台湾农村生活废水之水质特性及其影响研究

本研究之目的乃以桃园灌区农村生活废水为对象,调查其水质特性受季节变化之影响等,并与桃园大圳第二支线上游之灌溉水质进行比较。结果显示,农村生活废水的各项水质浓度与社区户数间并没有一致性存在,而是与社区规划、社区生活形态有关。其中,若因洗车、花园浇灌水等的稀释作用较小时,社区生活废水的化学需氧量约为 159～563mg/L、总氮 15～68mg/L,总磷 0.6～5.7mg/L。在季节变化的影响方面,发现生活废水中的 pH值乃随雨季初期→中期→末期而逐渐降低;电导度、生化需氧量、有机氮、凯氏氮及总氮的平均污染浓度则随雨季初期→中期→末期的顺序而升高;至于化学需氧量、氨氮、硝酸盐氮、亚硝酸盐氮及总磷,是以雨季中期之污染值最高。最后,研究指出,农村生活废水的污染浓度非常高,其中,电导度是桃园大圳第二支线上游灌溉水质的 2.2倍,化学需氧量为 22.5倍,生化需氧量 45.6倍,氨氮 2.2倍,有机氮 122.4倍,凯氏氮 44.0倍,亚硝酸盐氮 2.4倍,总氮 14.3倍及总磷 128.3倍。因此,若不慎将生活废水排入灌溉水道,将严重影响灌溉水的品质。     

乌江流域水环境质量评价及污染源解析

为全面了解乌江流域贵州段的水质污染状况,根据2016年乌江流域贵州段丰水期、平水期、枯水期的水质监测数据,采用单因子和综合水质标识指数对其水质状况进行了评价,并用绝对主成分多元线性回归分析(APCS-MLR)量化不同主成分对各污染物的贡献率。结果表明:溶解氧、总磷在丰水期和平水期水质标识指数高于枯水期,高锰酸盐指数、化学需氧量、五日生化需氧量、氨氮在各水期变化并不明显;氨氮、总磷是乌江流域水环境的主要污染因子,其次为化学需氧量、五日生化需氧量和溶解氧。乌江流域内各小流域之间差异显著,清水河流域水质最差,三水期平均样点超标率高达62%,湘江流域有20%样点超标严重,超标样点均劣于V类水,乌江干流中游水质次之,其余流域样点均处于Ⅱ类以上,且无样点超标;总体上乌江流域丰水期水质受农业面源影响略低于平水期和枯水期。根据PCA(主成分分析)和APCS-MLR分析结果,丰水期第一主成分与氨氮呈显著相关,对其贡献率为45.99%,表明丰水期氨氮为主要污染物,平水期第一主成分主要与化学需氧量、五日生化需氧量、氨氮呈显著相关,对其贡献率分别117.88%,117.39%,118.38%,表明化学需氧量、五日生化需氧量、氨氮为平水期主要污染物,枯水期第一主成分与化学需氧量、五日生化需氧量、氨氮、总磷相关性较高,对其贡献率分别为6.38%,6.08%,6.21%,6.26%,表明这几个因子是枯水期主要污染物。研究表明,污染物主要来源于流域内沿岸乡镇、村寨、部分市县生活污水、生活垃圾排放以及农业面源和磷化工企业的废水排放,水质最差的清水河流域和湘江流域的J33样点受城市点源污染主导。     

基于组合权重法的大凌河水质及影响因素分析

以朝阳市大凌河流域河流水体质量为研究对象,收集区域水系数据、土地利用数据及水质监测数据作为样本数据,通过整合最优组合准则权重与次序权重算法构建水质风险评价模型,基于有序加权平均算子生成对多种决策风险的评估结果,为水质评价提供参考依据.研究结果表明,该区域的水体质量主要受生化需氧量(BOD)、化学需氧量(COD)、总磷(...     

