超临界CO2流体萃取技术提取核桃油的研究

以新鲜的核桃仁为原料,研究了在超临界状态下物料的粉碎度、萃取压力、萃取温度、萃取时间对核桃油萃取效果的影响。结果表明,超临界CO₂流体萃取核桃油的最佳工艺条件为粉碎度30目、萃取压强30 MPa、萃取温度45℃、萃取时间5 h,此条件下核桃油的萃取率可达93.98%。     

超临界CO2流体萃取槟榔中的槟榔碱

为了优化超临界CO₂萃取槟榔碱的工艺参数,通过三元二次通用旋转组合设计实施试验,考察了萃取温度、萃取压力和萃取时间因素对槟榔碱萃取量的影响。试验结果表明：超临界萃取的温度对槟榔碱萃取量有极显著的影响,萃取时间和压力的影响较小。同时确定了槟榔碱萃取的最佳工艺参数为萃取温度72℃,压力57 MPa,时间26 min。在此条件下,槟榔碱的萃取量为6143.71 μg/g,达到理论最大萃取量的95.3%,所得萃取物中槟榔碱的百分含量为（25.85± 0.41）% 。     

超临界CO2流体萃取杏仁油工艺研究

该研究以单因素试验和正交试验相结合的方法对苦杏仁脂肪油的超临界CO₂萃取工艺进行了研究。确定了超临界CO₂萃取杏仁油的最佳工艺为：萃取压力35 MPa、萃取温度50℃、CO₂流量24 L/ｈ、粒径60目、萃取时间2 h。各因素影响杏仁的得率的顺序为：粒径>时间>萃取压力>CO₂流量>萃取温度。最佳工艺验证试验的杏仁油的得率为52.98％。本研究的结果为下一步综合、无毒、高效地开发利用苦杏仁奠定了基础。     

裸大麦中生育三烯酚的超临界CO2流体萃取工艺

采用四元二次通用旋转设计研究了裸大麦中生育三烯酚的超临界CO₂流体萃取工艺。结果表明：萃取温度对生育三烯酚提取率有显著影响,乙醇添加量和萃取时间对生育三烯酚提取率有极显著影响,而萃取压力对生育三烯酚提取率无显著影响,但萃取压力和乙醇添加量的交互项对生育三烯酚提取率有显著影响;在本实验条件下,生育三烯酚最佳超临界CO₂萃取条件为：萃取温度51.8 ℃、萃取压力34.7 MPa、乙醇添加量9%、萃取时间 120 min。     

超临界CO2萃取红松种仁油的工艺及其脂肪酸成分分析

为优化超临界COz萃取红松种仁油的工艺，研究了萃取压力、萃取温度和萃取时间对红松种仁油得率的影响，并对试验得到的种仁油进行了气质联用（GC—MS）分析。在单因素试验基础上进行了L9（3^4）正交试验，确定了超临界CO2萃取红松种仁油的最佳的工艺为：萃取压力40MPa，萃取温度50℃，萃取时间3h，最佳工艺条件下红松种仁油得率为45．85％。萃取压力对得率的影响最大，萃取时间次之，萃取温度对得率影响不显著。利用GC—MS鉴定出9个组分，占红松种仁油脂肪酸总量的99．98％，其中亚油酸和α亚麻酸的相对含量分别为41．79％和15．62％。     

超临界CO2萃取辣椒红色素的研究初探

简介了超临界CO₂流体的基本特性及国外将该流体应用于萃取分离技术的概况。报道了作者应用超临界CO₂从红辣椒中萃取红色素的研究情况。试验表明,色素和辣味素可以全部萃取出来,并可获得基本分离。     

超临界CO2萃取万寿菊花中叶黄素的研究

采用超临界CO₂萃取技术,研究了从万寿菊花中萃取叶黄素的工艺条件。对影响超临界CO₂萃取叶黄素的各种因素,包括分离参数、原料含水率、粉碎粒径，超临界萃取温度、压力、流速、时间等因素进行了考察,得到较佳的萃取工艺条件为:原料含水率10.92％，粒径40目，萃取温度60℃，压力30 MPa，CO₂流速15 L/h，分离釜Ⅰ温度40℃，压力6 MPa，分离釜Ⅱ温度20℃，时间为6 h。     

柚子花芳香油超临界CO2萃取研究

介绍了新鲜柚子花中芳香性成分超临界CO₂萃取分离工艺和分析检测方法，重点探讨了压力、温度、时间对萃取率的影响。应用正交试验优化得出：影响萃取的主次因素依次为为萃取压力、萃取温度、萃取时间；较佳工艺参数为：压力18 MPa，温度50℃，时间90 min，流量25 L/min，得到超临界柚子花芳香油的萃取率高达2.7‰。应用气相色谱-质谱联用仪共鉴定出39个组分，占总芳香油的91.281%。通过对柚子花的深度加工研究，为开发高附加值的柚子花香精提供科学依据。     

CO2超临界萃取技术提取被孢霉菌丝体油脂的研究

采用被孢霉菌丝体作为实验材料，比较系统地研究了在超临界状态下，预处理条件（水分含量、粉碎方法、粉碎度）、萃取条件（萃取温度与压力）、分离条件（分离温度与压力）对油脂萃取率的影响；分析了操作条件对油脂质量特别是γ－亚麻酸（ＧＬＡ）的影响；确定了最佳工艺路线，为批量生产提供了依据。     

