Modification of the aggregate stability indices for the wet sieving method and the water drop technique

Soil samples from an experimental field were investigated. The aggregate stability using the wet sieving method and the water drop technique as well as the soil erodibility using a rainfall simulator was calculated.Since it was found that the soil erodibility increases with increasing soil aggregate stability due to the problem of relativity imposed by the aggregate diameter, subsequently, some modifications were introduced to restore the normal trend.     

Changes in microrelief and their effects on infiltration and erosion during simulated rainfall

The erosivity of soils under a given rainfall energy appears to vary greatly among soil orders, probably reflecting differences in clay composition and organic matter content. This study was conducted to quantify microrelief, infiltration, and sediment yield changes during three consecutive simulated rain events on a Udic Haploboroll and a Typic Hapludalf from Minnesota, and a Mollic Kandiudalf, and Typic Palehumult from Uganda. Air dry aggregates (< 5 mm) were packed in 19 1 containers tilted to a 5% slope and were subjected to three consecutive high energy rain storms (63 mm h⁻¹) for a duration of 1 h. Runoff and sediment were continuously monitored during a storm. Infiltration was measured by continued weighing of the soil and containers. An automated non-contact laser relief meter was used to measure changes in soil roughness initially and after each storm. Soil surface roughness decreased during the rain events indicating that aggregate breakdown was the dominant process in seal formation. For example, random roughness decreased form 5.9 to 4.0 mm on Barnes loam and from 9.7 to 6.9 mm on Renova silt loam with cumulative rainfall of 0 and 126 mm. These infiltration rates indicated that the Barnes Loam (Haploboroll) and Kabanyolo clay (Kandiudalf) were unstable soils while Kachwekano clay (Palehumult) and Renova silt loam (Hapludalf) were quite stable. Final infiltration rates after 3 consecutive rainfalls on Kachwekano clay (15 mm h⁻¹) and Renova silt loam (13 mm h⁻¹) [the stable aggregate soils] were significantly higher than those of Barnes loam (4 mm h⁻¹) and Kabanyolo clay (3 mm h⁻¹). For the two stable soils a high infiltration rate on a rough surface was maintained until aggregate breakdown occurred and runoff began. Sediment yield from Barnes loam (29 kg m⁻²) and Kabanyolo clay (28 kg m⁻²) was significantly greater than soil loss from Kachwekano clay (0 kg m⁻²) and Renova silt loam (6 kg m⁻²). The microrelief method to quantify aggregate stability is an improvement over wet sieving and other related measurements because of its rapidity and because the statistical quantification can be linked to physical processes.     

Furrow erosion and aggregate stability variation in a Portneuf silt loam

Numerous soil factors, including aggregate stability, affect erosion rates from irrigated furrows. Since aggregate stability varies within growing seasons, furrow erosion may vary as well. The study objectives were to (1) measure furrow erosion and aggregate stability periodically over two growing seasons, (2) statistically characterize the temporal variation in furrow erosion and aggregate stability, and (3) relate variation in erosion rates to changes in aggregate stability and other soil properties. Erosion rates from replicated, previously unirrigated furrows in fallow plots on a Portneuf silt loam (coarse-silty, mixed, mesic Durixerollic Calciorthid) at Kimberly, Idaho, USA, were measured every 2–3 weeks from mid-May through mid-August 1988, and from late-April to late-August 1989. During each 6.5-h irrigation, three furrows in 1988 and four furrows in 1989 were irrigated at an inflow rate of 11.3 l·min⁻¹. At each irrigation, soil samples were taken to a depth of 5 cm from the bottom of furrows adjacent to or near those irrigated. From these samples, soil gravimetric water content was measured and aggregate stability was determined by wet sieving. Erosion from furrows not previously irrigated varied greatly when measured throughout two growing seasons. For both years, erosion rates were significantly lower later in the growing season than earlier. For a 4.0% slope area in 1988, furrow erosion rates varied over the entire season by a factor of six or more while aggregate stability varied (increased) by only 17%. Thus, aggregate stability was not significantly correlated with furrow erosion rates.     