校园封闭型水体富营养化状况研究

了解校园内封闭型水体的富营养化状况,找出影响其水质的主要因素,为后续治理和改善提供依据.对湖南农业大学校园内5个水体的8个点位进行了采样分析,具体监测3类富营养化评价指标(TP,TN,叶绿素a)和基础指标(温度、pH、透明度、化学需氧量、5d生化需氧量等),通过对比国家地表水环境质量标准,采用综合营养状态指数法计算得到...     

重庆主城公园水质调研及分析

为了解重庆市主城公园水体的水质状况,为保护公园水体提供基本资料,以便提出预防和治理公园富营养化的合理建议。选取重庆园博园、彩云湖国家湿地公园、双龙湖公园、龙头寺公园、花卉园和大渡口公园为监测的代表公园,分春、夏、秋、冬四季监测透明度、p H值、溶解氧(DO)、化学需氧量(COD_(cr))、五日生化需氧量(BOD_5)、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、氨氮(NH_3-N)、铜(Cu)、镉(Cr)、铅(Pb)、锌(Zn)、汞(Hg)、砷(As)共14个指标。结果表明,彩云湖国家湿地公园的水体为劣Ⅴ类水,水体污染严重;双龙湖公园、龙头寺公园和园博园的水体已程现不同程度的污染;花卉园和大渡口公园水体水质较好。6个公园中以大渡口公园的水质最好,综合指标达到《地表水环境质量标准》(GB3838-2002)Ⅱ类标准,部分指标达Ⅰ类标准。     

水体有机污染物的生态效应及其化学监测技术现状与展望

通过对水体有机污染定义、来源及有机污染物主要类型的介绍和说明,分析了有机污染物的生态效应——水体污染、生物富集及其毒理效应,综述了水体有机污染物的化学监测技术尤其是有机分析前处理技术的现状,并对有机污染物的研究和监测技术作出肯定,同时展望了水体有机污染物监测技术的研究趋向。     

关中地区农村典型涝池水体污染物特征及其水质现状调查与分析

[目的]探究影响涝池水体水环境质量的主要原因,以期能为涝池水体水环境保护和水质状况改善提供科学依据。[方法]从涝池的功能、容量、面积和结构等方面出发,选取陕西省杨凌农业高新技术产业示范区8个具有典型代表性的涝池,对涝池水体pH值、溶解氧、化学需氧量、氨氮、总磷、总氮进行测定,同时对水质样本点各污染物指标进行参数检验,并应用单因子指数等方法对其综合评定。[结果]①点源污染型涝池在不同采样点位置水体污染物浓度差异显著(p0.05),各涝池总氮、总磷平均浓度范围分别为:4.70～78.13 mg/L,0.03～4.27 mg/L;氨氮平均浓度范围为0.36～39.18 mg/L;化学需氧量平均浓度范围为33.0～1 067.40 mg/L;溶解氧平均浓度范围为1.5～7.3 mg/L;pH值大小平均值范围为7.85～8.64;②大部分涝池水体污染严重,水质均为劣Ⅴ类,污染物主要以氮类污染物指标为主;③调查区涝池水质污染程度排序为:点源污染+有措施面源污染+无措施点源污染+无措施。[结论]布设污水处理设施及池底防渗措施对于改善涝池水环境状态较为重要。此外辅以内源水体的相关修复及管护工作,效果将会更好。     

