酶解豆粕替代鱼粉对珍珠龙胆石斑鱼幼鱼生长和主要代谢酶活力的影响

用酶解豆粕替代基础饲料中0、20%、40%、60%和80%的鱼粉,配制5种等氮等能的饲料(HSM0、HSM20、HSM40、HSM60、HSM80,其中HSM0为对照组)。研究了酶解豆粕替代鱼粉对珍珠龙胆石斑鱼(Epinephelus fuscoguttatus♀×Epinephelus lanceolatus♂)幼鱼生长、体组成、消化和代谢的影响。结果显示:1)HSM40组幼鱼的增重率和特定生长率显著提高(P0.05),HSM80组增重率、特定生长率和蛋白质效率显著降低(P0.05),酶解豆粕替代40%以上时显著提高了幼鱼的摄食率。2)HSM40组肌肉粗蛋白含量显著升高(P0.05),HSM40~HSM80组全鱼和肌肉粗脂肪含量显著低于其余组(P0.05),HSM40和HSM60组全鱼粗灰分含量显著高于其余组(P0.05),各试验组肌肉氨基酸含量差异不显著(P0.05)。3)HSM80组胃蛋白酶和胰蛋白酶活力显著降低(P0.05);脂肪酶活力在替代量大于60%时显著降低(P0.05),各组淀粉酶活力无显著差异(P0.05)。4)各试验组谷草转氨酶活力与对照组无显著差异(P0.05),HSM80组谷丙转氨酶、脂肪酸合成酶活力显著降低(P0.05),HSM20和HSM40组葡萄糖-6-磷酸酶活力显著升高(P0.05)。综合考虑,酶解豆粕可替代60%的鱼粉而不降低珍珠龙胆石斑鱼幼鱼的生长,在替代量为40%时促进生长。     

发酵南极磷虾粉替代鱼粉对锦鲤生长、体色及血清生化指标的影响

为探讨发酵南极磷虾(Euphausia superba)粉替代鱼粉对锦鲤(Cyprinus carpio L.)生长、体色和血清生化指标的影响,以初始体质量为(4.92±0.22) g的锦鲤450尾为实验对象,随机分为5组,每组设置3个重复,每个重复30尾鱼,对照组添加未发酵的脱脂南极磷虾粉,实验组添加由粪肠球菌(Enterococcus faecalis)、植物乳杆菌(Lactobacillus plantarum)、丁酸梭菌(Clostridium butyricum)和复合菌(1∶1∶1)发酵的脱脂南极磷虾粉,分别命名为ES (对照组)、EF、LP、CB和MIX,南极磷虾粉的添加量均为200 g/kg,共投喂70 d。结果表明,与对照组相比,发酵南极磷虾粉替代鱼粉显著提高了锦鲤的终末体质量、特定生长率和增重率(P<0.05),MIX组的终末体质量、特定生长率和增重率显著高于其他组(P<0.05)。实验组皮肤和鳞片中类胡萝卜素含量显著增加(P<0.05),红色(a*)值、黄色(b*)值以及tyr在皮肤和鳞片中相对表达量显著提高(P<0.05),MIX组的a*...     

荚膜甲基球菌蛋白替代鱼粉对珍珠龙胆石斑鱼生长性能、血清生化指标和肠道健康的影响

为了研究荚膜甲基球菌蛋白(MBM)替代鱼粉对珍珠龙胆石斑鱼生长性能和肠道健康的影响,实验以鱼粉含量40%为对照组(MBM0),在饲料中添加2%、4%、8%和12%的荚膜甲基球菌蛋白(MBM),分别替代饲料中鱼粉含量的5%(MBM5)、10%(MBM10)、20%(MBM20)和30%(MBM30),配制5组等氮等脂饲料,投喂初始体质量为(28.85±0.04) g的石斑鱼8周。结果显示,各组石斑鱼存活率均为100%;各替代组增重率、特定生长率、摄食率、饲料系数和蛋白质效率与对照组相比无显著差异;各替代组血清甘油三酯、总胆固醇含量、低密度脂蛋白含量和谷草转氨酶活性显著低于对照组,各组间血清白蛋白和高密度脂蛋白含量无显著性差异;各替代组肠道总抗氧化能力和超氧化物歧化酶活性高于对照组,丙二醛含量低于对照组,但均无显著性差异;各组肠道肌层厚度无显著差异,MBM10、MBM20和MBM30组肠道绒毛高度和宽度与对照组相比无显著差异,MBM10、MBM20、MBM30组和对照组肠道绒毛高度显著高于MBM5组,MBM30组肠道绒毛宽度显著高于MBM5组。实验表明,当基础饲料中鱼粉含量为40%时,MB...     

鸡肉粉替代鱼粉对大菱鲆生长和体组成的影响

以鸡肉粉替代饲料中0%、20%、40%、60%、80%的鱼粉,配制5种等氮等能饲料。选取初始体质量为(22.82±0.08)g的大菱鲆幼鱼180尾,随机分为5组(每组3个重复,每重复12尾)分别投喂一种饲料,试验周期为8周。试验结果表明,鸡肉粉替代鱼粉对大菱鲆幼鱼终末体质量、特定生长率、饲料系数以及质量增加率产生显著影响(P0.05)。鸡肉粉替代鱼粉对大菱鲆幼鱼鱼体水分、粗蛋白、灰分、能量含量未造成显著影响(P0.05),鸡肉粉替代组粗蛋白含量比对照组略微升高,粗脂肪含量比对照组显著降低(P0.05),鸡肉粉替代组之间的粗脂肪含量无显著差异(P0.05),但有升高的趋势。鸡肉粉替代40%鱼粉时,血清谷草转氨酶、谷丙转氨酶活力显著高于对照组(P0.05)。鸡肉粉替代鱼粉对肝脏谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶活力影响显著(P0.05)。鸡肉粉替代鱼粉对主要营养成分的表观消化率产生显著影响(P0.05)。本试验结果表明,鸡肉粉替代20%的鱼粉对大菱鲆幼鱼生长最为有利。     

蟋蟀粉替代鱼粉对黄颡鱼幼鱼生长性能、肌肉氨基酸组成和血清生化指标的影响

为研究蟋蟀(Gryllus bimaculatus)粉替代鱼粉对黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus fulvidraco)幼鱼生长性能、肌肉成分和血清生化指标的影响,以黄颡鱼幼鱼[(2.0±0.13) g]为研究对象,分别使用蟋蟀粉替代0 (对照组)、15%、30%、45%和60%的鱼粉配制成5组等氮等能的实验饲料,分别记为T0、T15、T30、T45和T60组。实验幼鱼在室内循环水系统进行为期10周的养殖实验。结果显示,随着蟋蟀粉替代量的增加,黄颡鱼幼鱼生长呈先增加后降低的趋势;T30组的终末均重(FBW)、增重率(WGR)和特定生长率(SGR)最高,且均显著高于T0组;T30组的饲料系数(FCR)显著低于T0和T15组;T30的肝体比(HSI)显著高于T0和T15,而与T45和T60组无显著差异。与T0组相比,各替代组的脏体比(VSI)、摄食量(FI)、肥满度(CF)和成活率(SR)均无显著差异。黄颡鱼幼鱼肌肉必需氨基酸(EAA)含量中,T60组肌肉中精氨酸(Arg)和缬氨酸(Val)含量显著高于T0组;且蟋蟀粉替代不同比例的鱼粉对黄颡鱼幼鱼肌肉中的总呈味氨基酸(TFAA)含量均未产生显著影响。T30、T45和T60组血清中的葡萄糖(GLU)含量显著高于T0组;相反,其总胆固醇(TCHO)含量显著低于T0组。在本研究条件下,蟋蟀粉替代不同比例的鱼粉不影响黄颡鱼幼鱼的生长性能和肌肉氨基酸含量,且能增加血清GLU和降低TCHO含量,以30%的蟋蟀粉替代鱼粉比例能生长最佳,且优于对照组。本研究对揭示蟋蟀粉在黄颡鱼饲料中替代鱼粉应用的可行性、为今后昆虫蛋白源在水产饲料中的开发提供科学依据。     

