东北黑土区坡耕地侵蚀沟研究现状及进展

侵蚀沟造成了东北黑土区坡耕地大量的土壤流失,开展有关黑土区坡耕地侵蚀沟的研究对于土壤流失防治、耕地保护以及生态恢复具有重要意义。目前,在黑土区坡耕地侵蚀沟的发生发展的影响因素、预测、防治措施等方面进行了相关的研究。本文对当前的研究进行了深入的讨论和总结,指出当前对黑土区侵蚀沟分级分类缺乏细致标准的分类依据,对黑土区侵蚀沟影响因子的研究不够全面,对侵蚀沟治理的经济、生态效益以及各种治理措施的效果差异缺乏有效的定量评价。针对现有研究不足,提出了开展黑土区侵蚀沟分类分级体系的标准化,加强土壤、植物、工程措施和耕作措施等因子对侵蚀沟影响研究以及进行侵蚀沟治理措施效果的定量评价将是今后研究重点。     

农业生态环境敏感性地域分布及整治对策

农业生态环境日益恶化,越来越引起社会各界的关注。有效的综合整治农业生态环境,已经成为科学界面临的一个挑战。中国农业主要面临的生态环境问题是水土流失、盐渍化和酸雨,三种农业生态环境在空间上存在着相关性。对于三种生态环境问题,提出的控制对策如下：盐渍化的治理对策为合理用水、施肥,种植合适的耐盐作物;酸沉降治理对策为种植抗酸作物和采用化学调控方法降低降对作物的损害;水土流失使用生态恢复工程和生态重建工程进行治理。     

紫色土侵蚀区种植福建柏的技术措施研究

[目的]为了加快紫色土工程侵蚀区的植被恢复,针对紫色土工程侵蚀区种植福建柏进行防治侵蚀技术措施和初植密度试验研究。[方法]试验采用裂区试验设计。[结果]试验结果表明：采取鱼鳞坑整地或等高线反坡整地,筑建土石坝,使用土壤稳定剂和铺放秸秆能够提高福建柏造林成活率及其生长量,以铺放秸秆效果更好。不同初植密度对福建柏林分生长状况有影响,考虑到造林成本和调整林分结构,认为株行距1.8m×1.8m,初植密度3086株/hm2更为合理。[结论]该试验总结了一套紫色土工程侵蚀区栽植福建柏的技术措施,在生态层面和森林培育层面都具有重要的意义。     

应用信息素和食物引诱剂监控斑皮蠹属害虫

人工合成的信息素和食物引诱剂,为食品加工业早期发现斑皮蠹害虫提供一种很有效的新工具;捕捉器为害虫的鉴定,位置,虫种密度,防治时间和方法提供有价值的数据。本文论述了斑皮蠹属信息素,食物引诱剂,捕捉器,影响捕捉的因素,防治方法以及使用范围。     

不同垦作方式水土流失研究

为了探明垦作方式与广西旱坡地水土流失的关系,为旱坡地水土流失治整理提供理论和技术依据,对等高垦作、非等高垦作2种不同垦作方式的土壤侵蚀和水土流失状况进行研究,探讨不同垦作方式对旱坡地水土流失的影响。结果表明：与非等高垦作相比,等高垦作具有明显减轻水土流失和土壤养分流失的作用。其中,水流失量减少了10.51%,土壤流失量减少了67.09%,土壤速效氮磷钾分别减少了67.34%、66.46%、66.73%,土壤有机质减少了68.13%。由此可见,等高垦作是旱坡地防止水土流失的有效方法。     

科尔沁沙地4种作物根茬抗风蚀效果风洞试验研究

摘 要：利用野外风洞设备,以翻耕地为对照,对科尔沁沙地东部农田的4种不同作物茬地抗风蚀效果进行了测试,对风蚀主要影响因子进行了分析。试验结果表明：作物留茬可显著提高地表抗风蚀能力;在相同风速条件下,抗风蚀能力大小依次为燕麦茬地>玉米茬地>向日葵茬地>绿豆茬地>翻耕地;与翻耕地相比,燕麦茬地、玉米茬地、向日葵茬地和绿豆茬地的起动风速分别抬高了53.3% 、17.8% 、11.1%、 8.9%。本试验表明,风蚀量与土壤地表覆盖度、土壤0～5cm表层含水量、地表粗糙度、土壤容重、土壤坚实度呈负相关关系,其中与前三者呈显著高度负相关关系。采用免耕留茬措施可以有效地抑制农田土壤风蚀,有利于防治农田荒漠化。     

山西瑞光电厂建设环境保护和水土流失防治对策

随着山西省电力项目大力建设,整个区域的生态环境也随之恶化,个别地区引发水土流失。此文通过对山西瑞光电厂项目建设过程中对环境的影响和水土流失产生特点的分析,结合电力项目本身特点,对电厂厂区、施工生产生活区、厂外运输道路、贮灰场及供、排水管线施工过程中产生的水土流失提出相应的工程和植物防护措施,有效地防治了项目建设产生的水土流失,并同时美化了项目区生态环境,以供山西省电力及其它同类项目参考,共建环境和谐性社会     

基于SWAT的猫跳河流域径流及土壤侵蚀模拟研究

为了了解猫跳河流域水文水资源状况,预测水文物理过程、合理利用水资源,对其采取有效的水土保持措施,在GIS支持下,构建SWAT模型所需的空间数据库、气象数据库、土地利用数据库、土壤属性等数据库,考虑西南岩溶地区水文特点,对模型中的岩溶水功能模块进行改进,成功构建了猫跳河流域SWAT模型,模拟分析了流域的径流和土壤侵蚀过程,并对SWAT在该地区的适应性进行探讨。结果表明,SWAT模型很好地概化了研究区的参数,模拟效果较好,在整个流域内具有良好的适用性。通过计算27个子流域内的侵蚀模数,对流域内的土壤侵蚀强度进行了分级,结果显示流域下游的土壤侵蚀较为严重,是水土流失防治及治理的重点区域。     

基于GIS的不同温度带的黄土高原土壤侵蚀研究

利用地理信息系统技术对黄土高原土壤侵蚀空间数据和温度带等级数据进行了空间叠加统计分析。研究表明,水蚀、风蚀和水-风混合侵蚀在温度带各级均有分布,但是极强和剧烈水蚀分布在温度带等级从2到3,冻融侵蚀分布在温度带等级从1到3。在温度带等级为4时,也就是黄土高原 10℃积温介于3500℃～4500℃的暖温带时,水蚀土壤侵蚀指数均比其它温度带等级的土壤侵蚀指数大。在温度带等级为1时,也就是黄土高原 10℃积温<1700℃的寒温度,风蚀土壤侵蚀指数均比其它温度带等级的土壤侵蚀指数大。在 10℃积温介于1700℃～2600℃的温度带等级2时,水-风混合侵蚀土壤侵蚀最严重。黄土高原温度带的变化对土壤侵蚀状况的变化表现出显著的影响。     

不同下垫面条件下土壤养分流失研究概况

中国的土壤侵蚀十分严重,而随着土壤侵蚀的发生发展将导致土壤养分流失、土壤贫瘠、土地生产力降低等多种问题。影响土壤侵蚀和土壤养分流失的主要因素包括降雨、下垫面条件和人为因素。通过总结多年来对不同下垫面条件下土壤养分流失情况的研究结果,分析下垫面条件中地表植被、坡度、坡长、土壤含水量、土壤颗粒等因素对土壤养分流失的影响,总结目前正在试验或用于实践的各种用于控制或者减少土壤养分流失状况的措施,以期对下一步的研究工作提供参考。     

侵蚀及土地利用管理方式改变对土壤有机碳的影响

土壤侵蚀是重要的环境公害,侵蚀造成土壤有机碳的大量迁移、转化和流失,产生严重的环境问题,相关机理研究尚不清楚。本文阐述了水蚀和风蚀两种主要方式对土壤有机碳库的影响,侵蚀和二氧化碳温室气体排放的关系。介绍了林地转为农田、草地以及草地转为农田等土地利用方式的改变对土壤有机碳库的影响,免耕提高土壤固碳能力。提出了控制侵蚀,减少土壤碳流失的措施。     

侵蚀土壤物理性质变化及其与土壤氮素迁移转化的关系

侵蚀破坏土壤团聚体结构,使团聚体破碎产生更小的可迁移颗粒而导致土壤养分的运移;侵蚀还改变了土壤的水分状况,水蚀在一定程度上增加了土壤的含水量,风蚀则可使土壤的含水量降低。团聚体结构的破坏以及土壤水分状况的改变与土壤的氮素迁移转化过程有着密切的联系。本文仅对土壤侵蚀造成的土壤物理性状的改变与土壤氮素迁移转化作一概述,并就耕作、覆盖等降低土壤侵蚀的农业措施与土壤氮素转化的关系进行阐述,提出了侵蚀土壤氮素研究的去向。     

西南“旱三熟”地区不同保护性耕作措施对农田土壤生态效应及生产效益的影响

针对我国西南地区旱作农田土层浅薄、水土流失严重、季节性干旱多发等问题,以常规平作(T)、垄作(R)、平作+秸秆覆盖(TS)、垄作+秸秆覆盖(RS)、平作+秸秆覆盖+腐熟剂(TSD)、垄作+秸秆覆盖+腐熟剂(RSD) 6种措施作为处理,连续2年进行大田对比试验,研究不同保护性耕作措施对西南“旱三熟”种植区农田土壤生态要素、产量和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明, 保护性耕作措施可以有效地改善土壤有机质和养分状况,且对酸性土壤有一定的改良作用,其中有秸秆覆盖的4个处理显著增加了土壤有机质、全氮、全钾、碱解氮含量;可改善土壤水分状况,增强作物的抗旱节水能力,各处理0~80 cm土层2年平均贮水量排序为：RSD (258.82 mm) > TSD (252.40 mm) > RS (250.19 mm) > TS (246.66 mm) > R (239.19 mm) > T (235.87 mm);可降低7月份表层土壤温度,缓解夏季高温对玉米后期生长发育造成的伤害,其中有秸秆覆盖的4个处理对5 cm和10 cm土层温度有显著降低效应;可抑制杂草生长,具有良好的控草效应,其中TS、RS、TSD、RSD处理的杂草高度、密度和生物量均比T和R有极显著下降;可促进蚯蚓的繁殖和生长,使农田生态环境得到明显改善。总体来看,秸秆覆盖措施可以改善土壤肥力,并具有增加土壤贮水、调节土壤温度、控制农田杂草和促进蚯蚓生长的作用,垄作和腐熟剂在增加土壤贮水方面有明显效果。保护性耕作模式显著提高了作物的产量和水分利用效率,增加了经济收益。2年系统平均产量和水分利用效率排序为：RSD>RS>TSD>TS>R>T(CK),总产值和纯收入排序为RS>RSD>TSD>R>TS>T(CK)。在各处理中以RSD、RS两种模式的综合效果最好,在西南“旱三熟”种植区具有很好的推广前景。     

基于USLE模型的滹沱河上游黄土区土壤侵蚀空间特征研究

滹沱河是山西省面积较大的支流之一,研究滹沱河上游的土壤侵蚀对于建立山西省生态修复体系具有重要意义。以忻州市滹沱河上游为研究区,以遥感影像数据、数字高程模型数据、降雨数据、土壤类型数据为基础,利用GIS、RS技术,结合美国通用水土流失方程(USLE)估算滹沱河上游流域的土壤侵蚀模数。结果表明：（1）2015年滹沱河上游的土壤平均侵蚀模数为2538.9 t/(km ²·a),整体属于中等侵蚀水平。土壤侵蚀类型主要为微度侵蚀、极强烈和剧烈侵蚀;（2）随着高程海拔的升高,土壤侵蚀强度加大,土壤侵蚀面积减少,高程与土壤侵蚀强度呈正相关关系,与侵蚀面积呈负相关关系。剧烈侵蚀在各个高程带均有分布,在[500,1000)高程带中,微度侵蚀的面积范围最大;（3）研究区在0—5°带的土壤侵蚀面积分布最大;（4）牧草地的土壤侵蚀分布范围最广,其次分别为耕地>林地>园地>城镇村及工矿用地>水域及水利设施用地>其他土地。研究结论可为政府制定土壤侵蚀治理的技术方法、治理方案以及治理工程类型、规模及布局等提出科学依据。     

Reduction in soil loss from erosion-susceptible soils amended with humic substances from oxidized coal

Soils that pose high risk of erosion require amendment with either natural or synthetic soil conditioners to reduce soil loss hazards. The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential of using coal-derived humic substances (as soil conditioners) to reduce runoff erosion on erosion-susceptible soils. Surface (0–20 cm) samples of severely degraded soils from Principina in Tuscany (Orthic Xerofluvent) and Bovolone in Venice (Udic Ustochrept) in Italy were used to assess the effects of five rates (0, 0.05, 0.10, 0.50 and 1.00 g/kg) of humic acids (HA) on soil loss and other hydrological parameters. A rainfall simulator was used to apply approximately 40 mm/h intensity rain for 1 h on soil beds of dimensions 2 m × 0.5 m × 0.01 m, packed at a bulk density of 1.20 Mg/m³ and inclined at a slope of 15%. The amount of soil eroded (E) and the time to initiate runoff (Rt) and drainage (Dt) were related to changes in the water-holding capacity and aggregate stability of the soils following the HA treatments. In the control treatments, the values of E, Rt and Dt were higher in the Principina than Bovolone soil. Increasing HA rates generally delayed Rt, accelerated Dt and reduced E substantially on both soils. On the Principina soil a reduction of about 36% in soil loss was obtained by adding only 0.05 g/kg of HA (equivalent to 100 kg/ha). On the sandier Bovolone soil, the same magnitude of reduction was achieved with 0.10 g/kg (200 kg/ha) of HA. Improvements in Rt and Dt from the HA amendments explained between 58 and 81% of the variation in E from both soils. Furthermore, improvements in the water retention capacity more than in the aggregate stability of these soils accounted for the reduced runoff erosion. These results show that amending erosion-susceptible soils with low rates of coal-derived humic substances is a potentially effective soil management practice for reducing erosion rates.     

Effects of reduced tillage on soil surface properties affecting wind erosion in semiarid fallow lands of Central Aragón

In Central Aragón (NE Spain), where strong and dry winds are frequent all year round, fallow lands are susceptible to wind erosion due to insufficient crop residues on the surface and loose, finely divided soils by multiple tillage operations. Effects of conventional tillage (CT — mouldboard ploughing followed by a compacting roller) and reduced tillage (RT — chisel ploughing) on soil surface properties affecting wind erosion were studied during three experimental campaigns in a dryland field of Central Aragón. RT provided higher soil protection than CT through a lower wind erodible fraction of soil surface (on average, 10% less) and a significantly higher percentage of soil cover with crop residues and clods (30% higher). Random roughness was also higher after RT than after CT (15 vs. 4%). These results indicate that RT can be an effective soil management practice for wind erosion prevention during the fallow period in semiarid Aragón. The study shows, likewise, that significant changes in soil aggregate size distribution associated with wind erosion processes may occur in short periods of time. Thus, temporal variability of soil surface properties, including crust and clods stability, needs to be considered in wind erosion research in agricultural soils.     

The methodological approach to soil erosion and important land resources evaluation of the European community

Problems of land resources are acute in the Mediterranean region. Good quality land is scarce, and often threatened by development; soil erosion is encouraged not only by physical conditions but also by agricultural intensification. Faced with these problems, the European Commission has been carrying out a project to assess and map soil erosion risk and land quality, as a basis for policy formulation, within the context of the CORINE Programme. This paper outlines the methods which have been developed, indicates the results which will be achieved, and presents a brief critique of the approach. It is concluded that, whilst problems of data availability have meant that the methods are inevitably no more than a first approximation, the project represents the first genuine attempt to provide consistent information on soil erosion risk and land quality for policy applications at the European level. As such it both helps to highlight future research needs and forms a basis for better informed policy on land resources conservation.     

高速公路水土保持生态恢复--以重庆绕城高速公路南段为例

高速公路作为一种现代化的道路交通基础设施,在国民经济建设中发挥着重要作用。高速公路建设过程中大规模的土地扰动,破坏地形地貌,自然植被消失,将会引起水土流失及生物多样性减少等生态问题,这些生态问题一直受到人们的广泛关注。而路域水土保持生态恢复则是解决这一问题的关键。以重庆绕城高速公路南段为例,简述了高速公路水土流失的成因,提出了高速公路水土保持生态恢复的原则,并在水土保持生态恢复分区的基础上提出了一些水保措施。     

Analysis of design criteria for vineyard terraces in the mediterranean area of North East Spain

The Penedès and Anoia regions in NE Spain are important areas for the cultivation of grapes used in the production of high quality wines. The Mediterranean climatic conditions define a xeric soil moisture regime. Rainfall are concentrated in spring and autumn while the summer is warm and dry. The climate is characterized by high rainfall intensities, being one of the main factors responsible for soil erosion in the area. Since grape quality depends on the availability of water for the vineyards and since soil erosion is an important parameter dictating the sustainability of vineyards, soil and water conservation can not be forgotten in the area. The most widely used measure for soil conservation in the area is terracing (hillside ditches, local name rases). Local technical solutions have been studied and in this paper different types of terraces are described and analysed in terms of its effectiveness for runoff control. Mean potential soil losses are evaluated according to the USLE and compared with field measurements in experimental plots. The distances between terraces have been calculated using the criteria proposed by several authors. Owing to the wide diversity of results, an acceptable value for ‘soil loss tolerance’ (T-value) has been used in order to establish some criteria to make recommendations, taking the values of soil loss measures in the field as a reference. According to these preliminary results based on measurements taken over a period of two years, some advisable distance between terraces (rases) in vineyards can be proposed in view to improve local criteria. With a slope of 6%, a distance of is 28 m would be advisable, and in fields with a slope of 8% the distance should be 20 m. Bennett's criteria to calculate distances between terraces are the more advisable being closely related with experimental results in the area.     

秸秆覆盖对坡耕地土壤性状和马铃薯产量的影响

通过田间试验研究稻草和玉米秸秆覆盖对坡耕地土壤侵蚀、土壤水分、土壤温度、土壤小动物种类和数量、杂草生长及马铃薯产量的影响。结果表明：坡耕地秸秆覆盖栽培秋马铃薯能减少土壤泥沙流失57.1%~71.4%,有效降低地面秋冬季节极端温度,提高土壤渗蓄保墒能力,增加土壤生物多样性和数量,特别是蚯蚓的数量明显增加,比对照高2倍以上,稻草和玉米秸秆杂草量仅为对照的9%~57%,马铃薯产量增幅为33%~77%,增产效果明显。因此,坡耕地稻草和玉米秸秆覆盖有利于保蓄水土,改良土壤性状,稳定提高马铃薯产量。