宁夏引黄灌区排水沟水环境质量及其影响因素

[目的]探明宁夏引黄灌区排水沟水环境质量及其影响因素,旨在为排水沟水体污染综合整治提供一定的理论依据。[方法]搜集2009—2015年排水沟水环境因子指标和以地级市为单元的社会经济指标数据,选取高锰酸盐指数、化学需氧量、氨氮、总磷、生化需氧量、挥发酚、氟化物、氰化物、硫化物作为水质综合污染指数的评价因子,采用相关分析法和灰关联法分析研究社会经济指标对排水沟水质的影响程度。[结果]南干沟水质呈现逐年好转趋势,银新干沟水质和清水沟水质急剧恶化,其他排水沟的综合污染指数变化趋势较平稳,且水质总体状况较好;排水沟水质与社会经济指标的相关性和关联度都较高:中干沟与化肥使用量相关系数高达0.998,南干沟与工业废水排放总量相关系数高达0.983;永二干沟与农业耗水量的关联度高达0.793 41,南干沟与工业废水排放总量的关联度高达0.755 69。[结论]排水沟的水质变化趋势受农业面源污染和工业废水的影响较大;以地级市为单位,综合污染指数与社会经济指标的相关性大小依次为吴忠市、银川市、中卫市、石嘴山市;相关分析与灰关联分析结果有较好的一致性,且运用二者结合分析了影响排水沟的最主要影响因子;总体上,农业生产对银川市和石嘴山市排水沟水质影响较大,工业生产对吴忠市和中卫市排水沟的影响较大,且农业生产导致的农业面源污染比工业生产产生的工业废水对排水沟水质状况影响程度大。     

网络版摘要

涡河涡阳段水中CODCr与NH3-N分布及评价 通过对涡河涡阳段水体中化学需氧量（CODCr）和氨氮（NH3-N）等污染指标的测试,分析了CODCrNH3-N的时空变化特征及其产生原因。结果表明：采样点距离涡阳县城较近,CODCrNH3-N污染呈现增大的趋势;丰水期水质污染相对较轻,而平水期和枯水期CCODCr、NH3-N污染指数增大。     

两级回流生物膜工艺处理农村生活污水效果

针对农村生活污水低碳高氮磷特点,研究两级回流连续曝气生物膜工艺处理农村生活污水的效果和机理。在平均处理量90t/d、水力停留时间为3.0d,稳定运行12个月结果表明,该工艺对化学需氧量、五日生化需氧量、氨氮、全氮、全磷和悬浮物的平均去除率分别为75.7%、84.8%、69.2%、68.0%、58.9%和87.9%;出水化学需氧量、五日生化需氧量、氨氮、全氮、全磷和悬浮物的平均质量浓度分别在51.0、15.8、10.8、16.5、2.3和15.7mg/L以下,满足天津市农村污水处理厂排水标准,改造后工艺运行更加稳定,出水NH3-N和TN有明显改善,符合农村污水处理要求。     

Biochemical Oxygen Demand Relationships in Typical Agricultural Effluents

Understanding the variables controlling biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) of effluents from agricultural systems is essential for predicting and managing the water quality risks associated with agricultural production. In this study, short- and long-term oxygen demand behaviors of waters from primarily agricultural sources and their relationships with other parameters were evaluated. A total of 46 water samples were generated from diverse organic sources commonly associated with agricultural activities and analyzed for BOD and other various water quality parameters. Short-term BOD (BOD₂ and BOD₅) were significantly correlated with total organic carbon (TOC), particulate organic carbon (POC), and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) (R ²?=?0.62–0.77, p?<?0.001), likewise to total nitrogen, total Kjeldahl nitrogen, and nitrite–nitrogen (NO₂–N) (R ²?=?0.40–0.55, p?<?0.001). Long-term BOD (BOD₆₀) was generally poorly correlated with these C and N fractions. Phosphate (PO₄–P) exhibited a positive and linear relationship with both short- and long-term BOD, whereas chloride (Cl) tended to inhibit oxygen demand. Multivariate combinations of each of TOC, POC, and DOC with NO₂–N, and Cl or PO₄–P improved the predictions of both short- and long-term BOD. The ultimate BOD (BOD_u) derived from the first-order kinetics was highly correlated with BOD₆₀ (R ²?=?0.81, p?<?0.001) whereas BOD₆₀ was correlated with BOD₅ (R ²?=?0.60, p?<?0.001). Overall the results indicated that C and N forms along with PO₄–P and Cl were the dominant factors controlling the oxygen demand behaviors of agricultural effluents.     

