苗期抗旱性综合评价及光合特性分析

在温室条件下,采用反复干旱法,对引进的20份无芒雀麦(Bromus inermis Leyss.)种质材料,以存活率、株高、绿叶数、地上生物量、地下生物量和根冠比6个指标的抗旱系数值,采用聚类分析法、标准差系数赋予权重法进行综合评价。结果表明:20份无芒雀麦苗期抗旱性划分成3个级别,其中抗旱性较强的有9份材料,抗旱性较弱有6份材料,抗旱性居中的有5份材料。20份无芒雀麦种质材料苗期抗旱性排序结果为ZXY06P-1621抗旱性最强,ZXY05P-1171最弱。不同抗旱级别种质材料的光合特性表现为:随着持续干旱胁迫延续,其光合速率(P_n)、蒸腾速率(T_r)和气孔导度(G_s)均呈下降趋势,复水后迅速上升;而CO₂浓度的变化趋势则呈相反变化趋势,且在整个胁迫过程中变化差异不显著。干旱胁迫下抗旱性强的材料能够保持较高的光合性能。     

鸭茅种子萌发对渗透胁迫响应与耐旱性评价

根据不同鸭茅(Dactylis glomerataL.)品种萌发期对干旱胁迫的响应,评价9份南方主推鸭茅种质材料抗旱性差异,为其耐旱胁迫人工调控提供依据.PEG(PEG-6000)模拟干旱胁迫条件,分别以5％,10％和13％(-0.1MPa,-0.2 MPa和-0.3 MPa)聚乙二醇溶液作渗透介质,采用人工气候箱内培养皿培养进行萌发期抗旱性研究,测定萌发抗旱指数、活力抗旱指数、相对发芽率、相对发芽势、相对胚芽长(干重)和相对胚根长(干重)6个指标,应用模糊隶属函数法进行耐旱性综合评价,并结合种子萌发期贮藏物质转运率与萌发抗旱指数相关性分析进行.结果表明:9个鸭茅材料耐旱隶属函数平均值范围为0.139～0.935.宝兴平均值最高,为0.935,其耐旱性最高,其次为02-116和斯巴达,平均值分别为0.883和0.824,而01998材料平均值最低,为0.139.胚根、胚芽在不同渗透胁迫条件下生长受到不同程度的抑制,贮藏物质转运效率降低,胚根、胚芽干重和贮藏物质与萌发抗旱指数相关性显著.13％PEG渗透溶液浓度胁迫处理8d可作为研究鸭茅萌芽期抗旱性鉴定的水分胁迫适宜浓度.因此,采用模糊隶属法进行鸭茅耐旱性的综合评价时,贮藏物质转运效率可作为萌芽期抗旱性鉴定的重要指标.     

39份无芒雀麦种质材料苗期抗旱性综合评价

在温室条件下,采用反复干旱法,通过对国外引进的39份无芒雀麦(Bromus inermis)种质材料苗期的存活率、株高、绿叶数、地上生物量、地下生物量、根冠比等指标的测定,进行苗期抗旱性的综合评价。结果表明,39份材料按照抗旱性能强弱划分为3个级别,抗旱性强的有16个材料,抗旱性中等的有16个材料,抗旱性弱的有7个材料,并用标准差系数赋予权重法求得综合评价D值,将各材料抗旱性能进行排序,其中ZXY05P-0854苗期抗旱性最强,ZXY05P-1135最弱。     

猫尾草属牧草苗期耐盐性评价

对16份引自俄罗斯的野生猫尾草属(Phleum pratense)材料,在0.3%,0.4%和0.5%NaCl胁迫下,通过株高、存活率、叶片伤害率的测定,采用隶属函数法和标准差系数赋予权重法进行耐盐性综合评价。结果表明:供试16份猫尾草属牧草在0.3%,0.4%和0.5%NaCl胁迫下存活率分别为30%~83%,13%~67%和7%~57%。根据耐盐性综合评价值(D)得出猫尾草耐盐性顺序,ZXY03P-465>ZXY03P-168>ZXY03P-149>ZXY03P-389>ZXY03P-117>ZXY03P-81>ZXY03P-240>ZXY03P-370>ZXY03P-290>ZXY03P-64>ZXY03P-17>ZXY03P-340>ZXY03P-135>ZXY03P-186>ZXY03P-419>ZXY03P-33。     

