半湿润区免耕覆盖对土壤水分、温度及作物产量的影响

以半湿润区冬小麦－夏玉米一年两熟种植制度为研究对象,设置传统耕作(T0)、免耕无秸秆覆盖(T1)和免耕秸秆覆盖(T2)3个处理,研究不同耕作和秸秆覆盖方式对土壤水分、土壤温度和作物生长的影响及其在不同作物季节的功能差异。结果表明冬小麦季免耕覆盖(T2)和不覆盖(T1)处理0-60 cm土壤含水量都高于传统耕作(T0)处理,但免耕处理T1和T2只在表层土壤含水量存在显著差异,说明秸秆覆盖对表层土壤保水效果明显。免耕覆盖降低了土壤表层温度(T2相似文献   

不同降水条件下北方日光温室填闲季糯玉米对土壤残留氮风险阻控研究

我国北方设施蔬菜生产中存在着不合理灌溉施肥的现象,严重影响着设施农业的可持续发展。本试验在种植季节外填闲期间,以休闲田地为对照,采用填闲作物种植和溴深层示踪技术研究了夏季填闲作物对土壤提氮作用。试验结果表明:夏季种植填闲作物可显著降低根区土壤中无机氮素的含量,尤其是土壤表层的无机氮含量。休闲处理,土壤(0～180 cm)各层的无机氮含量均有增加。但在干旱条件处理下种植填闲作物后,土壤(0～120 cm)各层的无机氮含量均出现下降。夏季降雨量是造成土壤氮素淋洗的主要因素,且土壤中无机氮含量越高,氮素淋洗量越大。种植填闲作物可以有效地吸收土壤中氮养分,在模拟干旱年份和正常年份降雨量的处理中,种植糯玉米从土壤中吸收氮量分别为172.6,146.6 kg/hm2。溴标记试验进一步证明了填闲作物的提氮能力,下层土壤中溴均出现向上运移的现象。本研究证实了种植填闲作物糯玉米具有有效利用菜田土壤残留氮与阻控氮淋洗风险的作用,为北方日光温室典型种植模式氮素优化管理提供了科学参考。     

冬小麦–夏玉米高产模式周年气候资源分配与利用特征研究

探明周年产量20,000kghm–2以上冬小麦–夏玉米种植模式周年气候资源分配与利用特征,并建立资源优化配置定量指标,为进一步提升黄淮海该模式周年产量潜力和气候资源利用效率提供理论依据,具有重要意义。本研究利用2006—2010年黄淮海区9个高产点共45个田间试验的数据,定量分析了冬小麦–夏玉米模式高产形成与季节间光温水资源分配的关系。结果表明,三省9个试验点冬小麦–夏玉米均实现了周年20,000kghm–2以上高产,但区域间差异较大,河南和山东小麦产量最高,山东夏玉米产量最高,河南和山东周年产量分别高于河北16.9%和21.5%。产量的变化主要由光温水分配差异造成,河南和山东小麦季积温量在1924.2～2608.0°C和降雨量小于201.1mm范围时产量均高于河北,山东玉米季辐射量在2168.5～2953.8 MJ m–2、积温量小于2990.7°C和降水量小于591.3 mm范围时产量均高于河南和河北。然而省份间冬小麦–夏玉米模式季节间热量资源分配率和分配比值相对固定,即小麦季和玉米季积温分配率分别为43%和57%,两季间积温比值为0.7,这是该区当前生产和生态条件下冬小麦–夏玉米模式季节间资源合理配置的定量标准。在不增加任何投入的前提下依据该定量指标来指导黄淮海不同生态区冬小麦–夏玉米种植模式的资源优化配置,对促进黄淮海该种植模式可持续发展具有重要意义。     