不同施肥模式对砂姜黑土团聚体特征及有机碳的影响

采集32年砂姜黑土长期定位试验不施肥(CK)、单施化肥(NPK)、单施有机肥(M)、有机肥与化肥配施(MNPK)和高量氮肥下有机肥与化肥配施(HMNPK)处理耕层土壤,研究砂姜黑土区麦玉轮作系统中总有机碳、团聚体组成及不同粒径团聚体中有机碳含量对长期不同施肥模式的响应。结果表明,长期不同施肥方式显著影响土壤不同粒径团聚体分布及其有机碳含量。有机肥施用对表层土(0—10 cm)1—0. 5 mm、0.5—0.25 mm干筛团聚体和< 0.25 mm微团聚体含量的提高有促进作用。耕层土壤水稳性团聚体主要分布在1—0.5 mm、0.5—0.25 mm和<0.25 mm粒径中,施肥处理对各粒级水稳性团聚体含量没有显著影响。长期施肥显著提高了表层土1—0.5 mm和0.5—0.25 mm干筛中团聚体有机碳含量,HMNPK的增幅最高。施用有机肥对提高土壤水稳性团聚体有机碳含量有积极作用,尤其对1—0.5 mm、0.5—0.25 mm和<0.25 mm粒径水稳性团聚体有机碳含量的提高有显著影响,且均为M处理提高幅度最大。砂姜黑土区麦玉轮作条件下,长期有机肥施用可提高砂姜黑土土壤总有机碳含量、中团聚体数量以及有机碳含量,有利于改善土壤物理性状、提升地力。     

Interactions between water quality and polymer treatment on infiltration rate and clay migration

The electrical conductivity (EC) and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) of irrigation water significantly affect water transmission properties of soil. Commercially produced polymers which are soluble in water may potentially mitigate the negative consequences of water quality on infiltration rate. Waters were synthesized to have combinations of EC equal to 0.5, 2.0 and 5.0 dS m⁻¹ and SAR of 5, 15 and 25. These waters were applied through a laboratory scale rainfall simulator to 12 × 20 cm trays containing soil. Untreated and treated waters with 10 mg L⁻¹ concentration of a cationic polysaccharide were used in the study. Untreated waters were applied to uncovered soil or to soil covered with fiberglass sheets 0.5 cm above the soil to disrupt the impact energy. The polymer treated waters were only applied to uncovered soil. The steady state infiltration rates were significantly affected by SAR and EC with the trend toward increasing infiltration rate with increasing EC and/or decreasing SAR under all conditions. Impact energy greatly reduced the infiltration rate as compared to no impact energy. The polymer treatment significantly increases the infiltration rate for each water. The relative beneficial effects of polymer tended to be greater with increasing EC and/or decreasing SAR. The clay in runoff and leachate had several significant interactions between waters and treatments. Treatments that tended to produce more fine particulates leading to crust formation and reduced infiltration rate tended to have less clay in the runoff and leachate. Apparently crust formation partially inhibits clay migration.     

