烟酸减少奶牛营养应激的作用

<正> 一、奶牛的能量问题大约在分娩前一周、奶牛就开始分解体脂,并且肝脏内脂肪沉积增加。分娩时,其干物质采食量降低40～60％。分娩后干物质采食量以适当的速度逐渐增加,以防止废食及瘤胃酸中毒。在分娩后的一个月内,奶牛干物质采食量与其正常需要量相比降低10～15％。并且在分娩后到泌乳高峰到来之前其乳脂量最高。     

围产期奶牛脂肪肝的综合诊治

奶牛肝脏内脂肪代谢过程受阻,导致脂肪在肝脏中蓄积,并超过肝脏中正常含量的5％时,即称为脂肪肝。由于此病常发生于围产期的奶牛,所以又叫围产期奶牛脂肪肝。 患病后的奶牛,不仅肝脏的正常功能受到影响,胆汁分泌障碍,影响消化功能,而且常常伴发其他围产期疾病,如胎衣不下、生产瘫痪和子宫内膜炎等;此外,患牛的繁殖力和免疫力也会受到不同程度的影响。     

围产期奶牛脂肪肝的综合防治

<正>奶牛肝脏内脂肪代谢受阻,使脂肪在肝脏中蓄积,并超过肝脏中正常含量的5%时,即称为脂肪肝。由于此病常发生于围产期的奶牛,所以又叫围产期奶牛脂肪肝。患病后由于奶牛的肝功能障碍,常导致胆汁分泌不足,影响消化功能;同时还容易伴发其它围产期疾病,如胎衣不下、生产瘫痪和子宫内膜炎等,从而使患牛的产奶量、繁殖力和免疫力受到不同程度的影响。     

干奶期奶牛不同能量摄入对其肝脏胰岛素受体mRNA表达的影响

将健康围产期奶牛30头随机分为3组,预产前28 d分别饲喂奶牛标准日粮（能量摄入100%组）、标准日粮增加20%日粮（能量摄入120%组）和标准日粮减少20%日粮（能量摄入80%组）,产后各组奶牛均饲喂标准的产奶日粮,至产后56d结束,采用半定量RT-PCR方法,观测干奶期不同能量摄入水平对围产期健康奶牛肝脏胰岛素受体（IR）基因表达的影响.试验结果表明,干奶期低能饲喂奶牛,产后肝脏IR mRNA表达增加,提示低能饲喂有利于调节奶牛产后血糖平衡.     

酮病、脂肪肝奶牛胰岛素受体mRNA丰度

选择自然发生的酮病奶牛、脂肪肝奶牛和正常围产期荷斯坦奶牛（对照）各5头，通过手术方法采取其肝脏样品，采用半定量RT—PCR方法检测了这3组奶牛肝胜样品胰岛素受体（InsR）mRNA丰度的变化。结果表明，酮痛奶牛InsRmRNA相对表达量低于正常对照奶牛，而高于脂肪肝奶牛；脂肪肝奶牛InsR mRNA相对表达量低于正常对照奶牛和酮病奶牛（P〈0．05）。可见，酮病奶牛InsR mRNA相对表达量下降，提示此有利于酮病奶牛糖异生和脂肪动员，从而缓解能量负平衡；脂肪肝奶牛InsR mRNA相对表达量降低，提示奶牛胰岛素应答显著减弱，此时奶牛可能发生了胰岛素抵抗。     

丙二醇对围产期奶牛能量平衡及代谢产物的影响

为了研究丙二醇对围产期奶牛能量平衡、血液指标和肝脏甘油三酯与糖原含量的影响。选用24头体质量(683.1±14.9)kg、胎次(2.5±0.2)、上一泌乳期305d产奶量(7 339±18)kg和预产期(24.5±0.2)d的经产奶牛,随机分为4组,从分娩前19d开始分别在基础日粮中添加丙二醇0、150、300和450mL.d-1。结果表明:与对照组相比,添加丙二醇300和450mL.d-1,显著提高了奶牛分娩后7、21和35d体况评分,缓减了奶牛体质量下降程度,改善了奶牛分娩前14d和分娩后7、21和35d奶牛能量平衡(P<0.05)。300和450mL.d-1组奶牛分娩前14d和分娩后7、21和35d血糖和胰岛素浓度显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。300和450mL.d-1组奶牛分娩后7、21和35d血浆游离脂肪酸、β-羟丁酸和甘油三酯浓度显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。300和450mL.d-1组奶牛分娩后7、21和35d肝脏甘油三酯含量显著低于对照组(P<0.05),但分娩后7、21和35d肝脏糖原含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。结果提示在日粮中添加丙二醇能够减少肝脏脂肪沉积,加强葡萄糖异生作用,改善奶牛能量平衡,适宜添加量为300mL.d-1。     