冬小麦-夏玉米轮作体系下不施氮对作物产量和土壤无机氮的影响

一季不施氮对冬小麦产量影响显著，对夏玉米产量影响不大；连续二季和三季不施氮使冬小麦和夏玉米产量都大幅度减产；连续四季以上不施氮使冬小麦和夏玉米产量分别稳定在1693～1807kg／hm^2和4575～4782kg／hm^2范围的较低水平。不施氮条件下，冬小麦的减产幅度大于夏玉米。不施氮主要通过降低两种作物的穗粒数影响产量。一季和连续两季不施氮使土壤无机氮含量迅速下降，连续两季以上不施氮使土壤无机氮含量稳定在较低水平。     

Analysis of Soil Fertility and Management Effects on Yields of Wheat and Corn in the Rolling Pampa of Argentina

The Rolling Pampa is the most productive region of the Argentine Humid Pampa comprising around 10 Mha. Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), corn (Zea mays L.), and soya bean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] are the main grain crops produced. To develop sound cropping strategies, a better understanding of the impact of soil fertility and management on crops is needed. The objective of this study was to develop models for estimating the effects of growing season precipitation, soil fertility and management on wheat and corn yields. Data from 347 wheat and 323 corn field experiments and production fields over six growing seasons were used. Soil, management and weather characteristics were determined and yields were then evaluated. Data were analysed using linear and quadratic models and a quadratic polynomial surface model. Soil fertility, management and rainfall and interactions were analysed. Growing season precipitation correlated with wheat (R² = 0.42) and corn (R² = 0.25) yield. Maximum wheat yield was achieved with 350–400 mm rainfall and corn yield reached a plateau around 700 mm. Soil fertility accounted for 33 % of wheat yield variability and 5 % of corn yield variability. Management accounted for 48 and 9 % respectively. Whole polynomial models integrating rainfall, fertilizer N and P rates, soil N and P, previous crop and tillage system accounted for 67 % of wheat yield variability and 51 % of corn yield variability. Soil organic matter was not included in the models but an indirect effect on yield was detected as organic matter correlated with initial soil N levels for both crops. Soya bean as a previous crop had a positive effect on wheat and corn yields. Wheat was insensitive to tillage system but corn yield was higher under no till. N and P fertilization had a two- to three-fold greater impact on yield than soil nutrient levels. As this region is considered to be of high soil fertility and has a history of very low fertilizer consumption, adequate use of N and P fertilization will be essential to maintaining high wheat and corn yields.     

玉米与草地雀麦种植对坡地水土流失的影响

试验在自然降雨条件下,在15°坡地设置作物与牧草径流试验小区,以裸地为对照,在每次降雨之后用全深剖面采样器取样,测量其径流量和土壤侵蚀量,定期测定玉米和草地雀麦的生物学特性,研究玉米与草地雀麦生物学特性变化及其坡地水土流失防治效果的差异,探索植物种植对坡地水土流失的主要影响因素,结果表明:种植玉米与草地雀麦,对坡地水土流失均有一定防治作用,但是,与玉米相比,草地雀麦的叶面积指数和覆盖度可在雨季前达到较高水平,有利于早期坡地水土流失防治。同时,草地雀麦0~10 cm土层根系发达,地下生物量是玉米的2.88倍,可以显著提高自然降水的土壤入渗率,减少地表径流,使坡地年径流量与土壤侵蚀模数减少98.2%和99.9%,保水、固土能力是玉米种植的5.2倍和1.5倍,水土流失防治效果显著。     

Cropping system effects of maize on infiltration,runoff and erosion on loess soils in South-Limbourg (The Netherlands): A comparison of two rainfall events

Two natural rainfall events are compared to evaluate the effects of three cropping systems of silage maize on soil moisture content, infiltration, runoff and erosion. Both rainfall events took place in early summer. One was a low intensity event with 27.6 mm of rain in 9 hours, and the other a high intensity event with 33.4 mm in 42 minutes. Cropping systems were:

• 1.(I) a spring tilled system (conventional),
• 2.(II) an autumn and spring tilled system with summer barley as spring cover crop, and
• 3.(III) an autumn tilled system with winter rye as winter cover crop and direct drilling of silage maize.

During the low intensity event, soil moisture content of the top 5 cm rose to field capacity on all three cropping systems. No runoff was generated. During the high intensity event, soil moisture content rose to field capacity on the two spring tilled cropping systems but was only slightly raised in the direct drill system, in spite of 17.7 mm of infiltrated rain. Runoff coefficients of the high intensity event were 41.7% (conventional system), 14.9% (autumn and spring tilled system) and 47.0% (direct drill system). The direct drill system showed a severely slaked soil surface in early summer, caused by winter rain.The response to rainfall of soil moisture content is ascribed to:

• 1.(I) a predominance of matrix infiltration on all cropping systems during the low intensity event and on the spring tilled systems during the high intensity event, and
• 2.(II) a predominance of infiltration via continuous macropores, open to the surface (of biologic origin), by-passing the soil matrix, on the direct drill system during the high intensity event.

The presence of continuous, vertical macropores on the direct drill system explains its surprisingly high infiltration capacity, considering its strongly slaked appearance. The smooth soil surface of the direct drill cropping system may have delayed infiltration during the flooded stage of the high intensity event by not providing vent points for the escape of soil air. Soil loss from the direct drill system during the high intensity event was only 15.6% of that from the conventional system. This is ascribed to low detachment rates of soil material by drop impact and/or overland flow, due to the presence of winter rye remains and, especially, the relatively high soil surface shear strength of the direct drill cropping system in early summer.     

冬小麦—夏玉米轮作体系优化施氮对土壤硝态氮的影响

为了建立小麦/玉米轮作体系下的作物营养诊断推荐施肥技术体系,确定最佳施肥方案,对不同施肥方式下每一季作物进行硝态氮、产量、施肥量进行观测。结果表明,不同的施肥处理对作物产量影响显著,优化施肥产量提高2.73%~6.39%。不施肥处理条件下,二、三季作物产量显著降低,四季作物减产幅度趋于平衡;长期优化施肥使0~60 cm土壤硝态氮含量维持在同一个水平,而长期习惯施肥则使土壤硝态氮含量有增高的趋势;长期不施肥使土壤硝态氮含量稳定在较低水平;优化施肥节约化肥36.84%~52.97%。上述三种施肥方式以优化施肥最佳。     

长期定位施肥对土壤氮素矿化与作物产量的影响

揭示长期施用有机肥及配施氮肥对非石灰性潮土氮素矿化特性的影响,探索其与作物产量间的关系。以始于_1978年的莱阳长期定位施肥试验为基础,采用田间原位-离子交换树脂法(ISC-IERB)研究了长期定位施肥对土壤氮素矿化特性的影响,并对其与产量进行了相关分析。结果表明:长期施用有机肥及其配施氮肥可显著提高非石灰性潮土全氮、矿质氮、净氮矿化量、冬小麦或夏玉米吸氮量和产量,且在同一有机肥(氮肥)水平下,均随氮肥(有机肥)投入量的增加呈增加趋势,其中高量有机肥配施高量氮肥(M_2N_2)处理的增加幅度最高,冬小麦、夏玉米产量分别为6 803,_1_1 935 kg/hm_2;长期施肥使夏玉米季土壤氮净矿化量、净氮矿化率明显大于冬小麦季,施肥处理(M_1、M_1N_1、M_1N_2、M_2、M_2N_1、M_2N_2)的增幅分别为7.1%-2.7%,16.2%-76.0%;相关分析表明,冬小麦-夏玉米产量与当季冬小麦、夏玉米播前土壤全氮、矿质氮含量、氮净矿化量均存在极显著相关性,但与氮素表观淋失量相关不显著。研究表明,施用有机肥、氮肥是提高土壤供氮潜力、作物产量的有效手段,作物与季节是影响土壤氮素矿化的重要因素。     

Yield variation of spring cereals in relation to selected soil physical properties on three clay soil fields