三种锰源对珍珠龙胆石斑鱼幼鱼生长性能、抗氧化能力和肠道形态的影响

为研究硫酸锰(MnSO_4·H_2O)、甘氨酸锰[MnC4H8O4N2]和羟基蛋氨酸锰(MnC5H11NO6S2)对珍珠龙胆石斑鱼(Epinephelus fuscoguttatus♀×E.lanceolatu♂)生长性能、抗氧化能力、血清生化指标以及肠道形态的影响。实验选取体重为(11.00±0.12)g的珍珠龙胆石斑鱼幼鱼270尾,随机分为3组(每组3个重复,每个重复30尾),分别添加MnSO_4·H_2O、MnC4H8O4N2和MnC5H11NO6S2(分别记作MnSO_4、Mn-Gly和Mn-MHA),使饲料中Mn元素水平分别为37.74 mg/kg、40.66 mg/kg和38.15 mg/kg,投喂等氮等脂的试验饲料,饲养8周。结果表明, Mn-Gly和Mn-MHA组的增重率(WGR)均显著高于MnSO_4组(P0.05), Mn-MHA组饲料系数(FCR)显著低于MnSO_4组(P0.05),存活率(SR)和特定生长率(SGR)方面,各组之间无显著性差异(P0.05)。肝脏丙二醛(MDA)含量方面, Mn-Gly和Mn-MHA组均显著低于MnSO_4组(P0.05),Mn-MHA组锰超氧化物歧化酶(Mn-SOD)活力显著高于MnSO_4和Mn-Gly组(P0.05),Mn-Gly和Mn-MHA组铜锌超氧化物歧化酶(CuZn-SOD)活力均显著低于MnSO_4组(P0.05)。Mn-Gly和Mn-MHA组血清葡萄糖(GLU)含量显著高于MnSO_4组(P0.05),总胆固醇(CHOL)方面, MnSO_4组和Mn-Gly组均显著高于Mn-MHA组(P0.05)。与MnSO_4组相比,Mn-MHA组显著提高了前肠和中肠皱襞高度(P0.05),增大了后肠肌层厚度(P0.05);Mn-Gly组中肠皱襞宽显著高于MnSO_4组(P0.05),后肠皱襞高度显著高于MnSO_4和Mn-MHA组(P0.05)。由此可见,与MnSO_4相比, Mn-Gly和Mn-MHA能够显著提高珍珠龙胆石斑鱼幼鱼的生长性能,增强肝脏的抗氧化能力,调节相关代谢反应,保护肝脏,促进前、中、后肠的发育。     

大豆浓缩蛋白替代鱼粉对大黄鱼幼鱼生长、体成分、血清生化指标及肝组织学的影响

为探索大豆浓缩蛋白(SPC)替代鱼粉水平对大黄鱼(Larimichthys crocea)幼鱼生长、体成分和血清生化指标以及肝组织学的影响。以初始体重为(10.50±0.04)g的大黄鱼幼鱼为研究对象,用SPC替代基础饲料(含40%鱼粉)0%(FM)、25%(R25)、50%(R50)、75%(R75)、100%(R100)的鱼粉制作成5种等氮(粗蛋白水平为45%)等脂(粗脂肪水平为10%)的实验饲料。各实验组以对照组(FM)饲料蛋氨酸、赖氨酸含量为基准,分别添加适量的晶体赖氨酸和蛋氨酸。养殖实验在浙江省象山县西沪港区进行,每个处理随机分配3个网箱(1.5 m×1.5 m×2 m),每个网箱放养60尾,养殖周期为56 d。结果表明,与对照组相比(FM),SPC替代鱼粉水平对大黄鱼幼鱼的增重率(WGR)、特定生长率(SGR)、存活率(SR)以及饲料系数(FCR)没有显著影响(P0.05);肌肉粗蛋白和全鱼粗蛋白无显著差异(P0.05),肌肉粗脂肪和全鱼粗脂肪含量随替代比例的增加有下降的趋势,均以R100组含量最低,肌肉水分含量和全鱼水分有上升的趋势;血清各项指标没有显著性差异,但血清总蛋白(TP)、白蛋白(ALB)含量有下降趋势,以R100组含量最低;血清胆固醇(CHOL)、甘油三酯(TG)的含量呈现出先升高后下降的趋势。从肝组织学观察中发现,SPC替代水平超过75%会对肝细胞产生损伤,引起肝细胞空泡化,脂肪堆积加重,肝细胞核逐渐溶解或缺失。综上所述,在本研究条件下,SPC替代饲料75%的鱼粉,不会对大黄鱼幼鱼的生长造成负面影响。     

