乳、仔猪优化料试验研究报告

选择约梅、约长优质杂交仔猪42窝440头,随机分成2组,分别喂优化乳、仔猪料及正大乳、仔猪料进行对比试验.结果表明试验组哺育率、保育率及育成率均较高,依序是96.60%、99.48%、96.12%,分别优于对照组2.3、0.36及2.66个百分点;60日龄窝重,试验组为(137.5±17.4)kg,对照组为(139.3±17.9)kg,(P＞0.05)差异不显著;饲料报酬以试验组为好,35、60日龄分别比对照组节省3.60%和0.68%;窝均盈利901.62元/窝,比对照组提高0.87%.     

巧克力粉在产房哺乳料中的应用

正为提高夏季产房母猪的采食量及提高母猪的繁殖性能,本试验选用200头左右的产房母猪随机分为两组,试验组在常规哺乳料中添加巧克力粉50kg/t,对照组饲喂常规哺乳料。试验结果表明:试验组母猪总采食量比对照组高10.5kg,25日龄断奶重高0.36kg,仔猪存活率高2.26%,正品率高2.16%,窝均合格仔猪数高0.74头,断奶母猪     

大河乌猪母猪繁殖性能比较研究

试验观察研究了大河乌猪纯繁(DW)、长白与大河乌猪杂交母猪(LDW),长白与大约克杂交母猪(LY)3个品种(组合)的繁殖性能。结果显示,大河乌猪(DW)母猪分娩率90.63%,分别比长大乌(LDW)和长大(LY)高1.16个百分点(P0.05)和5.12个百分点(P0.01);DW母猪窝均产仔数11.05头,与LDW和LY相比,差异不显著(P0.05);DW母猪仔猪28日龄断奶窝重64.79 kg,分别比LDW和LY低11.51 kg(P0.01)和16.15 kg(P0.01);DW初生仔猪头均落地成本73.92元,仔猪断奶头均成本为158.77元,70日龄出栏头均成本322.26元,均较Y×LDW和D×LY低;保育仔猪出栏每千克成本以Y×LDW为最低,为13.69元。     

乳、仔猪优化料试验示范报告

通过乳、仔猪优化料和正大料，同条件各培育21窝。结果表明：我省自己研制的优化料不但可以同正大料相媲美，且优化料较正大料实用效果更佳。哺育率、保育率和育成率优化料分别比正大料提高1．99、4．1和5．7个百分点；60日龄窝重优化比正大提高4．43％；优化料比正大料节料7．59％；窝均盈利优化料比正大料多盈利61．86元，提高7．54％的收益。     

哺乳母猪智能饲养技术在猪场中的应用研究

为研究智能饲养技术对母猪哺乳期生产性能的影响,选用72头待产托佩克A*B系二元母猪,随机分为试验组和对照组,每组36头,试验组母猪分3批,每批12头饲养于安装智能化饲喂装置的产床,对照组饲养于常规产房。测定母猪繁殖表现、仔猪断奶表现和采食量。结果表明,窝产弱仔率,智能化组比对照组显著降低4.4个百分点(P0.05);智能化组断奶仔猪个体重比对照组显著提高11.29%(P0.05)。从采食量来看,产前智能化组母猪日均投料量比对照组显著减少38.56%(P0.05)。仔猪教槽料窝均投料量、头均投料量分别节省36.00%(P0.05)、37.50%(P0.05)。哺乳母猪智能化饲养技术能显著减少母猪窝产弱仔率、产前投料量和仔猪教槽料采食量,提高断奶仔猪断奶重。     

