美国玉米带的氮肥管理

介绍了美国玉米带氮肥管理中采用的一套系统方法，其中包括选择适宜的施肥模型通过边际分析来确定氮肥用量，通过土壤ＮＯ３＾－－Ｎ快速测试调整追肥用量，通过成熟期玉米茎基部ＮＯ３＾－－Ｎ测试对氮肥用量进行反馈调节等，这些方法不仅对我国的农业生产具有一定的借鉴意义，而且也对植物诊断释放研究有一定的参考价值。     

呼盟岭东地区大豆,玉米氮磷钾平衡施肥模式的建立及应用

应用回归最优设计方法进行了大豆，玉米Ｎ，Ｐ，Ｋ三元肥料小区试验，取得３３个典型的肥料效应方程通过用聚类分析进行汇总和用判别方程确定非试验地块的适宜类型，建立起大豆，玉米平衡施肥模式，提出了２１个氮，磷钾施肥组合。     

丛枝菌根真菌对玉米生长生态效应的影响

１９９６～１９９８年试验研究了大田不施肥条件下３种泡囊丛枝菌根真菌Ａｒｂｕｓｃｕｌａｒ ｍｙｃｏｒ－ｒｈｉｚａｌ ｆｕｎｇｉ （ＡＭＦ）,即Ｇｌｏｍｕｓ ｍｏｓｓｅａｅ（Ｇ．ｍ）、Ｇｌｏｍｕｓ ｖｅｒｓｉｆｏｍｅ（Ｇ．ｖ）、Ｓｃｌｅｒｏｃｙｓｉｓ ｓｉｎｏｕｓａ（Ｓ．ｓ）对玉米生长的生态效应。结构表明,ＡＭＦ处理的玉米根系活力为对照的２．３２～３．０５倍,玉米Ｎ素吸收比对照增加２４．１４％～５６．     

太行山山前平原高产区精准施肥指标体系研究

总结分析了太行山山前平原高产区冬小麦夏玉米轮作制度下有关推荐施肥指标,并结合该区最新试验结果提出建立适宜该区的精准施肥技术指标体系,即根据平衡施肥原理,以土壤有效养分含量、目标产量和植株测试值为主要诊断指标确定作物施肥量,特别是根据土壤NO3^--N含量确定冬小麦夏玉米的基肥用量,以植株关键生育期的养分水平确定N素追肥用量;参考作物养分需要量、水分条件、植株可见症状诊断、施肥方式等辅助性指标,适时准确地进行土壤或植株营养状况预测,调整肥料用量或施肥方式,为精准施肥的实施提供重要参数。     

宁南干旱山区春小麦氮、磷施肥模式研究

该用二次饱和Ｄ最优设计，研究了试区３种不同立地农田生态系统春小麦Ｎ、Ｐ施肥效应方程，建立起不同适宜性的施肥数学模型，分析研究了Ｎ、Ｐ肥的主效应和交互效应，计算出不同农田的最佳施肥量，以低位梯田为例，计算出不同产量下Ｎ、Ｐ肥的用量及最适配比。     

氮钾肥对夏玉米的增产效应及经济施用量

通过３年７７个田间试验，探讨了氮钾肥对夏玉米的增产效应及经济施用量。结果表明，氮肥对夏玉米有稳定的增产作用，而钾肥的增产效果随土壤速效钾含量的提高而降低。确定了土壤速效钾临界指标为８６ｍｇ／ｋｇ。此外，钾肥效果还有随氮肥用量增加而增强的趋势。氮钾之间表现有正交互效应。通过建立二元二次效应方程，确定了氮钾肥经济最佳施肥量，为纯Ｎ２８８．６ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２，Ｋ２Ｏ２０８．７ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２，此时施肥效益最     

灰色关联分析在玉米高产施肥技术上的应用

通过施肥因子对玉米产量的分析，研究影响作物产量的各施肥因子的影响程度，通过关联因子和关联序分析，提出一套切实可行的施肥方案，并为今后研究和物施肥提供一条新的行之有铲的研究途径和一种新的方法，研究结果表明：在玉米产施肥中，施肥与产量之间的关联：基Ｎ〉追Ｎ〉总Ｎ〉总Ｋ〉追Ｋ〉基Ｐ〉追Ｐ〉总Ｐ（总Ｎ〉总Ｋ〉总Ｐ），粒Ｎ〉穗Ｎ〉粒Ｐ〉苗Ｋ〉苗Ｐ〉穗Ｐ〉粒Ｋ，这为玉米高产施肥提供了重要的重要依据，并为作物施     

赤红壤旱坡地玉米测土施肥技术研究

用东莞桥头和广州石牌的大田试验数据。配制每造玉米Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ肥需求量的Ｓｔａｎｆｏｒｄ经验公式，由目标产量与特定地块的肥力算出玉米配方肥的Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ组分量。     