奶牛脂肪肝的中西医结合防治

正奶牛脂肪又称肥胖奶牛综合征,是泌乳初期高产奶牛易患的一种代谢病,当肝脏吸收的脂质超过其氧化和分解的能力时,脂质在肝脏中沉积,导致肝细胞变性的一种疾病。主要发生于处于从产犊前2~3周开始至产后4~5周为止的分娩期的高产奶牛,发病率高,对奶牛健康和生产性能危害大。1发病原因及机理奶牛发生本病的主要原因为干奶期奶牛日粮中精料喂量过大、能量和蛋白质水平过高、母牛实际进食量超过营养需要量。泌乳早期大多数     

围产期奶牛脂肪肝的综合防治

奶牛肝脏内脂肪代谢过程受阻，使脂肪在肝脏中蓄积，并超过肝脏中正常含量的5％时，即称为脂肪肝。由于此病常发生于围产期的奶牛，所以又叫围产期奶牛脂肪肝。患病后的奶牛，不仅肝脏的正常功能受到影响，胆汁分泌障碍，影响消化功能，常伴发其他围产期疾病，如胎衣不下、生产瘫痪和子宫内膜炎等；患牛的繁殖力和免疫力也会受到不同程度的影响。     

围产期奶牛的饲养管理

<正>围产期通常是指奶牛产前21d到产后21d这段时间。由于奶牛产前内分泌系统的改变,导致奶牛干物质采食量下降,而此时奶牛的营养需求不断上升。奶牛摄入的营养不能满足自身的需要,导致能量负平衡等问题。产后奶牛为了泌乳的需要不得不动用体脂通过肝脏转化为糖元,以提供能量之用。产后奶牛的能量负平衡状态更为严重,奶牛的体况不断下降,相关的代谢病在产后至30d陆续出现,更严重的是在产前就出现了问题。体况     

奶牛泌乳早期日粮能量类型对机体代谢物和代谢激素的影响

通过对泌乳早期能量负平衡与机体代谢失调的研究表明,有效生脂和生糖能量源之间的平衡在奶牛日粮中扮演着重要角色。所以本研究目的在于比较奶牛泌乳早期生糖和生脂日粮对肝脏甘油三酯、代谢物及其代谢激素的影响,并研究分析了代谢物浓度与能量蓄积之间的相关性。试验选用16头奶牛,从产前3周至产后9周分别饲喂生脂和生糖日粮(两种日粮净能相等),且产后第2周到第9周于环控仓中饲养。产后饲喂生脂日粮的奶牛NEFA浓度较高(0.46±0.04 vs 0.37±0.04mmol/L),而胰岛素较低(4.0±0.5 vs 5.5±0.6μIU/ml);血浆中葡萄糖、β-羟基丁酸、IGF-Ⅰ、甲状腺素在两种日粮中没有较为明显差异。两种日粮处理奶牛产前和产后2周肝脏甘油三酯浓度相一致;饲喂生糖日粮奶牛产后4周肝脏TAG含量较低,但无显著的日粮差异。本试验也发现能量蓄积和乳脂以及能量蓄积与NEFA呈负相关,而能量蓄积与胰岛素浓度呈正相关。总之,试验结果显示,胰岛素调控着奶牛泌乳早期产奶和机体组织之间的能量分配。与饲喂生脂日粮相比,泌乳奶牛早期饲喂生糖日粮能减低机体体脂动员;当饲喂生脂日粮时,可提高乳中的生脂营养素,降低血浆胰岛素和增加NEFA浓度。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …     

鸡败血支原体垂直传播模式及其阻断方法

以国际标准强毒Ｒ株人工感染非免疫产蛋鸡,定时扑杀,分别从鼻窦、眶下孔、气管、肺、气囊、卵巢和输卵管分离ＭＧ,并收集感染鸡所产蛋分离ＭＧ。结果表明,人工感染４８小时后上、下呼吸道及肺已被全面感染,９６小时气囊已被感染,１２０小时输卵管已能分离到ＭＧ,卵巢始终分离不到ＭＧ。人工感染鸡自１４４小时便能在其所产蛋中分离出ＭＧ。药物治疗能在７２小时内消除感染,油乳剂苗则需２４天后逐渐降低蛋内ＭＧ分离率,药物卵内注射、种蛋药浴、高温处理均能杀死卵内ＭＧ,但以研制的种蛋浸泡剂药浴效果为最好。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.