The crop growth is highly dependent on growth conditions which vary from year to year making precision farming challenging. In the present paper was first investigated whether varying soil physical properties reflect the within-field yield variation of small grain cereals and how do the variations in weather conditions between growing seasons affect the within-field yield variation. Secondly, the potential biomass accumulation of the crop in existing soil and weather conditions was simulated. The simulated and experimentally based site-specific total biomasses were compared in order to find out whether the soil data explains the observed variations in yield.Three experimental fields size of 3–4 ha were established to examine the spatio-temporal yield variation during three years. The clay content of soils was high (> 46%) and soils were classified as Stagni-Vertic Cambisols. Correlations between soil water retention properties and crop yield were studied. Top and subsoil saturated (SWC), field capacity (FC) and permanent wilting point (PWP) water content, and saturated hydraulic conductivity of soil (K_sat), were determined from 19 to 24 places on each field once during the three years experimental period. During growing seasons, soil moisture content and leaf area index (LAI) were determined at same places biweekly, and yield was harvested. Spring barley (Hordeum vulgare) was grown on two fields, and spring wheat (Triticum aestivum, 2 years) and spring oilseed rape (Brassica napus L., one year) were grown on the third field.The measured grain yields correlated with selected soil physical properties only in few cases. The observed spatial variation in the biomass was in most cases found to be higher than the simulated. Therefore, the above mentioned parameters were not enough to predict the yield correctly in case of high variations. There were other factors decreasing the observed yield e.g. lodging, cold summer, extremely high precipitation and slopes in field. According to our results it is evident that it is very difficult to predict site-specific biomass accumulation solely by soil properties in order, for instance, to fertilize in a site-specific manner. Therefore one needs to measure the crop during the growing season in order to simulate the biomass accumulation for precision farming purposes.     

冬小麦–夏玉米与双季玉米种植模式产量及光温资源利用特征比较

优化传统冬小麦-夏玉米模式并探索新型种植模式是挖掘黄淮海区周年高产潜力,提高资源利用效率的重要途径。本研究以冬小麦-夏玉米传统种植模式为对照(CK),建立了冬小麦–夏玉米优化种植模式(T1)和双季玉米模式(T2),于2009—2012年在河南新乡进行田间试验,对其周年资源分配、产量及资源利用效率进行了比较。结果表明:(1)T1模式通过播/收期调整,协调了两季的光、温资源分配比例(0.7∶1.0和1.4∶1.0);T2模式两季积温基本为均等分配,光照资源分配比例为1.5∶1.0。(2)资源分配的变化引起了产量的变化。与CK比,T1模式周年产量平均增幅为7.8%,其产量的增加主要来自于夏玉米季,T1模式夏玉米季平均叶面积指数(MLAI)、生物量和产量均显著高于CK,且冬小麦晚播并未造成减产。双季玉米(T2)是"双C4作物"的新型种植模式,其第1季的MLAI、生物量和产量均显著高于CK和T1,第2季(除MLAI外)显著低于CK和T1。T2与T1周年产量差异不显著,但显著高于CK,平均增幅为9.2%。另外,T2模式周年日产量显著高于CK和T1,平均增幅分别为53.9%和46.2%。(3)T2模式周年光、温生产效率及籽粒光能利用效率显著高于CK和T1,平均增幅分别为30.5%和23.3%,15.5%和9.7%,30.3%和23.0%。综上所述,T1和T2高产高效模式建立的核心均是充分利用C4作物玉米高物质生产能力的优势,二者的建立为黄淮海区周年产量潜力的挖掘及种植结构调整提供了思路。     

松嫩平原过去40年农业气候变化特征分析

利用1961-2000年的逐月气候资料,分析了松嫩平原农业气候因子的变化特征与趋势。结果表明,在全球变暖的大气候背景下,过去40年中松嫩平原地区年平均气温显著升高,增温速率在0.4℃/10a以上,进入20世纪80年代以后,年平均气温上升趋势更加明显。各个季节及作物生长季平均气温与时间序列的回归趋势均达到显著水平,冬季增温速率最大。年平均最高气温和冬季平均最高气温增加显著。年平均最低气温、四季平均最低气温和作物生长季最低气温增加均较显著,冬季和春季平均最低气温增加速率较大。对降水量的分析结果表明,除1961-1980年作物生长季降水呈明显减少趋势外,年总降水量和各季节降水量变化趋势不明显,在过去40年中并无明显的增加或减少趋势。此项研究结果可以为松嫩平原农作物布局、种植结构调整等农业生产管理决策提供借鉴。     