平衡施肥对玉米产量、效益及土壤-作物系统养分收支的影响

研究了黑龙江省玉米主产区宾县和肇东地区平衡施肥条件下,玉米产量、效益、各生育期养分吸收规律以及土壤-作物系统中氮磷钾三要素投入-产出平衡状况。结果表明,平衡施肥对宾县和肇东玉米产量及效益有明显的正效应。农民习惯施肥(FP)较推荐施肥(OPT)玉米平均减产9.0%,减收914元/hm2。平衡施肥有利于玉米植株对养分的均衡吸收,与农民习惯施肥相比,OPT处理的玉米氮、磷、钾吸收量平均增加了16.5、3.5、59 kg/hm2。苗期—大喇叭口期、拔节期以及灌浆期—成熟期是玉米养分需求的关键时期。宾县和肇东两地区土壤氮和磷的平衡系数均大于1,说明氮肥和磷肥用量能满足玉米高产的需求;而钾肥用量不足。宾县玉米氮、磷、钾肥利用率分别为33.3%、19.0%和46.7%;肇东玉米氮、磷、钾肥利用率分别为36.0%、22.9%和48.0%。从土壤养分收支平衡及肥料利用率方面考虑,应该在本试验推荐OPT处理氮、磷肥的基础上适当提高钾肥用量,以使OPT处理不断优化,达到玉米的高产、优质和高效。     

氮磷等比与以磷定氮条件下玉米的最大施肥量研究

以前的研究已认识到种植玉米的土壤具有平衡与不平衡的土壤养分供应类型,因而其高产施肥需要相应的养分配比。本研究以养分平衡供应的山西石灰性褐土为对象,按照同步增加氮磷用量和以磷定氮等两种施肥量确定方法设置氮磷施肥量,探讨高产玉米的最大施肥量和最佳施肥比例。研究表明,氮磷等比施肥下玉米最大施氮量较以磷定氮增大46 kg hm-2,产量增加738 kg hm-2;而玉米最佳施氮量较以磷定氮增加39 kg hm-2,产量增加723 kg hm-2。氮磷等比施肥下最佳施氮量氮素的增产效益极大。试验说明氮磷施用比例是影响玉米最大施氮量及其肥效的重要因素。在供试的氮磷养分平衡供应条件下同步增加氮磷用量可以得到两者统一的玉米高产最佳施肥量点。本研究提出,根据土壤养分平衡供应特征调整施肥养分比例可能是作物高产施肥且提高肥料利用率的途径。     

优化施肥条件下华北冬小麦/夏玉米轮作体系的土壤氨挥发

采用密闭室间歇通气法研究优化施肥条件下华北冬小麦/夏玉米体系的土壤氨挥发损失。结果表明,肥料氮素氨挥发损失主要发生在施肥后的14 d 内, 冬小麦和夏玉米两个生长季氨挥发损失总量及其损失率均表现出随施氮量的降低而降低,玉米季氨挥发损失高于小麦季。习惯施肥小麦季和玉米季氨挥发总量是氮肥减量后移的2.28和2.03倍,而氮肥减量后移处理的小麦和玉米产量显著高于习惯施肥。氮肥后移可节省氮肥30%,是降低氨挥发损失的理想施肥方式。     

不同农艺措施组合对云南红壤坡耕地氮素平衡和流失的影响

通过对野外坡度为26．05％的径流小区实地观测，研究种植方式、施肥方式和等高植物篱条带3种农艺措施不同组合对云南红壤坡耕地氮素投入、带走平衡的影响。结果表明，在等高种植＋平衡施肥＋等高植物篱条带组合农艺措施条件下，收获玉米带走的氮为177．24kg·hm^-2，占水土流失和收获玉米带走氮总量的99．42％，水土流失带走1．03kg·hm^-2的氮，占水土流失和收获玉米带走氮总量的0．58％；顺坡种植＋农民习惯施肥收获玉米带走的氮仅为120.31kg·hm^-2，占水土流失和收获玉米带走氮总量的79．36％，而水土流失带走31．29kg·hm^-2的氮，占带走氮总量的20．64％。等高种植比顺坡种植增加收获玉米带走氮素13．36kg·hm^-2，减少水土流失带走氮素18．53kg·hm^-2；等高种植和平衡施肥条件下，等高植物篱条带因占用少量土地而减少收获玉米带走氮素6．09kg·hm^-2，减少水土流失带走氮素5．73kg·hm^-2；顺坡种植和习惯施肥条件下，等高植物篱条带减少收获玉米带走氮素5．39kg·hm^-2，减少水土流失带走氮素29．97kg·hm^-2；平衡施肥比习惯施肥增加收获玉米带走氮素49．66kg·hm^-2，减少水土流失带走氮素6．00kg·hm^-2。云南红壤坡耕地氮素的平衡主要与氮肥、钾肥施用量和玉米籽粒、秸秆产量有密切关系，施氮量高，氮素投入高于带走；平衡施肥玉米籽粒、秸秆产量高，氮带走总量较多，氮素带走略高于投入；习惯施肥玉米籽粒、秸秆产量低，氮素投入高，带走较少。     

Optimal Management Practices for Nitrogen Application in Corn Cultivated During Summer and Fall in the Tropics

Optimal management practices for nitrogen (N) fertilization is well defined for corn (Zea mays) cultivated during summer (“summer” corn), but not for corn cultivated during the fall (“fall” corn) in the tropics. Two experiments were carried out to evaluate N rates (50, 100, 200, and 300 kg N ha^?1), N application timing (pre-planting – PP, V2–V3, and V5–V6) and N split application, once (at PP, V3, and V6), two (at V3+ V6) and three times (at PP+ V3+ V6) in corn cultivated during summer (2014/2015) and fall (2015/2016). Data on corn grain yield (CGY), weight of 1000-grains, leaf N content and values of soil-plant analyses development (SPAD) were collected and analyzed using univariate, multivariate (principal component analysis, PCA) and regression analysis. Results showed that corn growth was affected by N rates and splitting. Corn cultivated during summer presented higher CGY and weight-1000 g than corn cultivated during the fall. The highest yields were obtained with higher N rates on “summer” corn (125 kg N ha^?1) than “fall” corn (50 kg N ha^?1). Split N-application at vegetative growth stages, V3+ V6, or PP+ V2+ V6, provided higher yields for “summer” corn, while only PP application was a reliable period of N fertilization for “fall” corn. The finding is that corn cultivated during the fall presented a lower response to N and no obvious advantages to split N fertilization when compared to corn cultivated during summer. These optimal management practices for N fertilization in corn production in the tropics depend on soil water availability.     

Response of Zea mays and Vicia faba to CULTAN fertilization

The response of broad bean (Vicia faba L.) and corn (Zea mays L.) to CULTAN fertilization was compared. Roots of broad bean turned black and were severely damaged by CULTAN fertilization, whereas corn roots were not affected. Consequently, dry matter production of roots and shoots of broad bean was significantly reduced. CULTAN fertilization caused a soil pH increase which may be attributed to hydrolysis of urea applied during CULTAN fertilization. It is assumed that the occurrence of high NH₃ concentration in soil due to CULTAN fertilization may be toxic to broad bean but not to corn.     

施肥模式对淮北平原夏季作物地表径流氮素流失的影响

基于自然降雨条件下夏季作物生长期的野外田间试验,探讨施肥和追肥对作物产量和不同形态氮素径流流失的影响。结果表明,当季不施肥对玉米产量的影响较小,分别明显减少了19.7%和30.4%的玉米总氮径流浓度和流失量;不施肥减少了棉花的产量及径流硝态氮、可溶性氮与总氮的浓度和硝态氮流失量。增加追肥对玉米和棉花的作物产量影响都不明显,却增加了两者的径流硝态氮、可溶性氮和总氮的浓度。与施底肥相比,增加追肥分别提高了69.9%,88.9%和46.2%的玉米硝态氮、可溶性氮和总氮浓度,棉花的相应氮素浓度则分别提高了25.5%,31.8%和37.1%。故在淮北地区土壤和气候条件下,玉米和棉花不追肥及适当减少玉米施肥量既不会使作物减产,又能减少农业土壤氮素随地表径流的流失。     

不同钝化剂配施硫酸锌对石灰性土壤中镉生物有效性的影响研究

为了降低轻度镉（Cd）污染土壤中Cd的生物有效性以确保农产品安全,以低吸收豆类蔬菜（豇豆）作为供试植物,通过田间试验研究了在轻度Cd污染（Cd1.5mg·kg-1）石灰性土壤中施加赤泥、油菜秸秆、玉米秸秆、赤泥＋油菜秸秆等钝化处理并配施硫酸锌肥料对土壤中Cd的生物有效性的影响。结果表明,与对照相比,不同钝化处理可显著（P〈0.05）降低豇豆豆角中Cd浓度和土壤中可溶态Cd浓度;钝化处理条件下豇豆豆角中Cd浓度降低了27%（玉米秸秆）~83%（赤泥＋油菜秸秆）。在施加钝化剂的基础上,配施硫酸锌肥料可进一步降低豇豆对Cd的吸收,各钝化处理在配施锌肥后,豇豆豆角中Cd平均浓度与未施锌肥相比降低了27%。对不同作物秸秆而言,富含巯基的油菜秸秆比富含纤维素的玉米秸秆钝化效果好。由此可见,在轻度Cd污染的石灰性土壤中,无机钝化剂赤泥和富含巯基的油菜秸秆复合使用是一种高效且环境友好的钝化手段。同时,合理施用锌肥可能会进一步降低作物对Cd的吸收。     