南极磷虾粉替代鱼粉对黄颡鱼生长、免疫及肌肉品质的影响

为研究南极磷虾粉替代鱼粉对黄颡鱼生长性能、血清免疫指标及肌肉品质的影响,实验以初始体质量为(10.51±0.13)g的黄颡鱼为研究对象,南极磷虾粉替代基础饲料(30％鱼粉)中0％(KM0,对照组)、2.5％(KM2.5)、5.0％(KM5)、7.5％(KM7.5)和10％(KM10)的鱼粉,共配制5组等氮等脂的饲料,每...     

脱脂黑水虻虫粉替代鱼粉对大黄鱼幼鱼生长、体成分、血清生化指标及抗氧化能力的影响

本实验旨在探讨脱脂黑水虻(Hermetia illucens)虫粉(DBSFLM)替代鱼粉(FM)对大黄鱼(Larimichthys crocea)幼鱼生长、体成分、血清生化指标及抗氧化能力的影响。实验设计6组等氮(粗蛋白45%)等脂(粗脂肪10%)饲料,用黑水虻脱脂虫粉分别替代饲料中0%、20%、40%、60%、80%和100%的鱼粉蛋白,分别记为G0、G20、G40、G60、G80和G100。选用2160尾平均体重为(50.08±3.31)g的大黄鱼幼鱼随机分为6组,每组3个重复,每个重复120尾,在室内水泥池(2 m×1 m×1 m)进行为期7周的投喂实验。结果表明:(1) G100组大黄鱼幼鱼存活率显著低于其他实验组, G40组大黄鱼增重率(WGR)、蛋白质效率(PER)均显著高于其他组(P0.05);(2)大黄鱼肌肉粗蛋白含量随着DBSFLM替代FM水平的增加而下降,替代40%及以上鱼体粗蛋白含量显著降低(P0.05);肌肉的粗脂肪和粗灰分含量则随DBSFLM替代FM水平的增加而升高,其中替代60%及以上鱼体粗脂肪和粗灰分含量显著升高(P0.05);(3)随着替代水平的升高(40%),大黄鱼血清谷丙转氨酶(ALT)和谷草转氨酶(AST)活性显著上升(P0.05),甘油三酯(TG)和胆固醇(CHOL)水平显著下降(P0.05);(4)G20组大黄鱼肝脏总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)及G40组实验鱼肝脏超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性均为最高,G40组大黄鱼肝脏丙二醛(MDA)含量最低。过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性随着DBSFLM替代FM水平升高呈现下降趋势,替代40%及以上CAT活性显著下降(P0.05)。综上所述,在本实验条件下,脱脂黑水虻虫粉替代饲料中40%鱼粉蛋白对大黄鱼幼鱼的生长性能、体成分及健康状况无负面影响。     