Analysis of Water Non-limiting and Water Limiting Yields and Yield Gaps of Groundnut in India Using CROPGRO-Peanut Model

To assess the scope for enhancing productivity of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) in India, well‐calibrated and validated CROPGRO‐Peanut model was used to assess potential yields (water non‐limiting and water limiting) and yield gaps of groundnut for 18 locations representing major groundnut growing regions of India. The average simulated water non‐limiting pod yield of groundnut for the locations was 5440 kg ha^?1, whereas the water limiting yield was 2750 kg ha^?1 indicating a 49 % reduction in yield because of deficit soil moisture conditions. As against this, the actual pod yields of the locations averaged 1020 kg ha^?1, which was 4420 and 1730 kg ha^?1 less than the simulated water non‐limiting and water limiting yields, respectively. Across locations, the simulated water non‐limiting yields were less variable than water limited and actual yields, and strongly correlated with solar radiation during the crop season (R² = 0.62, P ≤ 0.01). Simulated water limiting yield showed a significant positive, but curvilinear relationship (R² = 0.73, P ≤ 0.01) with mean crop season rainfall across locations. The relationship between actual yield and the mean crop season rainfall across locations was not significant, whereas across seasons for some of the locations, the association was found to be significant. Total yield gap (water non‐limiting minus actual yields) ranged from 3100 to 5570 kg ha^?1, and remained more or less unaffected by the quantity of rainfall received across locations. The gap between simulated water non‐limiting and water limiting yields, which ranged from 710 to 5430 kg ha^?1, was large at locations with low crop season rainfall, and narrowed down at locations with increasing quantum of crop season rainfall. On the other hand, the gap between simulated water limiting yield and actual farmers yield ranged from 0 to 3150 kg ha^?1. It was narrow at locations with low crop season rainfall and increased considerably at locations with increasing amounts of rainfall indicating that type of interventions to abridge the yield gap will vary with the rainfall regimes. It is suggested that improved agronomic management (such as high yielding cultivars, balance crop nutrition and control of pest and diseases) in high rainfall regimes and rainfall conservation and supplemental irrigations in low rainfall regimes will be essential components of the improved technologies aimed at abridging the yield gaps of groundnut.     

Effect of Rainfall Collecting with Ridge and Furrow on Soil Moisture and Root Growth of Corn in Semiarid Northwest China

A plastic‐covered ridge and furrow farming of rainfall collecting (RC) system were designed to increase water availability to corn for improving and stabilizing agricultural production in the semiarid Loess region of northwest China. This system comprised two elements: the ridge mulched by plastic film that acts as a rainfall harvesting zone and the furrow as a planting zone. To adopt this system for large‐scale use in the semiarid region and bring it into full play, it is necessary to test the appropriate rainfall range for RC farming. A field study (using corn as an indicator crop) combined with rainfall simulation was conducted to determine the effect of RC on soil moisture, root characteristic parameters and the yield of corn under three different rainfall levels (230, 340 and 440 mm) during the growing seasons of 2006 and 2007. The results indicated that with the rainfalls ranging within 230–440 mm, the soil moisture at 0–100 cm depth for RC system in furrows was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than that of conventional flat (CF for control) practice. At 100–200 cm soil depth, there was no significant difference (P > 0.05) between soil moisture in the RC₂₃₀ plots and in the CF₂₃₀ plots during the corn growing seasons, while the soil moisture both in the RC₃₄₀ and RC₄₄₀ plots were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than those in the CF₃₄₀ and CF₄₄₀ plots. The root length, root surface area, root volume and root dry weight for RC₂₃₀ and RC₃₄₀ plots all significantly increased (P < 0.05) compared with CF₂₃₀ and CF₃₄₀ plots, but these root characteristic parameters at 440 mm rainfall slightly decreased compared with those of CF practice. Compared with the CF_230–440 pattern, the increasing amplitude of grain yield under the RC_230–440 pattern diminished with the rainfall increase and there was no obvious yield‐incrementing effect (P > 0.05) between two patterns at 440 mm rainfall in 2006. In comparison with these two farming practices, the RC system not only improved soil moisture of dry farmland, but also promoted the development of corn root systems when the rainfall ranged between 230 and 440 mm. Thus, it could be concluded that the optimal upper rainfall limit for the RC system is below 440 mm in the experiment. For corn, the adoption of the RC practice in the 230–440 mm rainfall area will make the system more effective during the whole growth period and offer a sound opportunity for sustainable farming in semiarid areas.     