不同类型土壤团聚体稳定机制的研究

土壤团聚体是土壤生态系统中重要的组成部分,影响着土壤的物理、化学和生物学性质,它的稳定性是受粘结剂和分散剂共同作用的结果。本研究目的在于探讨粘结剂和分散剂对土壤团聚体稳定机制的影响。选取全国10种主要地带性土壤类型（黑土、红壤、黄棕壤、暗棕壤、紫色土、栗钙土、黄绵土、潮土、砖红壤、风沙土）为研究对象,采用湿筛法筛分土壤团聚体并测定分析。结果表明：在10种类型土壤团聚体分布中发现砖红壤>0.25 mm大团聚体含量最高,为86.77%;黑土次之,为76.13%;潮土大团聚体含量最少,仅为42.85%。>2 mm和0.5~1 mm含量对团聚体分布影响最大。各个土壤有机质中黑土有机质含量为46.06 g/kg,显著高于其他土壤,砖红壤次之;粒径<0.053 mm时各土壤有机质差异最显著,粒径>2 mm时与全土有机质趋势一致。栗钙土在10种土壤中交换性钠含量最高,为234.48 mg/kg,其次是潮土177.08 mg/kg。从整体看,有机质含量与土壤团聚体稳定性呈正相关(r=0.615),交换性钠与土壤团聚体呈负相关(r=-0.391),有机质与团聚体稳定性的显著相关性在粒径0.053~0.25 mm最明显。土壤团聚体的稳定由有机质与交换性钠共同作用,增加相同单位的有机质与交换性钠,有机质对团聚体的稳定效果是交换性钠分散效果的10倍。为更好的保护土壤,在农业生产中应施用含钠较低的有机肥,减少人类对土壤结构的破坏。     

Effect of water quality and amendments on the hydraulic properties and erosion from several mediterranean soils

The response of six sandy-loam soils from Portugal and Israel to leaching with sodic and saline water and to simulated rain was studied. The dominant clay mineral in the soils from Portugal was kaolinite, whereas smectite predominates in the soils from Israel. The permeability of the soils depended on the soil texture: it decreased with an increase in the silt and clay content. The response of the soils to sodicity depended on the electrolyte concentration; salt concentrations exceeding 10 mmol_c·L⁻¹ was enough to prevent the deleterious effect of exchangeable sodium (≤20%). When leaching with distilled water (stimulating rain water), the presence of primary minerals and lime determine the susceptibility of the soils to sodicity. The calcareous loess from Israel was the least susceptibility to sodicity.The six soils were susceptible to sealing, high runoff and erosion when exposed to rain. The soil surface was particularly vulnerable to sealing due to both the mechanical impact of raindrops and the low concentration of electrolytes in the rainwater. Seal formation was due to two mechanisms:

• 1.(i) physical disruption of aggregates at the soil surface which depended on the impact energy of raindrops and the inherent aggregate stability; and
• 2.(ii) chemical dispersion which depended on the mineralogy of the clay, the ESP, and the electrolyte concentration.

When the impact of the drops was prevented, or when the anionic polymer was sprayed at the soil surface, physical breakdown of the aggregates was reduced and runoff and erosion were slight. When the electrolyte concentration was high, the chemical dispersion was small and runoff and erosion decreased, compard with the control. The smectite soils from Israel were more susceptible to sealing than the kaolinitic soils from Portugal.     

烟-稻复种连作对红壤性水稻土团聚体组成及稳定性的影响

红壤性水稻土面临土壤结构退化、土壤养分失衡和酸化等土壤质量问题,制约农业生产和农民增收。本文以南方红壤丘陵区植烟的红壤性水稻土为对象,采用时空替代法、相关及冗余分析等技术方法,研究了烟-稻复种连作(YDLZ)对红壤性水稻土团聚体及其稳定性变化的影响及其关键影响因素。YDLZ后的红壤性水稻土>5 mm团聚体含量、土壤团聚体重量平均直径(MWD)和几何平均直径(GMD)均显著降低,<0.25 mm团聚体含量和分形维数(D)则显著升高,土壤团聚体稳定性降低;且以YDLZ 5～10年(YDLZ5～10)对土壤团聚体粒径分布及稳定性影响最大。相关及冗余分析表明,土壤有机质和粘粒含量是引起团聚体分布的关键指标;>5 mm和<0.25 mm的团聚体含量是引起团聚体稳定性变化的关键指标。烟-稻复种连作引起红壤性水稻土有机质和粘粒含量变化,主要导致>5 mm团聚体含量的减少,<0.25 mm团聚体含量增加,从而土壤团聚体稳定性降低。针对YDLZ的红壤性水稻土结构培育和土壤质量保育,需关注土壤有机质及粘粒含量的变化。     

Relations between pore-space and hydraulic properties in compacted beds of silty-loam aggregates

The aim of this study was to better understand features of the hydrodynamics of aggregated soil from experiments conducted on repacked soil samples. In the laboratory, aggregates 2 to 3 mm in diameter were prepared using a silty-loam material. These aggregates were wet to a water content close to their air-entry point value, and compacted to a predetermined bulk density. Two sets of samples were studied, with mean bulk density ranging between 1.0 and 1.6 Mg·m⁻³. Aggregates were extracted from samples of a first set, and their bulk density and water retention curve were determined. Water retention curve and unsaturated hydraulic conductivity of samples of a second set were determined using an instantaneous profile method. Experimental results were interpreted with respect to a functional pore-space classification. The water retention properties of the aggregates extracted from the samples were different, although differences in porosity between such aggregates were sometime too small to be measured. This was explained by a narrowing in the constrictions of intra-aggregate pores induced by compaction, even when this compaction was small. Discontinuities in the shape of the hydraulic properties of a loosely-compacted bed of aggregates were found. This was consistent with an independent desaturation of the inter- and intra-aggregate pores. However, unsaturated hydraulic conductivity of the loosely-compacted sample was affected by a small amount of water, which formed menisci between the aggregates close to the air entry point value of the aggregates. Soil hydraulic conductivity increased with the degree of compaction for a range of massbased water contents dryer than the water content at the air-entry point value of the aggregates. The influence of the contact surface between the aggregates on the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity of the samples was quantified, by assuming that water flows only through the aggregates. These experimental results are related to aspects of soil hydrodynamics, which are difficult to study in situ and difficult to predict with the existing models for the soil hydraulic properties.     

Effect of antecedent soil water content and rainfall regime on microrelief changes

Surface microrelief substantially affects surface sealing, runoff, and soil erosion processes on bare soils. Yet, the stability of microrelief for different antecedent soil water contents and rainstorms is not well understood. This study investigates the effect of surface microrelief and antecedent water content on the decay of microrelief under different rainstorm regimes. Two different rainstorm regimes were studied in laboratory experiments: continuous rainfall for a total amount of 60 mm applied at 30 mm/h intensity, and intermittent rainfall consisting of five successive rainstorms of 12 mm each, again with an intensity of 30 mm/h and separated by one week drying cycles. Rough, medium, and fine microrelief surface conditions representing different degrees of seedbed preparation were studied for three soils at antecedent soil water contents of 2–4% and 14–20%. Before and after rainfall, digital elevation models determining the surface microrelief were developed using a laser scanner with 2 mm grid spacing. The specific surface area calculated from microrelief data was used as an index to characterize microrelief. Microrelief stability increased with increasing initial roughness and was much higher for the antecedent wet soils than for the dry soils. Microrelief stability for the continuous rainstorm regime was higher than for intermittent rainfall. Differences in microrelief stability were mostly attributed to different aggregate stabilities. Additionally, the higher stability for the rougher microrelief surfaces was attributed to the lower drop impact density and splash density on the surfaces with larger specific surface area. Aggregate slaking due to air escape and rapid wetting was found to be responsible for the low microrelief stability at initially dry conditions.     