蚯蚓粉替代鱼粉对大鳞副泥鳅生长、肌肉成分、血清生化指标及免疫性能的影响

以初始体重为(3.86±0.23)g的大鳞副泥鳅(Paramisgurnus dabryanus)为试验对象,研究蚯蚓(Eisenia foetida)粉替代鱼粉对其生长、肌肉成分、血清生化指标及免疫性能的影响。以0代替鱼粉为对照组,用蚯蚓粉替代25%、50%、75%、100%的鱼粉配制成5组等氮等能饲料,在网箱中进行10周的养殖试验。结果显示,饲料中的蚯蚓粉替代鱼粉对大鳞副泥鳅的存活率无显著影响;随着替代水平的升高,饲料系数、增重率升高(P0.05),肥满度、肝体比降低(P0.05)。各组间脾体比、特定生长率均无显著性差异;75%和100%替代组肌肉粗脂肪含量显著高于对照组(P0.05),100%替代组粗蛋白和水分含量显著低于对照组(P0.05)。随着饲料中蚯蚓粉水平的上升,鱼体肌肉蛋白质的精氨酸、胱氨酸、天门冬氨酸含量升高(P0.05),脯氨酸、组氨酸、蛋氨酸、苏氨酸、苯丙氨酸含量显著降低(P0.05);各组间血清谷丙转氨酶活力、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇含量、脂肪酶和淀粉酶活性均无显著性差异(P0.05)。随着代替水平的上升,血清甘油三酯和总胆固醇含量显著升高(P0.05),谷草转氨酶显著降低(P0.05);随着替代水平的继续上升,肝胰脏过氧化氢酶、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶、溶菌酶活力下降,肝胰脏丙二醛含量、碱性磷酸酶活力、攻毒后的发病率和死亡率上升。各组间的肝胰脏总超氧化物歧化酶活力和总抗氧化能力均无显著性差异(P0.05)。研究表明,本实验条件下,蚯蚓粉可部分替代(22%)饲料鱼粉而不影响大鳞副泥鳅的生长和存活,且能提高鱼体肌肉成分,有效预防肝胰脏损伤和过氧化,但显著降低了鱼类免疫性能(P0.05)。     

芽孢杆菌有氧发酵豆粕替代鱼粉对大口黑鲈幼鱼生长性能、血清生化指标及肠组织结构的影响

芽孢杆菌(Bacillus)有氧发酵豆粕的肽类和活菌等含量丰富,为研究其替代鱼粉对大口黑鲈(Micropterus salmoides)幼鱼的养殖效果,配制鱼粉含量为50％的大口黑鲈基础饲料,在基础饲料中用芽孢杆菌有氧发酵豆粕分别替代0、10％、20％、30％和40％的鱼粉,配制成5种等氮、等能实验饲料进饲养实验.实验...     

Size-fractionated fish hydrolysate as feed ingredient for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fed high plant protein diets. I: Growth, growth regulation and feed utilization

Six experimental diets were fed to rainbow trout to examine the effect of fish hydrolysate and ultra filtered fish hydrolysate on growth performance, feed utilization and growth regulation using diets low in dietary fish meal inclusion. One diet contained a high level of plant protein sources (90.6% of total dietary protein) and a low level of fish meal (9.4% of dietary protein). Two diets contained different levels of hydrolysate in exchange for the plant protein sources, reducing the plant protein level to 73.9% and 57.2%, respectively. Two further diets were identical in composition except that the hydrolysate was ultra filtered to remove low molecular weight compounds. A moderate level of fish meal was used in the sixth diet which had a dietary plant protein level of 57.0%. All diets were made equal in protein, lipid, energy and lysine. The feeding trial lasted for 90 days and for the fastest growing group, fed moderate level of fish meal, the fish increased in weight from 149 g at start to a final weight of 443 g. All groups showed significant differences in growth and feed utilizations. Specific growth rates were; 0.30% day^− 1 for the plant protein diet, 0.98% day^− 1 for the high hydrolysate diet, 0.72% day^− 1 for the group containing the high level of ultra filtered hydrolysate, and 1.21% day^− 1 for the moderate fish meal diet. Feed efficiencies (g fish weight gain per g feed intake) were found to be 0.57 for plant protein diet, 0.97 for high level of hydrolysate, 0.83 for ultra filtered hydrolysate and 1.03 for the moderate fish meal diet. Half dietary inclusions of hydrolysate and ultra filtered hydrolysate revealed values between the plant protein diets and high levels of these ingredients, respectively. Feed consumption in percentage of average fish weight per day, correlated with the feed efficiency for all groups. PER, PPV and BV correlated with the differences in growth. Protein digestibilities were equal for all groups, while the moderate fish meal diet showed higher lipid and energy digestibilities than the plant protein diets. Although some of the differences may be due to growth inhibitors in plant resources other explanations may be relevant. Plasma growth hormone (GH) levels were significantly higher in fish fed the plant protein diet than fish fed the fish meal or high hydrolysate diet, which is most likely a result of their poor feeding status. Plasma IGF-I levels were not affected by diet. Comparisons of groups with similar inclusion of plant ingredients, and thus equal level of growth inhibitors, show that in removing small molecular weight compounds from fish hydrolysate, the growth and feed efficiency were significantly reduced. Some of these small compounds in fish hydrolysate thus seem to be essential for biological performance. Further, as fish meal revealed the best performance, fish muscle protein is not the only nutrient that makes fish meal an essential ingredient in aqua feed for carnivorous fish. This information is important in the work to find replacement of fish meal in a sustainable growing global aquaculture industry.     

