悬挂式旋耕机耕深监测系统设计与试验

针对旋耕机作业耕深测量效率低和缺乏有效在线监测手段的问题,以悬挂式旋耕机耕深为检测对象,研究了一种基于旋耕机悬挂姿态的非线性耕深监测系统,以提高旋耕作业质量自动化监测水平。首先,对旋耕机的悬挂姿态进行分析,确定了旋耕机耕深与悬挂姿态之间的数学关系式,综合考虑悬挂式旋耕机组的结构形变和车轮下陷等因素对测量结果的影响,建立了三参数非线性耕深测量模型,该模型通过拟合旋耕机悬挂姿态角和耕深的关系,可实时计算实际耕作状态下的耕深;其次,为验证该模型的测量精度,设计了适用于车载终端的悬挂式旋耕机耕深监测系统,该系统集成卫星定位、实时耕深测量、作业速度测量、作业面积计算、稳定性评估等模块,支持数据云端存储与共享;最后,对模型参数进行标定试验,采用最小二乘法对模型进行参数优化,利用标定后的耕深监测系统开展多组田间试验。与人工测量结果对比显示,耕深最大误差不超过0. 80 cm,均方根误差不超过0. 55 cm,表明该悬挂式旋耕机耕深监测系统精度高、稳定性好。通过耕深质量评估试验生成多组带有位置信息的评估报表,表明该监测系统能够对旋耕耕深质量进行全面评估。     

旋耕机的试耕与调整

旋耕机装好后，应先进行试耕，检查安装的技术状态，同时调整旋耕机，使耕深和碎土效果能达到要求。旋耕机的调整有以下几个方面。１．旋耕机耕深的调整手扶拖拉机配套旋耕机是通过尾轮来调整耕深的。松开尾轮座上的箍紧手柄，将尾轮外管上下移动，可在较大范围内调节尾轮的位置，从而实现耕深调节（见图１）。小四轮拖拉机配套旋耕机（例如１GL—７０型）的耕深是通过调节限深板与刀轴的相对距离来调整的（见图２）。具有半分置式液压悬挂系统的拖拉机配套的旋耕机没有单独限深装置，耕深是通过拖拉机液压系统位调节装置实现的。旋耕机工…     

旋耕机耕后地表平整度测量方法的研究分析

正旋耕机能一次完成耕耙作业。其作业特点是碎土能力强,耕后的表土细碎,地表平整,土肥掺和均匀,且能抢农时、省劳力,应用于果园菜地、稻田水耕及旱地播前整地。而旋耕机耕后地表平整度是影响旋耕机作业质量好坏的关键因素,本文将对旋耕机作业后的地表平整度的测量方法进行探讨研究。一、旋耕机耕后两种平整     

温室电动拖拉机旋耕稳定性时序分析与前馈PID控制方法研究

针对温室小型农机对地面平整度敏感,微小的地面起伏便会造成机具俯仰的情况,基于课题组已开发的温室电动拖拉机,将基于时间序列分析的角度预测方法引入前馈PID控制(Angle prediction and feedforward PID,APF-PID),解决了温室旋耕作业中因机具俯仰而出现的响应性差、耕深不稳定和功率突变的问题。建立了温室电动拖拉机旋耕作业的功率模型,并建立了俯仰角-耕深的转换矩阵,得到了旋耕系统实际耕深的转换值;采用时间序列分析预测机身俯仰角,并作为旋耕系统的扰动输入;结合耕深的转换值和预测得到的扰动,采用APF-PID控制器调节旋耕系统的提升机构,将旋耕机维持在目标耕深;在温室内未旋耕和已旋耕的两种地块进行实车试验。结果表明：俯仰角时序预测模型的相关系数可达0.983 2;APF-PID控制的控制性能优于PID控制,在目标耕深6 cm的测试路面中,APF-PID在两种试验地块上的平均耕深分别为6.47 cm和6.44 cm,均方根误差为0.80 cm和0.72 cm,绝对平均误差为0.67 cm和0.58 cm,耕深稳定性系数为89.95%和91.30%,消耗的总能量较...     