生殖营养素和中草药复方制剂对后备母猪繁殖性能影响的试验研究

为研究生殖营养素和中草药复方制剂(商品名"喜满圈")对后备母猪繁殖性能的影响,选择体重约120 kg的长大二元后备母猪40头,随机等分成2组。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组在基础日粮中每天每头添加一剂"喜满圈",至发情配种后21天结束。两组试验猪的配种方式以及后续饲养管理方法一致,跟踪测定两组后备母猪的发情配种性能以及后续初产母猪的繁殖性能。研究结果表明:1)后备母猪发情配种方面:饲喂"喜满圈"组在7天内发情率和总发情率分别比对照组高7.63和6.32个百分点,返情率比对照组低21.43个百分点。受胎率比对照组高22.11个百分点(P0.05)。2)后续母猪繁殖性能方面:试验组后续初产母猪的平均窝产仔数提高15.60%(P0.05),出生活仔率提高9.12个百分点,仔猪平均出生窝重提高28.95%(P0.05),21日龄断乳平均个体重提高6.74%(P0.05)、断乳窝重提高12.72%(P0.05)、断奶成活率提高8.56个百分点;初产母猪泌乳力提高12.72%(P0.05)。3)在后备母猪分娩方面:试验组的早产率和滞产率和分别比对照组低23.86和20个百分点,哺乳母猪三联症(乳房炎、子宫炎、无乳综合征,MMA)发病率降低21.02个百分点,断奶后母猪体况评分比对照组高23.11%。4)仔猪方面:仔猪的腹泻率比对照组低4.92个百分点,皮毛发育评分比对照组高18.37%(P0.05)。5)试验组在试验第14 d,促黄体素、促卵泡素、雌二醇均高于对照组,而孕酮低于对照组。结果提示:饲喂"喜满圈"后,后备母猪在发情受胎方面具有很好的效果,并提高了母猪产仔数和仔猪初生重、断乳重,同时改善了母猪体况,提高了仔猪育成率,促进了仔猪的生长发育。     

不同饲养方法对大约克夏猪生产性能的影响

通过平养和高床笼养2种不同的饲养方式,以观察其对母猪繁殖性能和仔猪生长发育的影响。结果表明,母猪高床饲养,其窝产仔数比平养高出0.12头,初生窝重高出1.04kg;同时高床饲养仔猪其20日龄、断奶、60日龄体重比平养提高了1.29kg、1.76kg和2.32kg。     

提高母猪繁殖性能营养方案应用研究

本研究旨在验证一种提高母猪繁殖性能营养方案的应用效果。应用期间将320头能繁母猪随机分为2个组,每个组160头母猪。一组饲喂基础母猪料,另一组饲喂添加500~1 000g佳孕多/t的母猪基础料,应用为期约38周。结果显示,添加佳孕多组的母猪平均窝产活仔数比未添加的基础组母猪多0.77头/窝;断奶后7d发情配种率比未添加的母猪提高7.5%;第一情期配种受胎率比未添加组提高8.74%。添加佳孕多组的母猪仔猪平均初生重、断奶窝增重、断奶头数分别比未添加的基础组母猪高58g/头、10.57kg/窝、0.94头/窝;经济效益分析结果显示,在养殖过程中通过加强养殖管理和添加功能性营养添加剂佳孕多,每头母猪每年平均可多增加1 359元(断奶仔猪价格按450元/头计算)以上的经济效益。说明,佳孕多是一种优质高效安全的功能性营养添加剂,可明显提高母猪产活仔数、仔猪初生重、断奶窝重和断奶后7天发情率达到增加年产胎次0.1胎以上等繁殖性能。此营养方案广泛应用于生产,可为养殖场和企业创造显著的经济效益。     

长白、大长和杜洛克仔猪高床网上栏饲养效果的观察

观察206窝2087头长白、大长和杜洛克仔猪在高床网上拦饲养效果。结果表明：28日龄断奶体重3个猪种分别为6.63±0.92、6.73±0.10和6．76±0．85kg；仔猪60日龄平均窝重分别为193．22±17．86、221．33±19．21和16452±13．28kg；平均个体重分别为20．19±1．60、21．53±2.11和19．85±2．84kg。且60日龄成活率均在90％以上，有的高达96．5％。0～60日龄料比，3个猪种分另11为1．10、0．99和1．15，效果较好。     

滇陆新品系猪杂交组合试验研究

为筛选滇陆系（N1）母猪最佳配套父本。于1996年至1998年，历时3年，分别用杜洛克（D）、大约克（Y）和长白（L）外种公猪与N1系母猪杂交，分3次进行不同杂交组合试验。结果表明：YN1组合最优，LN1组合次之，分别比DN1组合的产仔数提高7.81%；双月育成仔猪提高3.79％和3.55%，育肥猪日增重提高17.29%和0.3%，唐肉率提高0.84和0.04个百分点，而且节料1.30%和3.46%，N1系的3个不同杂交组合均比本地现存的较好杂种母猪生产效果提高505，养2头N1系母猪所提供的育成仔猪数量和产生的经济效益相当于养3头杂交母猪所获效益。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.