用超临界CO2脱除绿茶浓缩液中咖啡碱的工艺研究

对绿茶浓缩液中咖啡碱的超临界CO₂萃取工艺进行了研究，通过4因素正交试验探讨了浓缩液的浓度、操作压强、操作温度、萃取时间对咖啡碱脱除率的影响。结果表明，超临界CO₂萃取技术可以有效地脱除绿茶浓缩液中大部分的咖啡碱，在此基础上完成了用超临界CO₂脱除绿茶浓缩液中咖啡碱的连续作业试验，从而获得了加工脱咖啡碱绿茶浓缩液或速溶绿茶的新工艺。     

A new technique to measure soil CO2 efflux at constant CO2 concentration

A new principle for measuring soil CO₂ efflux at constant ambient concentration is introduced. The measuring principle relies on the continuous absorption of CO₂ within the system to achieve a constant CO₂ concentration inside the soil chamber at ambient level, thus balancing the amount of CO₂ entering the soil chamber by diffusion from the soil. We report results that show reliable soil CO₂ efflux measurements with the new system. The novel measuring principle does not disturb the natural gradient of CO₂ within the soil, while allowing for continuous capture of the CO₂ released from the soil. It therefore holds great potential for application in simultaneous measurements of soil CO₂ efflux and its δ¹³C, since both variables show sensitivity to a distortion of the soil CO₂ profile commonly found in conventional chamber techniques.     

夹带剂对超临界CO2萃取结晶穿心莲内酯的影响

以穿心莲内酯粗品和高纯品(纯度分别为30%和95%)为原料，采用超临界CO₂萃取结晶法，考察了乙醇、丙酮、异丙醇与乙酸乙酯四种夹带剂对超临界CO₂萃取结晶穿心莲内酯的结晶率、纯度、晶型和形貌等的作用规律。结果：因乙酸乙酯分离纯化综合效果较好，且既能与前处理工序中选择的浸提溶剂相统一，减少采用多种溶剂存在的污染，又能保持晶体优良晶型和结晶品质，所以优先选择了乙酸乙酯为夹带剂。     

Relationship between soil CO2 concentrations and forest-floor CO2 effluxes

To better understand the biotic and abiotic factors that control soil CO₂ efflux, we compared seasonal and diurnal variations in simultaneously measured forest-floor CO₂ effluxes and soil CO₂ concentration profiles in a 54-year-old Douglas fir forest on the east coast of Vancouver Island. We used small solid-state infrared CO₂ sensors for long-term continuous real-time measurement of CO₂ concentrations at different depths, and measured half-hourly soil CO₂ effluxes with an automated non-steady-state chamber. We describe a simple steady-state method to measure CO₂ diffusivity in undisturbed soil cores. The method accounts for the CO₂ production in the soil and uses an analytical solution to the diffusion equation. The diffusivity was related to air-filled porosity by a power law function, which was independent of soil depth. CO₂ concentration at all depths increased with increase in soil temperature, likely due to a rise in CO₂ production, and with increase in soil water content due to decreased diffusivity or increased CO₂ production or both. It also increased with soil depth reaching almost 10 mmol mol⁻¹ at the 50-cm depth. Annually, soil CO₂ efflux was best described by an exponential function of soil temperature at the 5-cm depth, with the reference efflux at 10 °C (F₁₀) of 2.6 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ and the Q₁₀ of 3.7. No evidence of displacement of CO₂-rich soil air with rain was observed.Effluxes calculated from soil CO₂ concentration gradients near the surface closely agreed with the measured effluxes. Calculations indicated that more than 75% of the soil CO₂ efflux originated in the top 20 cm soil. Calculated CO₂ production varied with soil temperature, soil water content and season, and when scaled to 10 °C also showed some diurnal variation. Soil CO₂ efflux and concentrations as well as soil temperature at the 5-cm depth varied in phase. Changes in CO₂ storage in the 0–50 cm soil layer were an order of magnitude smaller than measured effluxes. Soil CO₂ efflux was proportional to CO₂ concentration at the 50-cm depth with the slope determined by soil water content, which was consistent with a simple steady-state analytical model of diffusive transport of CO₂ in the soil. The latter proved successful in calculating effluxes during 2004.     

超声强化超临界CO2萃取人参皂苷的研究

为了探讨超声波对超临界CO₂萃取(SCE)的影响，考察了在不同萃取温度、萃取压力、萃取时间和流体流量下，有、无超声时超临界CO₂萃取人参皂苷的萃取率。试验结果发现，超声强化超临界CO₂萃取(USCE)的合适萃取温度比没加超声(SCE)时的低10℃；在各自合适的萃取压力下，USCE的皂苷萃取率是SCE的1.64倍；CO₂流体的流量大更有利于USCE。在SCE中，超声的加入能明显提高产物的萃取率和生产效率，降低生产能耗和节     

压力、温度对穿心莲内酯超临界CO2萃取-结晶的影响

以穿心莲浸膏为原料，进行了穿心莲内酯的超临界CO₂萃取结晶分离纯化。考察了单因素参数压力、温度对穿心莲内酯纯度、结晶量等的影响。结果表明：超临界CO₂萃取结晶穿心莲内酯的纯度在结晶板上呈梯度分布；在25 MPa以下，压力升高，结晶板上部晶体纯度升高，而结晶量先增后减；在结晶板下部穿心莲内酯的纯度和结晶量都是先升高后降低；温度在一定范围内能提高晶体纯度，且有利于缩短萃取结晶时间。