怎样选购和使用旋耕机

旋耕机是以拖拉机动力输出轴驱动的耕整地农机具,其特点是碎土能力强,一次旋耕能达到一般犁耙几次作业的效果,适用于农田旱耕和水耕。因此,很受农民兄弟的欢迎。用户在选购旋耕机过程中,除了注意其质量和售后服务外,还要根据已有拖拉机的动力情况选用与之配套的旋耕机。一是耕幅从使用角度来看,所选旋耕机的耕幅以大于拖拉机后轮轮距为好,这样在作业时可去掉拖拉机轮轧痕迹,同时旋耕机能对称地配置在拖拉机后面,可避免牵引偏斜。各地土壤情况与农艺要求差距较大,选购旋耕机时需视具体情况而定。一般来说,旋耕机耕幅配置有正配置和偏配置两种…     

机具评介

1.1GSZ型组合式深松旋耕多用机 哈尔滨市农业机械化研究所于1993年研制成功了1GSZ-210型组合式深松旋耕多用机,该机能一次完成深松20～28cm、旋耕13cm、垄距为70cm(或作畦)及施肥、铺膜等项作业。工作幅宽为2.1m,配套动力55kW以上拖拉机。 2.1XS系列水旱兼用旋深松旋耕机 东北农业大学于1994年研制成与大型拖拉机配套的耕幅分别为1.4m、1.75m及2.1m三种大型水旱兼用的深松旋耕机产品。该机能一次完成深松18～27cm、浅旋8～14cm,与传统的翻、耙、耢作业方     

旋耕机选配与安全操作

1旋耕机作业的配套选择(1)拖拉机配套选择。旋耕机有单轴单速和单轴变速、双轴单速和双轴变速几种型式,耕幅在1～4.2m。应根据配套的拖拉机和作业要求选用旋耕机。拖拉机的液压悬挂装置和动力输出轴的结构有两种形式,对旋耕机升降操作也不同。一种是拖拉机液压悬挂机构和动力输出轴为分别传动的,不管动力输出轴是否转动,旋耕     

基于角度检测的拖拉机悬挂耕深电液监控系统研究

针对长江中下游农业区土壤黏重潮湿、机具碾压导致地表平整度差、耕作时耕深不稳定等问题,提出了一种基于拖拉机车身俯仰角与悬挂装置提升臂转角的耕深监控方法。首先,对旋耕作业机组姿态进行分析,确定了耕深与角度之间的几何关系,建立了耕深控制模型,并利用角位移传感器和倾角传感器分别测量提升臂转角和拖拉机车身俯仰角的变化,从而间接确定耕深;然后设计了耕深电液监控系统,该系统可预设耕深和实时显示耕深;最后,选用Simulink软件通过仿真对耕深电液监控系统进行响应速度检验,仿真结果显示,系统能在0.6s达到稳定状态,满足耕深控制要求。进行了耕深自动监控系统准确性试验,结果表明,系统能检测因倾仰导致的三点悬挂下拉杆悬挂点高度的变化量,调控高度稳定在设定值,验证了系统的准确性。为检验耕深电液监控系统田间作业性能,选择所设计的电液监控系统与原机械调节系统进行了对比试验,结果表明,利用电液监控系统进行旋耕作业时,其在各工况中耕深稳定性变异系数不超过4.28%,耕深标准差和耕深稳定性变异系数均低于机械调节系统。     

深松机旋耕深松起垄的性能分析实验

现有的犁耕作业导致成本高、耕后地表不符合作物耕作要求。文章对立柱式凿铲深松联合作业机可以配合旋耕机、起垄器组成旋耕深松起垄联合作业机,也可以组成悬挂式单一深松机,分别对其组合进行了性能分析田间试验,各部件基本达到了预先的设计要求。     

旋耕机作业参数设计对拖拉机功耗的影响研究

本课题研究了旋耕机作业参数对拖拉机功耗的影响关系,建立旋耕机作业参数对拖拉机功耗影响的数学模型,以旋耕机作业耕深、作业推进速度、刀辊转速为影响因子设计正交试验,试验结果表明:影响拖拉机功耗的各因素主次顺序为作业前进速度、刀辊转速、作业耕深。考虑旋耕作业质量与旋耕作业效率前提下,较优的旋耕作业参数为:作业推进速度2.9km/h,刀辊转速275r/min,耕深为210mm时,功耗值77.3kW,碎土率达到85%。通过数据分析软件对旋耕机作业参数与功耗建立回归方程,回归方程相关性高,有效反应了各试验因素与功耗之间的影响关系。研究结果为旋耕机结构参数设计、拖拉机动力匹配等工作提供了参考依据。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。