Oxygen Transfer and Industrial Wastewater Treatment Efficiency of a Vertically Moving Biofilm System

A vertically moving biofilm system (VMBS) was developed to treat wastewater. In this system, the biofilm grows on a biofilm module consisting of plastic media that is vertically and repeatedly moved up into the air and down into the water. The objectives of this study were to investigate the oxygen transfer efficiency and industrial wastewater treatment performance of the VMBS. The oxygen transfer coefficient (K _L a) depended on the movement frequency (n) of the biofilm module and was proportional to n ^1.67. K _L a values measured were within the range of 0.0001 to 0.0027 s^-1. The VMBS exhibited good carbonaceous removal when treating industrial wastewater produced in a factory manufacturing synthetic fibres. Removal efficiency of filtered chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biological oxygen demand (BOD₅) was up to 93.2 and 97.9%, respectively. The volumetric removal rates of filtered COD and BOD₅ reached 1320 g COD m^-3 day^-1 and 700 g BOD₅ m^-3 day^-1. The areal organic removal rates, based on the surface area of the biofilm substrata, were 16 g BOD₅ m^-2 day^-1 and 39 g COD m^-2 day^-1. No clogging occurred during the experiment. The mean areal biofilm mass increased with increasing the mean areal BOD₅ removal rate. The new biofilm process has such advantages as high carbonaceous oxidation, energy saving, simpleconstruction and easy operation for industrial wastewater treatment.     

Oxygen Demand of Aircraft and Airfield Pavement Deicers and Alternative Freezing Point Depressants

Aircraft and pavement deicing formulations and other potential freezing point depressants were tested for biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD). Propylene glycol-based aircraft deicers exhibited greater BOD₅ than ethylene glycol-based aircraft deicers, and ethylene glycol-based products had lower degradation rates than propylene glycol-based products. Sodium formate pavement deicers had lower COD than acetate-based pavement deicers. The BOD and COD results for acetate-based pavement deicers (PDMs) were consistently lower than those for aircraft deicers, but degradation rates were greater in the acetate-based PDM than in aircraft deicers. In a 40-day testing of aircraft and pavement deicers, BOD results at 20°C (standard) were consistently greater than the results from 5°C (low) tests. The degree of difference between standard and low temperature BOD results varied among tested products. Freshwater BOD test results were not substantially different from marine water tests at 20°C, but glycols degraded slower in marine water than in fresh water for low temperature tests. Acetate-based products had greater percentage degradation than glycols at both temperatures. An additive component of the sodium formate pavement deicer exhibited toxicity to the microorganisms, so BOD testing did not work properly for this formulation. BOD testing of alternative freezing point depressants worked well for some, there was little response for some, and for others there was a lag in response while microorganisms acclimated to the freezing point depressant as a food source. Where the traditional BOD₅ test performed adequately, values ranged from 251 to 1,580?g/kg. Where the modified test performed adequately, values of BOD₂₈ ranged from 242 to 1,540?g/kg.     

规模化养猪场粪污处理工程设计

根据循环经济和可持续发展的理念,以实现资源和能源利用的最大化为原则,提出了以固液分离机与厌氧中温发酵工艺技术相结合的规模化畜禽养殖场污水综合治理方法。结合福建省南平市大横农业生态园区大型养猪场污水治理工程实践,表明该技术可以解决禽畜养殖业的废水污染问题。处理后水质：COD_Cr为367 mg·L^-1、BOD₅为132 mg·L^-1、SS为169 mg·L^-1、NH₃-N为76 mg·L^-1,均符合国家《畜禽养殖业污染物排放标准》规定的要求,而且工程运行效果稳定,经济效益和生态效益显著。     