不同种植年限对菜地土壤结构的影响

为了探究不同种植年限对菜地土壤结构的影响情况,为土壤培肥提出切实可行的方法,采用萨维诺夫法分析了重庆市九龙坡区白市驿镇蔬菜基地种植1年、5年、10年的菜地土壤团聚体的组成情况及其差异。结果表明：水稳性团聚体含量以及稳定性在不同种植年限土壤间存在较大差异。对于0~20 cm土层土壤,1~0.25 mm、>3 mm和>5 mm水稳性团聚体含量均表现为1年>5年>10年,20~40 cm土层也存在类似变化。表明随着种植年限的增加,各土层土壤水稳性团聚体含量逐渐降低。对于0~20 cm土层,1年土壤>0.25 mm团聚体平均破坏率为27.78%,5年和10年土壤>0.25 mm团聚体平均破坏率分别高达49.86%、58.74%;对于各种植年限土壤20~40 cm土层也存在相同的趋势。说明随着种植年限的增加,土壤团聚体破坏率增高,土壤结构稳定性降低。相关分析表明,土壤有机质含量与种植年限、平均破坏率呈显著负相关（相关系数分别为-0.880*、-0.897*、n=6）,与>0.25 mm水稳性团聚体含量、>3 mm水稳性团聚体含量、>5 mm水稳性团聚体含量、3~1 mm水稳性团聚体含量、1~0.25 mm水稳性团聚体含量呈显著正相关（相关系数分别为0.897*、0.868*、0.859*、0.835*、0.829*、n=6）,土壤团聚体MWD与>0.25 mm水稳性团聚体含量之间达到极显著正相关（相关系数为0.985**,n=6）。说明随着种植年限增加,土壤有机质含量降低,水稳性团聚体含量增加,平均破坏率逐渐增加。>0.25 mm的水稳性团聚体含量越多,土壤平均重量直径(MWD)值越大,土壤团聚体稳定性越强。有机质含量是影响研究区紫色土土壤水稳性团聚体含量及稳定性的主要因素。     

辽河三角洲湿地土壤团聚体、颗粒

本研究选取辽河三角洲3种典型湿地来研究不同湿地类型表层土壤团聚体和颗粒有机质的分布及其碳浓度分布特征,通过湿筛法和密度分组法得到不同粒级团聚体和包裹态颗粒有机质的质量分数,同时进行各物理化学参数和有机碳、氮的测定,结果表明：不同湿地类型间团聚体质量分数均以粉-粘团聚体(＜53 μm)为主,微团聚体(53~250 μm)次之,而有机碳浓度则以大团聚体(＞250 μm)的最大。此外,颗粒有机质的质量分数以矿物结合态有机质(mSOC)的最高(>90%),但其碳浓度最低。一般地,包裹态颗粒有机碳(iPOM)远高于团聚体,并且除翅碱蓬湿地的细大团聚体中的细颗粒有机质(250a)的iPOM的碳浓度为最高外,其他的随粒级的增大而增高,特别是轻组(LF)有机碳含量最高,其值域范围为174.4~182.0 g/kg。作者提出芦苇湿地土壤的大团聚体多,稳定性最好,因此芦苇湿地土壤固碳能力相对最好。     

岩溶山区植被破坏前后土壤团聚体稳定性研究

用C-D试剂浸提和浸泡振荡处理两种方法分析了岩溶地区不同土地利用方式和植被类型土壤的水稳性团聚体变化情况。利用方式和植被类型对土壤团聚体的形成有较大影响,不仅影响到土壤表层团聚体的组成和质量,而且对表层以下不同深度的土壤团聚体特征均有较大影响。土壤中游离氧化铁铝对提高土壤团聚体稳定性影响也表现显著,但浸泡振荡处理后水稳性团聚体含量的下降大于C-D试剂浸提处理。     

农田生态系统中土壤有机碳与团聚体相互作用机制的研究进展

土壤有机碳和土壤结构是衡量土壤地力的重要指标,同时也是影响土壤稳定性和生产力的主要因素之一。土壤有机碳对团聚体的形成和稳定具有重要作用,而土壤团聚结构对土壤有机碳的累积与分解具有显著影响。本文回顾了有机碳影响团聚体形成稳定作用的模式模型;归纳了土壤团聚体对有机碳累积的保护作用机制。在总结土壤有机碳和土壤团聚体相互作用机制的基础上,探讨了农田管理措施对土壤有机碳和团聚体的影响,并概括了目前国际上相关研究的新技术。并在此基础上,提出了在该领域研究中存在的问题,以期为我国土壤地力的持续提升研究提供参考。     

Polysaccharide and salt effects on infiltration and soil erosion. A rainfall simulation study