11份无芒雀麦苗期耐盐性评价

对11份引自俄罗斯的野生无芒雀麦(Bromus inermis Leyss.)材料,在0.3%、0.4%、0.5%NaCl胁迫下,通过存活率、总生物量、叶片伤害率、株高的测定,采用隶属函数法和标准差系数赋予权重法进行耐盐性综合评价。结果表明:供试11份无芒雀麦在0.3%、0.4%、0.5%NaCl胁迫下存活率分别为90%～100%,76.7%～96.7%,67.0%～96.7%;根据耐盐性综合评价值(D)得出供试材料耐盐性顺序为,ZXY04P-371>ZXY04P-255>ZXY04P-136>ZXY04P-188>ZXY04P-96>ZXY04P-503>ZXY04P-34>ZXY04P-322>ZXY04P-241>ZXY04P-46>ZXY04P-18。     

偃麦草属植物苗期耐盐性指标筛选及综合评价

对10份自国外引进的野生偃麦草属种质材料在不同梯度NaCl胁迫下,测定存活率、K /Na 、丙二醛含量、脯氨酸含量等12项指标,进行相关分析、主成分分析、隶属函数法和通径分析。结果表明,1)筛选出存活率、K /Na 、丙二醛含量、脯氨酸含量、生长胁迫指数、相对生长速度6个可以对偃麦草属植物耐盐性进行评价的指标;2)根据耐盐综合评价值(D)得出材料耐盐性排序为ZXY04P-6>ZXY04P-210>ZXY04P-29>ZXY04P-490>ZXY04P-176>ZXY04P-103>ZXY03P-271>ZXY04P-157>ZXY03P-444>ZXY03P-289;3)10个材料的耐盐性预测值(VP)与综合评价值(D)极显著相关。     

PEG胁迫下15份紫云英种质材料萌发期的抗旱性鉴定

以不同渗透势的PEG-6000溶液模拟干旱胁迫条件,对15份不同来源的紫云英(Astragalus sinicus)种质材料的萌发特性和抗旱能力进行了研究.结果表明:(1)低浓度的PEG胁迫对部分紫云英种质的种子萌发有一定的促进作用;(2)PEG胁迫加剧会导致紫云英种子的发芽率、萌发抗旱指数、活力指数下降,而胚根/胚芽比值上升;(3)PEG浓度达到20％时所有紫云英种质的种子均不能萌发;(4)运用模糊数学隶属函数法对15份紫云英种质材料进行综合评价,发现其抗旱性强弱顺序为,萍宁3号＞湘肥2号＞南京芦庄紫云英＞浙紫62-18＞常山紫云英＞兵库紫云英＞金沙紫云英＞南充紫云英＞78-7＞青浦紫云英＞73-129＞72-24＞清江紫云英＞78-18＞78-1-1.     

PEG模拟干旱胁迫下29份偃麦草种质种子萌发期抗旱性评价

以20%聚乙二醇溶液(PEG-6000)为渗透介质模拟干旱胁迫条件,对29份偃麦草种质资源进行了种子萌发期抗旱性评价。结果表明:PEG胁迫降低了偃麦草种质资源的发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数,抑制了胚芽和胚根的生长发育。以相对发芽率、相对胚根长、相对胚芽长、萌发抗旱指数、胁迫指数、相对发芽势及相对活力指数为依据,通过隶属函数法综合评价认为,29份偃麦草种质资源的抗旱性顺序依次为:E39E14E11E13E16E03E07E25E34E42E09E29E17E31E21E26E06E10E12E27E38E08E01E04E41E19E37E02E24。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein