黄河三角洲国家级自然保护区生态旅游资源分类及价值评价

山东黄河三角洲国家级自然保护区位于山东省东营市东北部的黄河入海口处,是以黄河口新生湿地生态系统和珍稀濒危鸟类为主要保护对象的湿地类型国家级自然保护区。在对黄河三角洲国家级自然保护区生态旅游资源进行详细调查的基础上,根据《自然保护区生态旅游规划技术规程》(GB/T 20416-2006),对黄河三角洲国家级自然保护区及周边生态旅游资源进行系统分类,并采用《旅游资源分类、调查与评价》(GB/T 18972-2017)对生态旅游资源进行定性和定量评价,总结该自然保护区的生态旅游资源特征,为黄河三角洲未来生态旅游的建设与发展奠定基础。     

洞庭湖湿地生态系统的保护与管理

为了维护洞庭湖湿地生态系统的自然平衡,使湿地生态系统和资源得到合理的利用与开发。本文阐述了洞庭湖区的湿地资源特征、自然保护区的情况,采用了SWOT分析法对加强洞庭湖湿地生态系统保护与管理进行了分析并针对洞庭湖区的湿地生态系统现状,提出了湿地生态系统保护与管理的建议。     

黄河三角洲原生湿地存在问题及保护对策

1　湿地资源概况黄河三角洲是我国的三大三角洲之一 ,是继长江三角洲、珠江三角洲开发之后待开发的重要区域。由于黄河携带大量泥沙填海造陆 ,黄河三角洲形成了大面积宝贵的原生湿地 ,总面积约 45 0 0ｋｍ2 ,其中2 0 0 0ｋｍ2 的潮上带湿地 ,10 0 0Ｋｍ2 潮间带湿地和15 0 0ｋｍ2 的潮下带湿地。 1992年 10月经国务院批准 ,在原生湿地最具代表性的区域设立了 15 30ｋｍ2 的自然保护区。黄河三角洲自然保护区是以保护黄河口新生湿地生态系统和珍稀濒危鸟类为主体的湿地类型保护区。经国内外著名专家认证 ,该保护区是中国暖湿带保存最完整、最…     

黄河三角洲自然保护区植被调查报告

黄河三角洲自然保护区植被调查报告赵延茂，吕卷章（山东黄河三角洲国家级自然保护区管理局）马克斌（东营市林业局）山东黄河三角洲国家级自然保护区（以下简称保护区）是一个新生的湿地生态系统。作为这一湿地生态系统基本而重要组成部分的植物资源，不仅可为鸟类提供食...     

黄河三角洲建立湿地生态补偿机制问题的探讨

湿地是重要的生态系统,其特殊的地位和作用受到越来越多的关注,建立湿地生态补偿制度将成为保护湿地的长效机制.本文以山东黄河三角洲国家级自然保护区为研究对象,概述了保护区基本情况和目前存在的主要问题,即工农业生产活动频繁,湿地退化严重,可持续发展能力较弱,保护管理水平有待提高.阐述了建立湿地生态补偿机制对保护湿地,持续利用湿地资源,充分实现公共资源的生态服务价值,达到可持续发展的必要性;并针对山东黄河三角洲国家级自然保护区的实际情况,提出建立相关法规条例,创建适合本地区的湿地生态补偿机制;同时强调加强监督管理和宣教工作,促进公众参与.     

加强黄河三角洲湿地保护 努力建成国际重要湿地保护的典范

黄河三角洲湿地是中国暖温带保存最完整、最广阔、最年轻的湿地生态系统,是东亚至澳大利亚、东北亚内陆和环西太平洋鸟类迁徙的重要中转站、越冬地和繁殖地。为了加强黄河三角洲湿地的保护,东营市人民政府于1990年12月批准建立黄河三角洲市级自然保护区;1991年11月被山东省政府批准为省级自然保护区;1992年10月被国务院批准为国家级自然保护区。     

湿地自然保护区调查技术与方法

本文介绍了当前湿地学科的体系框架、优先研究领域,着重概述了湿地自然保护区的相关调查技术,包括湿地自然状况、湿地野生动物资源、湿地植被和湿地周边状况利用保护调查技术等.     

加强黄河三角洲湿地保护努力建成国际重要湿地保护的典范

黄河三角洲湿地是中国暖温带保存最完整、最广阔、最年轻的湿地生态系统,是东亚至澳大利亚、东北亚内陆和环西太平洋鸟类迁徙的重要中转站、越冬地和繁殖地。为了加强黄河三角洲湿地的保护,东营市人民政府于1990年12月批准建立黄河三角洲市级自然保护区;1991年11月被山东省政府批准为省级自然保护区;1992年10月被国务院批准为国家级自然保护区。山东黄河三角洲国家级自然保护区位于山东省东营市境内的黄河入海口处,是以保护黄河口新生湿地生态系统和珍稀濒危鸟类为主体的湿地类型自然保护区,总面积15.3万公顷,其中核心区5.94万公顷,缓冲区1.12万公顷,实验区8.24万公顷。其区域分两部分：南部区域位于现行黄河入海口,面积10.45万公顷;北部区域位于1976年改道后的黄河故道入海口,面积4.85万公顷。     

黄河三角洲自然保护区原生湿地生态系统演化规律研究

黄河三角洲自然保护区是以保护黄河口新生湿地生态系统和珍稀濒危鸟类为主体的国家级自然保护区,自1992年10月经国务院批准建立以来,保护区加大科研力度,实行依法治区,加强湿地生态系统的恢复和重建,使这片新生湿地得到了有效保护,保护了这片新生湿地生态系统的典型性、完整性和科学性。但由于多年来油田在自然保护区实验区及毗邻区的开发,保护区的生态环境面临一定的负面影响,如不采取措施,长此下去,将会产生一系列生态和环境问题,使区域脆弱的生态环境更加脆弱。为了保护好这块国际重要湿地,多年来,我们加强了自然保护区生态环境演化监测…     

广德湿地保护分析与展望

通过对广德县湿地资源的调查、摸底、了解和分析,基本掌握了广德县湿地的生态环境、湿地资源类型、面积及自然分区,阐述了广德湿地自然保护区、湿地公园发展历程、发展现状、经验和问题,在分析广德县湿地资源及保护管理基本概况的基础上,对广德县湿地资源如何进一步加强保护管理拟定了短期、中期和长期目标,展望了广德县湿地资源保护和管理的美好前景,同时也为加大对广德县湿地资源保护和管理的力度,奠定和夯实了理论基础.     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.