Determination of the Stability of MSW Compost Using a Respirometric Technique

This paper reports a fully automatic respirometric technique with low maintenance costs that allows the routine determination of the specific oxygen uptake rate (SOUR), as well as the cumulative oxygen demand at 20 h, (OD₂₀). The procedure involves the measurement of the dissolved oxygen concentration in an aqueous suspension of compost that is supplied with various nutrients, none of which contains organic carbon. The proposed method was used to monitor composting in a compost pile consisting of 65% organic matter obtained by selective collection of municipal solid waste (MSW), 30% sewage sludge and 5% plant trimming residues. Based on the results, the maximum SOUR value reached, (SOUR_max), decreases gradually with time, to values near 1 mgO₂/gVS.h after 130 days; indicating that the final product is stable. Linear correlations between OD₂₀ and the absorbances at 465 and 665 nm of aqueous extracts of compost, and its soluble chemical organic demand (COD_sol), and soluble organic carbon (TOC_sol) are significant at the p ≤ 0.01 level. However, the use of such variables instead of respirometric data requires prior experimentation with the type of waste to be composted in order to identify the absolute values at which biological activity ceases.     

畜禽舍粪便污水及废气净化的研究

猪场污水经文中所述工艺系统处理以后,污水中的化学耗氧量(COD_Cr)达到98.4mg/L;生物需氧量(BOD₅)达到49.6mg/L;悬浮物(SS)达到51.49mg/L以下;硫化物达1.0mg/L以下:铜和铜化物达到0.6mg/L以下。畜舍中的废气净化,选择挥发性的药材制成“姜满净化剂”,能使畜舍的氨(NH₃)降解率达到73.9％,舍内含氟量为15.0mL/m³;硫化氢(H₂S)降解率达到85.8％,舍内的硫化氢浓度为2.8mL/m³;细菌降低率达到70.7％。     

生化需氧量检测标准现状与发展

水环境监测是切实推进生态文明建设的重要方面。生化需氧量（Biochemical Oxygen Demand,BOD）是在微生物存在下水体有机物生化降解所需的氧量。作为反映水中有机污染物含量的重要指标,在城镇、工业和农业农村环境等领域的监测工作中均不可忽视。该文剖析了国内外关于BOD检测的标准和方法,总结了稀释接种法和微生物电极法以及更加与时俱进的测试方法。同时,对比分析了国内外标准排放限值的制定力度,从国家标准、地方标准、行业标准三个方面全面梳理了现行BOD标准体系建立的结构和框架,深入剖析了地方强制标准在国家法规、地方政策引导下建立的影响因素和执法部门监管、人民群众监督下实施的推动关系。从标准分布、制定力度、检测方法的迭代三个方面提出了标准体系的重点发展方向和制修订建议,以期为推动中国水环境保护和水资源利用提供支撑。     

BOD/TOC correlations and their application to water quality evaluation

The error residual for TOC analysis is examined with the result that two BOD₅/TOC models are suggested, both of which use a multiplicative error structure. A comparison of these models with the historically-assumed linear BOD₅/TOC model is created for data collected from the City of Waterloo's Water Pollution Control Plant. The predictive capabilities of the derived BOD₅/TOC models are examined for interpolation and extrapolation potentials for augmenting water quality data information bases. Use of the models to reduce the statistical uncertainty associated with BOD measurements is considered.     

Efficiency of Bark, Activated Charcoal, Foam and Sand Filters in Reducing Pollutants from Greywater

Greywater is a potential resource of water that can be improved to meet the quality needed for irrigation. This study evaluated the performance of bark, activated charcoal, polyurethane foam and sand filters in removing biochemical oxygen demand (BOD₅), surfactants, phosphorus, nitrogen and microbial indicators from greywater during start-up and steady state. In column experiments, 0.6?m high filters (diameter 20?cm) were fed for 113?days with artificial greywater at a hydraulic loading rate of 0.032?m³?m^?2?day^?1 and an organic loading rate of 0.014?kg BOD₅ m^?2?day^?1. Bark and activated charcoal efficiently reduced the concentrations of organics (BOD₅), surfactants (methylene blue active substances??MBAS), total phosphorus (Tot-P) and total thermotolerant coliform numbers, while sand and foam were less efficient. Bark, activated charcoal, foam and sand reduced influent BOD₅ by 98, 97, 37 and 75?%; MBAS by >99, >99, 73 and 96?%; Tot-P by 97, 91, 36 and 78?%; and total nitrogen by 19, 98, 13 and 5?%, respectively. BOD₅ and MBAS were efficiently reduced directly from start-up by bark and activated charcoal, while foam needed 30?days to achieve about 50?% reduction in BOD₅. Bark was the most efficient filter in reducing thermotolerant faecal coliforms (2.4 log₁₀), while foam achieved the lowest reduction (0.5 log₁₀). Overall, bark and activated charcoal filters appeared to be the most suitable filters for improving greywater quality to reach irrigation quality in terms of organic matter reduction. Performance of these filters under higher and fluctuating loadings and the long-term sustainability of the filter materials need further investigation.     

