Planck's Principle

Two views about the Darwinian revolution are tested: that nearly all scientists in Great Britain had been converted to a belief in the evolution of species within 10 years after the publication of the Origin of Species, and that younger scientists were converted much more rapidly than older scientists. Both views are shown to be less than accurate.     

Comparative medicine

Many scientists are conducting research on human diseases which cannot be transmitted readily to laboratory animals or duplicated in the laboratory. Information offered by animal disease models should be compiled and made available to these scientists through the publication of extensive lists of animal disease models and annotated bibliographies for specific conditions.     

14种农业科学刊物栏目设置情况调查

本文统计分析了 2 0 0 2年全国 14个农业科学刊物的栏目设置情况 ,论述了不同的农业科学刊物 ,栏目设置标准不同 ,载文重点、载文量不同 ,同一农业科学刊物的期目次与总目次的栏目设置不同。从而指出了各地区的农业科学刊物栏目设置不规范 ,有待进一步改进。     

The Matthew Effect in Science: The reward and communication systems of science are considered

This account of the Matthew effect is another small exercise in the psychosociological analysis of the workings of science as a social institution. The initial problem is transformed by a shift in theoretical perspective. As originally identified, the Matthew effect was construed in terms of enhancement of the position of already eminent scientists who are given disproportionate credit in cases of collaboration or of independent multiple discoveries. Its significance was thus confined to its implications for the reward system of science. By shifting the angle of vision, we note other possible kinds of consequences, this time for the communication system of science. The Matthew effect may serve to heighten the visibility of contributions to science by scientists of acknowledged standing and to reduce the visibility of contributions by authors who are less well known. We examine the psychosocial conditions and mechanisms underlying this effect and find a correlation between the redundancy function of multiple discoveries and the focalizing function of eminent men of science-a function which is reinforced by the great value these men place upon finding basic problems and by their self-assurance. This self-assurance, which is partly inherent, partly the result of experiences and associations in creative scientific environments, and partly a result of later social validation of their position, encourages them to search out risky but important problems and to highlight the results of their inquiry. A macrosocial version of the Matthew principle is apparently involved in those processes of social selection that currently lead to the concentration of scientific resources and talent (50).     

The Ortega Hypothesis: Citation analysis suggests that only a few scientists contribute to scientific progress

Let us consider, then, some general conclusions that may be drawn from the findings reported in this study. The data allow us to question the view stated by Ortega, Florey, and others that large numbers of average scientists contribute substantially to the advance of science through their research. It seems, rather, that a relatively small number of physicists produce work that becomes the base for future discoveries in physics. We have found that even papers of relatively minor significance have used to a disproportionate degree the work of the eminent scientists. Although the conclusions of this paper may be reasonably clear, the implications of these data for the structure of scientific activity, at least in physics, need careful consideration.     

光盘型电子出版物编目方法探讨

书目记录规范化、标准化是实现信息资源共享的前提。本文通过作者多年的工作实践,讨论了日前光盘型电子出版物的分类中存在的问题,分析了其CNMARC格式著录方法和特点,提出了针时光盘型电子出版物规范化的对策。     

电子出版物及其采集策略

电子出版物是信息技术在出版领域应用的新型产物，它的出现改变了传统纸张发行的模式，给图书馆工作带来了深远的影响，在一定程度上，图书馆是否收集并提供电子出版物，成为衡量图书馆现代化水平的重要标志。本文对电子出版物的采集策略及其应注意的问题进行了较深入的探讨。     

Neuroscience. A ruckus over releasing images of the human brain

A plan to have scientists deposit functional magnetic resonance images of the brain in a public center at Dartmouth College as a condition of publication has drawn a flurry of objections. Brain scientists warn that if the project goes forward as planned, it could compromise the privacy of research subjects, get tangled up in technical knots, and rob authors of the credit they deserve. A new task force is attempting to elicit a consensus and draft a set of data-sharing guidelines supported by the entire field.     

Bibliography: Farmer knowledge and management of crop disease

Nearly all contemporary people subsist on cultivated plants, most of which are vulnerable to diseases. Yet, there have been few studies of what traditional people know – and do not know – about crop disease. Agricultural scientists in general are becoming aware of the potential contribution of social scientists and farmers in developing integrated management of crop diseases. The International Potato Center (CIP) has focused on stimulating farmer-scientist collaboration in developing management of late blight, a major fungal disease of potatoes and other plants. Understanding farmers' knowledge of this and other plant diseases is an important element in furthering such collaboration. Although not all agricultural scientists recognize the value of social science, this literature search shows that some agricultural scientists now actively collaborate with farmers, in ways that cross the boundary into social science research. During this search, much of the work we found was written by plant pathologists and entomologists. We found over fifty publications on farmer knowledge of crop disease, and we have annotated the material that we thought most relevant to farmer- scientist collaboration for research of crop diseases, especially late blight.     