脱脂黄粉虫粉替代鱼粉对花鲈生长性能和肠道健康的影响

为研究脱脂黄粉虫(Tenebriomolitor)粉替代鱼粉对花鲈(Lateolabraxmaculatus)生长性能和肠道健康的影响,以花鲈幼鱼[初始体重为(2.83±0.02)g]为实验对象,配制鱼粉水平为30%的饲料作为对照组(FM)饲料,用脱脂黄粉虫粉(TM)分别替代对照组饲料中5%(5%TM)、10%(10%TM)、15%(15%TM)和20%(20%TM)的鱼粉,配制成5种等氮等脂的实验饲料,对实验花鲈进行为期9周的摄食生长实验。结果显示,随着脱脂黄粉虫粉添加水平的增加,花鲈增重率、特定生长率和蛋白质沉积率均呈先升高后降低的趋势,5%TM组最高,显著高于20%TM组,但与FM、10%TM和15%TM组差异不显著。各组饲料效率、摄食率、存活率、肝体比、腹脂率以及全鱼体组成均无显著差异。脏体比随着替代水平的增加先升高后降低,20%TM组显著高于FM组和5%TM组。花鲈血清溶菌酶活性随脱脂黄粉虫粉替代比例的增加呈先升高后降低的趋势,5%TM组显著高于其他脱脂黄粉虫粉添加组。肠道组织观察发现,花鲈肠道的绒毛高度、绒毛宽度和肌层厚度随着脱脂黄粉虫粉替代水平的升高呈先升高后降低的趋势,...     

卵形鲳鲹配合饲料中酶解鱼浆蛋白和陆生复合蛋白替代鱼粉的研究

为了评估卵形鲳鲹(Trachinotus ovatus)配合饲料中酶解鱼浆蛋白和陆生复合蛋白替代鱼粉的可行性,本研究设计了4种等蛋(42%)等脂(12%)配合饲料(D1~D4),其中,D1(对照组)含30%鱼粉,D2~D4(处理组)都含14%陆生复合蛋白且还分别含有16%、11%、6%鱼粉和0、5%、10%酶解鱼浆蛋白;各处理组都补充蛋氨酸和赖氨酸。将360尾初始体重为(7.28±0.10) g的卵形鲳鲹幼鱼随机分配到12个海上网箱中,每个网箱30尾鱼,每种饲料设3个网箱。将鱼以上述4种饲料饲养62 d后,测定其生长性能、体组成、血清生化指标、肠道消化酶活性与组织抗氧化指标。结果显示,各实验组鱼的增重率(WGR)、特定生长率(SGR)、蛋白质效率(PER)、饲料系数(FC)、胃蛋白酶(PEP)、脂肪酶(LPS)和淀粉酶(AMS)活性均无显著差异(P>0.05)。D3和D4组全鱼粗蛋白含量显著高于D1和D2组,D4组鱼肌肉脂肪含量显著低于D1~D3组(P<0.05);D2~D4组鱼血清谷草转氨酶(AST)及D2和D3组鱼谷丙转氨酶(ALT)活性都显著低于D1组(P<0.05),D1和D4组血清总蛋白(TP)和球蛋白(GLO)水平显著高于D2和D3组(P<0.05);D2~D4组肝脏过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性、总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)和肌肉超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性显著高于D1组(P<0.05),且肝脏丙二醛(MDA)含量低于D1组(P<0.05)。研究表明,含6%鱼粉的D4组鱼的生长性能与30%鱼粉D1组无差异,且全鱼蛋白含量及肝脏和肌肉抗氧化能力显著提高,说明14%陆生复合蛋白配合10%酶解鱼浆蛋白可有效替代卵形鲳鲹饲料中80%鱼粉,使饲料鱼粉使用量低至6%。本研究是首次探讨酶解鱼浆蛋白在卵形鲳鲹配合饲料中应用的可行性,结果可为研发高效低成本配合饲料提供参考依据。     