Seals forming at the soil surface during rainstorms reduce water penetration and increase runoff in many arid and semi-arid regions. The effect of surface application of an anionic polysaccharide (designated F-Ac), synthesized by the filamentous cyanobacterium Anabaenopsis circularis PCC 6720, on infiltration rate (IR), runoff and erosion of three soils during simulated rainstorms, was studied. The interaction between F-Ac and electrolyte concentration at the soil surface was studied by using distilled water (DW) or tap water (TW) or by spreading phosphogypsum (PG) on the soil surface. F-Ac added at the rate of 3.4 kg ha⁻¹ together with PG at the rate of 5 t ha⁻¹ was the most efficient treatment in improving infiltration and reducing runoff and erosion. This treatment reduced runoff, from the three soils studied, from 65–80% in the control to 14–24%. Soil loss was reduced from 3.6–4.5 Mg ha⁻¹ in the control to 0.5–1.3 Mg ha⁻¹ in the treated soils. DW treatment, singly and in combination with F-Ac, was quite inefficient in preventing seal formation and in reducing runoff and soil loss. Adding F-Ac with TW maintained final IR and runoff levels intermediate between those of F-Ac with PG and those of F-Ac with DW. Electrolytes in the soil surface which flocculated soil clay, enhanced the beneficial effect of F-Ac on aggregate stability and thus greatly reduced water and soil losses. The efficacy of F-Ac as a stabilizing agent (i.e., soil conditioner) wore out during three consecutive storms of 60 mm each.     

Effects of colloidal lignite on the stability of soil aggregates

As an alternative to the simple physical mixing of crushed lignite as an organic additive in soil restoration this study examined the potential benefits to structural stabilisation that might result from prior dispersion of the humic acid content in an alkaline aqueous slurry. When added to an unstable sandy loam topsoil, a clay loam subsoil and pure bentonite clay at a mixing ratio of 1:25, large increases in water stable aggregation were observed. However, additions at the same mixing ratio had no effect on the stability of two sandy mine waste materials or pulverised fuel ash. Because of the high application rates needed to alter aggregate stability, colloidal lignite was not considered to be useful as a substitute for more effective water soluble polymers. However, dispersion in aqueous ammonia prior to application could be used as a means of adsorbing humic materials on to clay mineral surfaces during the construction of synthetic topsoils.     

西南黄壤坡耕地保护性耕作的土壤结构效应

设置两种保护性耕作措施,通过6a持续试验,研究了保护性耕作措施对黄壤结构性状的影响,为西南黄壤地区保护性耕作技术应用与发展提供理论依据。[方法]分别用环刀法、干湿筛法测定土壤容重和土壤团聚体组成,土壤机械组成采用MS2000激光粒度分析仪测定,并计算出土壤孔隙度和团聚体破坏率。 [结果]结果表明：(1)垄播沟覆轮耕与免耕秸秆覆盖两种保护性耕作措施均可降低黄壤容重,增加土壤孔隙,且此作用是由表及里的渐进过程,垄播沟覆措施的土壤容重优化作用要优于免耕覆盖,而免耕覆盖对较深层次土壤孔隙状况优化效果更显著。(2)保护性耕作可提高0～20 cm土壤＞0.25mm干筛团聚体含量,水稳性团聚体含量处理之间差异不显著,但0～20cm层含量略大于20～40cm层。(3)保护性耕作可提高土壤团聚体稳定性,降低团聚体破坏率,免耕覆盖措施对提高土壤团聚体稳定性具有更加显著的效果。[结论]该试验证明了保护性耕作对黄壤土容重、孔隙、团聚体等结构性状有一定的改善作用,这种改善作用是一个非常漫长的由表及里的渐进过程,为西南黄壤地区保护性耕作技术应用与发展奠定了坚实的基础。     