Analysis of Yield Response Variability to Nitrogen Fertilization in Experiments Performed in the Argentine Pampas

Abstract

Nitrogen (N) fertilization has become a common practice in corn and wheat crops in the Argentine Pampas during the past decade. In this region, great environmental variability determines erratic responses to fertilization. The quantity of data necessary for defining yield response models to N has not been investigated, and the relative yield transformation, combined with the total nutrient approach, has been widespread when analyzing fertilizer response results. The objectives were to determine the minimum data set necessary for fitting average yield functions suitable for fertilizer recommendation at regional scale and to investigate the consequences of using relative yield on N response functions when the total nutrient approach is used. Published results from two extensive fertilization networks, one with corn and the other with wheat, were used. Data were aggregated at different levels, because one single experiment to the entire network results, and yield response functions to N were fitted. Yield models tended to stability when a set of around 100 or more data points, generated in experiments performed across different sites and years, were used for fitting models with both crops. This amount of data was generated by performing 20 experiments in the corn network and 35 in the wheat network. Relative yield transformation allowed us to obtain models with lower dispersion than yield, but in the case of corn a biased model was generated that leads to underestimating fertilizer requirements. In wheat, similar fertilizer recommendations were produced from yield or relative yield functions. Response variability to fertilization must be addressed in the experimental area by increasing the amount of data used, rather than by applying the relative yield transformation.     

有机肥、化肥及接种微生物对甜玉米生理和生长的影响

A pot culture experiment was carried out in a glasshouse to compare the physiology and growth of sweet corn plants(Zea mays L.cv,Honey Bantam) grown under orgainc and chemical fertilizations with or without microbial inoculation(MI).The organic fertilizer used was fermented mainly using rice bran and oil mill sludge,and the MI was a liquid product containing many eneficial microbes such as lactic acid bacteria,yeast,photosynthetic bacteria and actinomycetes.The application amounts of the organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizers were based on the same rate of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium.Sweet corn plants fertilized with organic materials inoculated with beneficial microbes grew better than those without inoculation.There were no significant differences in physiology and growth of the sweet corn plants between treatments of chemical fertilizers with and without MI.Among the organic fertilization treatments.only the sweet corn plants with organic fertilizer and MI applied 4 weeks before sowing had simlilar photosyntheitic capacity,total dry matter yield and ear yield to those with chemical fertilizers.Sweet corn plants in other organic fertilization treatments were weaker in physiology and grown than those in chemical fertilization treatments.There was no significant variance among chemical fertilization treatments at differenct time.It is concluded form this research that this organic fertilizer would be more effective if it was inoculated with the beneficial microbes.Early application of the organic fertilizer with beneficial microbes before sowing was recommended to make the nutrients available before the rapid growth at the eraly stage and obtain a yield simlar to or higher than that with chemical fertilizations.     

优化施肥下华北冬小麦/夏玉米轮作体系农田反硝化损失与N2O排放特征

在田间条件下,应用乙炔抑制-原状土柱培养法测定优化施肥下华北冬小麦/夏玉米轮作体系土壤反硝化和N2O的排放特征。研究表明:冬小麦和夏玉米整个生育期反硝化速率和N2O排放通量均表现出明显的季节性变化,且均与土壤水分和无机氮浓度呈显著正相关。小麦季和玉米季的反硝化损失量及N2O排放量均表现出随施肥量的降低而降低,夏玉米季的反硝化损失量和N2O排放量均高于小麦季。小麦季的反硝化损失量和N2O排放量习惯施肥处理是氮肥减量后移处理的1.62和1.67倍,玉米季分别为2.01和2.00倍。氮肥减量后移可能是通过改变土壤无机氮浓度而降低反硝化损失量和N2O排放量。     

半干旱区玉米水肥空间耦合效应Ⅰ.氮素的吸收和残留及其环境效应

通过田间试验研究了半干旱地区不同灌水量和水肥空间耦合方式下玉米对N素的吸收及玉米收获后N素在1.0m土体中的残留。结果表明,与常规施肥灌水方式(均匀施肥均匀灌水、全生育期灌水量为2500 m3/hm2)相比,在全生育期灌水量为1125 m3/hm2和600 m3/hm2的水平下,均匀施肥交替灌水、水肥同区交替灌水、水肥异区交替灌水3种不同水肥空间耦合方式在玉米植株吸收N略有下降的情况下,增加了肥料N在60cm以上土壤中的残留量,从而减小了N向下层土壤淋溶的可能;相同灌水量下,60cm以上层次土壤N素残留量大小顺序为:水肥异区交替灌水处理>水肥同区交替灌水处理>均匀施肥交替灌水处理。