夏玉米简化栽培技术的研究

从满足夏玉米生育要求出发,采用麦秸还田,底施氮化肥、精量机播和化学除草等现代化综合技术,不但能促进壮苗早发和早熟高产,而且省工省力,降低成本,提高效率和培肥地力.采用这套简化栽培技术,平均每亩可增产粮食52.2公斤,少用工1.37个,节约开支8.54元,增加纯收益21.91元,耕层土壤有机质每年提高0.029%,土壤物理结构和营养供应性能也有明显提高.4年累计在京郊推广近百万亩,有力地促进了土地适度规模经营的发展.     

安庆市近60年降水变化特征分析

为了研究安庆市近60年降水以及四季降水变化特征,并预测短期内安庆市降水趋势,为区内农业生产和防汛抗旱提供科学依据和指导,利用Morlet小波对安庆市近60年降水数据进行分析。结果表明,安庆市降水集中在春、夏2季,年降水量呈微弱递增趋势,经历6次丰枯循环,2010年后将进入新的丰水期。四季降水变化趋势各不相同,春季和秋季呈下降趋势,夏季和冬季呈上升趋势。安庆市近60年间小尺度周期震荡显著,周期性强,年际间降水变化幅度大,降水丰枯交替频繁,易出现洪涝灾害和干旱,但是出现严重干旱的概率较小。春、夏季节时期,安庆地区受季风环流影响,大气环流年际变化频繁,降水变率大,丰枯交替频繁,小尺度周期震荡显著,年际间降水变化幅度大,突变点多,旱涝灾害频发。而秋、冬季节受西风带影响,盛行偏北气流,气流较春夏季节偏干燥,降水变率小,年际间降水变化幅度相对较小,旱涝交替较春夏季节缓慢,小尺度周期震荡不显著。     

Impact of the Cropping Systems of a Minor Dry Season on the Growth, Yields and Nitrogen Uptake of Maize (Zea mays L) Grown in the Humid Tropics during the Major Rainy Season

A field study evaluated the residual effect of a cropping system in two minor (dry) seasons on the productivity pattern and nitrogen utilization of a maize crop grown in the subsequent major (wet) seasons. The cropping systems established in the minor seasons, where evaporation exceeds rainfall, were either monocultures of maize (Zea mays L), or maize intercropped with either common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L) or sunhemp (Crotolaria juncea L). In addition, monocultures of two green manures, namely sunhemp (Crotolaria juncea) or Tithonia (Tithonia diversifolia), were established. The residues of maize and beans and the green manures were incorporated at the end of the minor season; at the onset of rains in the major season, maize crops were established on the same plots. Germination of maize was not affected by the previous cropping system. In contrast, crop growth and yields of maize and nitrogen utilization were affected by the previous cropping system. Optimum growth and highest yields were procured in maize that was grown after a green manure crop. Similarly, although the yields were high, the planting of a green manure crop reduced nitrogen utilization by maize in the major season, thereby indicating its potential contribution to sustainability, due to its lower mining of soil nitrogen. On the basis of the results of this two‐year study, the impact of cropping systems in minor seasons on the productivity of maize, a very important highland cereal in the tropics, grown under rain‐fed conditions in a major season, is presented.     