不同调理剂改良低丘新垦耕地土壤物理性状的效果

为全面了解不同调理剂对改良低丘新垦耕地土壤物理性状的效果,采用温室培养试验,选择3种质地不同的新垦耕地土壤,比较研究了14种改良剂（包括聚丙烯酰胺、β-环糊精、褐腐酸钾、膨润土、高岭土、蛭石、沸石、硅藻土、石灰石粉、商品有机肥、水稻秸秆、紫云英、生物质炭和泥炭）对新垦耕地土壤结构性、保水性、透水性等物理性状的影响。结果表明,与对照比较,多数调理剂均可改善土壤水稳定性团聚体、容重、饱和持水量、凋萎含水量、饱和导水率和有效水范围。聚丙烯酰胺、β-环糊精和褐腐酸钾的效果最为明显,土壤水稳定性团聚体分别比对照增加42.88%~299.38%、41.15%~239.69%、55.39%~207.70%。泥炭和商品有机肥对低丘新垦土壤物理性状也有较好的改善效果,其水稳定性团聚体分别比对照31.90%~119.69%和35.19%~71.05%。膨润土、紫云英和水稻秸秆可明显提高砂土和壤土的水稳定性团聚体;高岭土和蛭石可明显提高砂土的水稳定性团聚体,但对粘土和壤土的水稳定性团聚体的影响较小。生物质炭对土壤的水稳定性团聚体含量的影响较小,但其可增加土壤饱和持水量、饱和导水率和有效水范围,降低凋萎含水量。总体上,聚丙烯酰胺、β-环糊精、褐腐酸钾、泥炭、商品有机肥等有机类的调理剂可较全面地改善土壤物理性状,比较适合低丘垦造耕地土壤物理性状的改良。     

化肥减施对小麦-高粱系统土壤团聚体分布及其稳定性的影响

当前我国农户的肥料施用量已远超全球平均水平,所造成的土壤退化问题十分严重,因此控制我国肥料施用量已经迫在眉睫。研究肥料减施对土壤团聚体分布及其稳定性的影响,设置农户常规用量（CK）、常规用量的75%（UA_75%）、常规用量的50%（UA_50%）、常规用量的25%（UA_25%）4个处理,通过对土壤团聚体分布及其稳定性分析得出：短期化肥减施对机械稳定性团聚体分布几乎无影响,但显著增加了水稳性大团聚体（粒径>0.25mm）的数量。短期化肥减施对机械稳定性团聚体的平均重量直径（MWD）、几何平均直径（GMD）和分形维数（D）均无显著影响。UA_25%和 UA_50%处理增加了水稳性团聚体的MWD和GMD,降低了D值和团聚体破坏率（PAD）,提高了稳定率（WSAR）。肥料减施显著降低了冬小麦产量,而UA_50%和UA_75%处理对夏高粱产量的影响并不明显。综上所述,UA_50%处理能提高小麦-高粱系统的土壤团聚体稳定性、保证夏高粱产量,但肥料减施显著降低了冬小麦产量。     

Gypsum as an ameliorant for subsoil hardpans

In many highly weathered soils, subsoil penetration by roots is severely limited by chemical and physical barriers such as Al toxicity, hardpans and dense textural B horizons. Previous work has demonstrated the efficiency of surface applied gypsum in ameliorating such chemical and physical barriers after sufficient time has elapsed to allow the gypsum to leach into the subsoil. Cone index (CI) was measured using a tractor-mounted computerized penetrometer on plots which had received gypsum 2 to 4 years prior to measurement. Water stable aggregates were measured by the wet sieving method. In all cases, surface gypsum application reduced CI values for the subsoil hardpan layers when the crops used were alfalfa, peaches and cotton. The gypsum treatments resulted in significantly improved rooting in the subsoil hardpans. The proportion of large water-stable aggregates in the dense B horizon was also increased. Under laboratory conditions, both CI and gravimetric moisture contens at high matric potential were higher then the soil was wetted with deionized water than saturated gypsum solution.These improvements in subsoil physical condition appear to be due to both a root effect and a direct effect of the gypsum on flocculation and aggregation.