Evaluation of krill (Euphausia superba) meal as a partial replacement for fish meal in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) diets

We studied partial replacement of fish meal (FM) by krill meal (KM) and how fluoride from KM enriched-muscles and bones of rainbow trout reared in freshwater affected these fish. Diets that replaced FM with KM at proportions of 0, 7, 15 and 30% (control, KM7, KM15, and KM30) were fed to groups of rainbow trout for 92 days and growth was observed. In fish fed KM7 and KM15, weight gain (WG), feed intake (FI) and specific growth rate (SGR) were unchanged compared with fish fed the control diet, but in fish fed KM30, WG, FI and SGR significantly decreased. After the experiment, fluoride concentration in dorsal muscles of each experimental group was below the detected limit (1 mg/kg), but in vertebral bones, the fluoride concentration increased with each increase in KM inclusion in the diets: 490 mg/kg (control), 755 mg/kg (KM7), 1100 mg/kg (KM15), and 2400 mg/kg (KM30). Tissue specimens of liver of each experimental group had no histopathological changes. Therefore, accumulation of fluoride in vertebral bones apparently adversely affected growth of the vertebral bones thus affecting the growth performance as shown by the decrease in WG, FI and SGR.     

Growth, feed efficiency, digestibility and nutrient distribution in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) fed two different fish meal qualities at three dietary levels of vegetable protein sources

Atlantic cod were fed six diets where the ratio of protein from fish meal to vegetable protein were varied from 91%, 67% to 46%, respectively. The experimental groups were performed in triplicate in a 20 week growth trial, increasing fish weight from about 167 g to 690 g. The vegetable protein sources constituted full-fat soybean meal and corn gluten meal at a fixed ratio of 1:2, and replaced either a high quality fish meal (DC_Mink 92.3%) or a lower quality fish meal (DC_Mink 85.6%) in the diet. All diets were extruded and balanced to be equal in gross energy, crude protein, lipid, carbohydrate, lysine and phosphorus. No difference in growth (SGR 1%) was observed comparing the two fish meal qualities. However, feed intake was significantly higher (9%) and feed efficiency lower (10%) for lower quality fish meal compared to high quality fish meal. Protein and amino acid digestibility was significantly reduced in the lower quality fish meal, while unaffected by vegetable protein inclusion for both fish meal qualities. Protein utilization as measured by protein efficiency ratio and net protein value was not affected by fish meal inclusion, except in the diet using lower quality fish meal and high vegetable protein inclusion. Lipid and energy digestibility was significantly reduced by vegetable protein inclusion for both fish meals. The lower fish meal quality increased lipid deposition in the liver and affected slaughter quality of cod by increasing HSI and dressing out percentage at low and intermediate substitution levels. Muscle composition showed small dietary changes except for arginine, while liver fatty acid composition clearly reflected fatty acid profile of full-fat soya in the diets. Corn gluten meal and full-fat soybean meal (2:1) can replace approximately 50% of dietary protein without affecting feed intake, growth, protein digestibility or slaughter quality of cod when exchanging high quality fish meal. For the lower quality fish meal diets some lower inclusion of vegetable protein sources seem to be acceptable.     

全脂黑水虻幼虫粉替代鱼粉对大菱鲆养殖性能、生理代谢及体色的影响

以大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus)为研究对象,探讨其配合饲料中以全脂黑水虻(Hermetia illucens)幼虫粉替代鱼粉后对大菱鲆生长性能、饲料利用、血清生理生化指标及体色的影响.本研究设计4个处理组,分别为全脂黑水虻幼虫粉替代0(FM)(对照组)、20％(HI20)、40％(HI40)的鱼粉及...