‘Fingerprints’ of four crop models as affected by soil input data aggregation

The spatial variability of soil properties is an important driver of yield variability at both field and regional scale. Thus, when using crop growth simulation models, the choice of spatial resolution of soil input data might be key in order to accurately reproduce observed yield variability. In this study we used four crop models (SIMPLACE<LINTUL-SLIM>, DSSAT-CSM, EPIC and DAISY) differing in the detail of modeling above-ground biomass and yield as well as of modeling soil water dynamics, water uptake and drought effects on plants to simulate winter wheat in two (agro-climatologically and geo-morphologically) contrasting regions of the federal state of North-Rhine-Westphalia (Germany) for the period from 1995 to 2008. Three spatial resolutions of soil input data were taken into consideration, corresponding to the following map scales: 1:50 000, 1:300 000 and 1:1 000 000. The four crop models were run for water-limited production conditions and model results were evaluated in the form of frequency distributions, depicted by bean-plots.In both regions, soil data aggregation had very small influence on the shape and range of frequency distributions of simulated yield and simulated total growing season evapotranspiration for all models. Further analysis revealed that the small influence of spatial resolution of soil input data might be related to: (a) the high precipitation amount in the region which partly masked differences in soil characteristics for water holding capacity, (b) the loss of variability in hydraulic soil properties due to the methods applied to calculate water retention properties of the used soil profiles, and (c) the method of soil data aggregation.No characteristic “fingerprint” between sites, years and resolutions could be found for any of the models. Our results support earlier recommendation to evaluate model results on the basis of frequency distributions since these offer quick and better insight into the distribution of simulation results as compared to summary statistics only. Finally, our results support conclusions from other studies about the usefulness of considering a multi-model approach to quantify the uncertainty in simulated yields introduced by the crop growth simulation approach when exploring the effects of scaling for regional yield impact assessments.     

1961—2012年杭州的升温趋势和四季分配之变化

为了弄清气候增暖背景下杭州季节变化特征,揭示温度变化对季节变化的影响,利用1961—2012年杭州站逐日气温资料,按照最新实施的气候季节划分标准对四季长度和起始日期进行划分,采用气候倾向率、相关分析和突变检测等方法,研究了近52年四季长度和起始日期及气温的变化特征及其相互关系。结果表明,杭州夏季最长,秋季最短;夏季明显变长,冬季明显缩短,其气候倾向率分别为5.33 d/10 a和-3.62 d/10 a;夏季变长是受夏季起始日期显著提前和秋季起始日期显著延后共同影响,两者作用相当;冬季缩短则是受春季起始日期显著提前和冬季起始日期延后共同影响,以前者影响更明显。除夏季长度及春、夏、秋3季起始日期在20世纪90年代初期有明显突变外,其他季节无明显的突变。近52年杭州气温持续升高,气候倾向率达0.35℃/10 a。年平均气温与四季长度和起始日期有一定相关性,主要表现在：气温升高,春季和夏季起始日期提前、长度变长,秋季和冬季起始日期延后、长度变短,反之亦然。     

北方冬小麦-夏玉米复种区生物炭与明矾配施对土壤碳氮状况影响研究

旨在为大田施用土壤调理剂改善土壤碳氮状况提供理论依据。在北方冬小麦-夏玉米种植区,选用生物炭和明矾作为土壤调理剂材料,设计T1（对照）、T2（生物炭）、T3（明矾）、T4（生物炭+明矾）4个处理的两茬定位试验。结果表明,T2（生物炭）与T4（生物炭+明矾）处理改善土壤碳氮状况、提高作物产量和氮素养分吸收的效果较好。经过两茬作物种植后,T4（生物炭+明矾）处理土壤有机碳含量有所提高,为15.82 g/kg,表层土壤C/N增加为10.88。土壤硝态氮经两茬作物种植后,T4（生物炭+明矾）处理改善效果最好,0~30、30~60、60~90²最高,其次为T4（生物炭+明矾）处理,而小麦以T4（生物炭+明矾）处理产量最高,为10.28 t/hm²。T4（生物炭+明矾）处理夏玉米和冬小麦的吸氮量均最高,分别为168.32 kg/hm²和35.49 kg/hm²。总体来看T4（生物炭+明矾）处理对改善农田土壤碳氮状况效果较好。