农业科技论文编写规范

科技论文是科学研究成果理论性的文字总结。一篇好的科技论文应当是主题鲜明,重点突出;论证严密,前后贯通;语言精炼,表达准确;符合现代出版物对科技论文在标准化、规范化方面的各种要求。编辑工作实践发现,科技人员所撰写的论文,或多或少存在这样那样的问题,比如:题名不准确、不醒目,或过于冗长,或过于简短;摘要过于简单,或过于繁琐;正文结构混乱,层次不清,观点不明,语病百出;图表堆积,读者无文可读;数字用法不一致;计量单位不符合法定要求;汉字书写不规范,标点符号用法不恰当;参考文献标注方法和著录格式混乱等等。为了能给科技人员在撰写论文时提供参考,仅就农业科技论文编写过程中的一些规范化问题进行介绍。     

2000～2007年广西农业科学院科技论文统计分析

以《广西农业科学院年报》记录的科技论文为统计源,对2000～2007年该院公开发表的1769篇科技论文进行统计分析。结果显示,2000—2007年广西农业科学院发表的科技论文量呈逐年增加的趋势,其中植物保护研究所等8个单位发表的论文量占总发文量的82．03％,核心期刊发文量占总发文量的23．29％,全英文论文发文量占总发文量的5．14％;核心作者以研究员、副研究员居多,是该院各研究领域的学科带头人和科学研究的中坚力量;广西编辑出版的科技期刊是该院科技人员主要的投稿刊物。表明8年间广西农业科学院的科研工作成效显著,科技人员的业务素质和学术水平得到较大的提升,全院的科研综合实力明显增强。今后应进一步完善激励机制,注重不同层次人才的培养,以促进全院科研管理和学科建设的跨越式发展。     

浅析多媒体数据库与音像出版物协调采访

多媒体数据库这一新的资源类型出现后,对传统的音像出版物造成了一定的冲击,但在相当长一段时间内还无法替代音像出版物。在对比多媒体数据库和音像出版物这两种载体资源特点的基础上,论述了二者协调采访的必要性和可行性,并结合国家图书馆在协调采访方面的探索和成效,从馆情、技术条件、用户、人才等方面提出图书馆多媒体数据库与音像出版物协调采访的策略。     

从《生活》周刊到《全民抗战》--纪念伟大的编辑出版家邹韬奋诞辰110年

邹韬奋是我国现代史上伟大的爱国者和编辑出版家,他把一生都贡献给了编辑出版事业和民族解放运动,他的独到的编辑思想及编辑理论至今还具有一定指导作用,从他创办的《生活》等刊物中可以探寻邹韬奋先生光辉的编辑之路。     

音像制品出版数量变化对图书馆音像资源建设的影响

对2005年-2010年音像制品出版数量统计分析表明:录音制品和录像制品年出版数量和年新出版数量已呈现明显下降;CD、VCD等载体出版数量下降,DVD-A、DVD-V等新载体出版数量上升;DVD-A中教育、语言等学科以及DVD-V中社会科学、教育、综合、音乐舞蹈等学科的出版量都在增加。这些变化对图书馆音像资源建设产生了影响,建议图书馆应根据需求变化及时修改音像资料采购细则,加大采购力度,形成重点及特色馆藏,优化馆藏建设,加强音像资料数据库建设,拓展采购渠道和采购方式,尝试建立音像资料采访馆员等。     

基于Web of Science的微藻生物柴油文献计量分析

通过检索ISI Web of Science网络数据库在1991～2011年期间发表与微藻生物柴油相关的文献,借助文献计量学研究方法,从文献类型和出版物语言、年份分布情况、学科和期刊分布、国家/地区分布及研究机构分布等多方面分析微藻生物柴油的研究进展。     

PLANETARY SCIENCE: Making a Splash With a Hint of Mars Water

A wave of chatter about water and therefore possible life on Mars swept a paper at Science into headline news a week before its scheduled publication. The paper, on page 2330 of this issue, features high-resolution pictures of muddy-looking gullies on the sides of martian craters, suggesting the prospect of liquid water on, or at least near, the surface of the planet. But a number of skeptical planetary scientists are already coming up with alternative explanations for the rivulet-ridden piles of debris that exclude stores of liquid water and therefore readily accessible life.     

EARTH SCIENCE: Did Volcanoes Drive Ancient Extinctions?

With the publication in recent weeks of two papers on a mass extinction 183 million years ago, researchers can add five suggestive cases to the list of extinctions with known causes. These extinctions coincide with massive outpourings of lava, accompanied by signs that global warming threw the ocean-atmosphere system out of whack. Although no one can yet pin any of these mass extinctions with certainty on the volcanic eruptions, scientists say it's unlikely that they're all coincidences.     

Geophysicists in moscow: signs of easier relations

Science editor Philip H. Abelson attended the 15th general assembly of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics in Moscow on 1 through 14 August. There he served as principal U.S. delegate to the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior. In preparing the following notes for publication, he checked his own impressions extensively against those of American scientists who participated in other sections of the meeting, and against the impressions of those who visited scientific institutions in the Moscow region.