The impact of storm water runoff on a small urban stream

Background, aim, and scope  In urban areas, storm water runoff often transports various pollutants, some of which settle and form sediments. In order to have the comprehensive view of the ecological state of storm water runoff recipients, both water and sediments of the stream must be assessed. In the Baltic Sea Area, the Water Framework Directive & HELCOM Recommendations aim to prevent or minimise pollution caused by harmful substances arising from storm water runoff, in order to promote the ecological restoration of the Baltic Sea—one of the most vulnerable seas. The aim of the study was to investigate the toxicity of bottom sediments of a small storm water runoff recipient focusing on the potential impact of successive discharges of urban storm water. Some storm water runoff quality parameters and the toxicity of bottom sediments of recipients was studied in this research. Materials and methods  During 9 years, at four discharge points, minimum four grab samples per year at each discharge point were taken for chemical characterisation. General parameters (pH, SS, BOD₇, COD_Cr and TPH) in liquid phase samples were analysed according to standard methods. Annual limit values were taken from the Lithuanian EPA requirements for the management of storm water runoff with a focus on prevention and control of contamination. Eleven composite samples of stream bottom sediments, each consisting of ten sub-samples, were collected in 2006. Toxicity screening from sediments was performed using the plant Lepidium sativum according to modified I. Magone’s methodology (Magone I, Bioindication of phytotoxicity of transport emission. In: Kachalova O-L, Zinatne (eds) Bioindication of toxicity of transport emissions in the impact of highway emissions on natural environment. Riga, pp 108–116, 1989). The level of toxic impact of Lepidium sativum (compared to control) was assessed according to the modified method of Wang (Rev Environ Contam Toxicol 126:88–127, 1992). Results  The mean pH of urban storm water runoff does not vary much from neutral, but range values are quite different, from 4.0 up to 8.7. The highest concentration of SS reached 800 mg L⁻¹, TPH—2.4 mg L⁻¹, BOD₇—300 mg O₂ L⁻¹ and COD_Cr—1,400 mg L⁻¹. The SS was above the limit in 64% of total amount of grab samples, TPH—37%, BOD₇—41% and COD_Cr—55%. The toxicity analysis of the bottom sediments showed varying toxicity of bottom sediments along the stream. From nine analysed samples of bottom sediments, 30% had weak toxicity, 30% medium and 30% strong toxicity on the test organism plant L. sativum. There was one single sample with no toxic effects, so that the results showed that urban storm water has an unacceptable environmental impact on recipients. It was also indicated that storm water runoff discharge alone is not the potential source of toxicity of bottom sediments. The litter demonstrated a weak toxicity of bottom sediments as well. Discussion  Most local authorities do not consider storm water runoff discharges to be a matter of great concern because they believe that surface runoff arising from rainfall is still relatively clean. The study showed that the current method of monitoring storm water runoff quality by chemical analyses is not the best tool for environmental impact assessment and must be combined with toxicity tests of bottom sediments of recipients. Recommendations and perspectives  To avoid the environmental impact of storm water runoff more attention should be paid to the development and implementation of storm water runoff pollution prevention measures. The study implies that future research concerning the relationships between storm water runoff deposit characteristics and biological activities must be developed to evaluate the contamination potential of stream sediment deposits for local aquatic ecosystems. Further studies should be developed to characterise the activities of the microbial community of storm water runoff sediments, and to monitor bioremediation in situ.