花青素在乳脂氧化中的作用及其机制

奶是最古老的天然饮料之一,含有丰富的蛋白质、脂肪、维生素和矿物质等营养成分。奶中不饱和脂肪酸对改善人体健康起着不可替代的作用,但易发生氧化反应产生自由基,导致奶的风味异常。本文主要对奶中乳脂氧化机制及花青素延缓乳脂氧化可能的作用机制进行综述,旨在为花青素的开发利用及其改善奶风味提供参考依据。     

光诱导乳脂肪氧化的研究进展

脂肪是牛乳中重要的营养成分之一,其中的不饱和脂肪酸,尤其是多不饱和脂肪酸容易被氧化.随着市场上越来越多透明包装的出现,光诱导乳脂肪的氧化成为导致牛乳品质劣化及酸败的重要原因之一,这不仅影响牛乳风味,而且氧化产物对人类健康造成巨大威胁.本文综述乳脂肪光氧化的机理、主要影响因素及评价方法.为抑制乳制品光氧化、保证乳制品质量...     

日粮物理有效中性纤维对奶牛营养调控的研究

纤维的物理性状影响奶牛的咀嚼、唾液分泌、瘤胃pH和乳脂率.物理有效中性洗涤纤维(PeNDF)能有效保持乳脂率和动物健康.奶牛日粮中纤维的化学与物理特性对于刺激其咀嚼活动和维持稳定的乳脂率十分重要.奶牛对日粮中有效中性洗涤纤维(eNDF)水平的反应是乳脂率变化,而PeNDF的反应是其咀嚼活动.PeNDF与纤维的物理性质(主要是指碎片大小,多指长度)有关,有刺激动物咀嚼活动和建立瘤胃内容物两相分层的能力.本文浅谈PeNDF对奶牛营养调控的研究.     

日粮物理有效中性纤维对奶牛营养调控的研究

纤维的物理性状影响奶牛的咀嚼、唾液分泌、瘤胃pH值和乳脂率.物理有效中性洗涤纤维(peNDF)能有效保持乳脂率和动物健康.奶牛日粮中纤维的化学与物理特性对于刺激其咀嚼活动和维持稳定的乳脂率十分重要.奶牛对日粮中有效中性洗涤纤维(eNDF)水平的反应是乳脂率变化,而peNDF的反应是其咀嚼活动.peNDF与纤维的物理性质(主要是指碎片大小、多指长度)有关,有刺激动物咀嚼活动和建立瘤胃内容物两相分层的能力.综述了日粮peNDF对奶牛营养调控的研究.     

日粮物理有效中性纤维对奶牛营养调控的研究

纤维的物理性状影响奶牛的咀嚼、唾液分泌、瘤胃pH值和乳脂率.物理有效中性洗涤纤维(PeNDF)能有效保持乳脂率和动物健康.奶牛日粮中纤维的化学与物理特性对于刺激其咀嚼活动和维持稳定的乳脂率十分重要.奶牛对日粮中有效中性洗涤纤维(eNDF)水平的反应是乳脂率变化,而PeNDF的反应是其咀嚼活动.PeNDF与纤维的物理性质(主要是指碎片大小、多指长度)有关,有刺激动物咀嚼活动和建立瘤胃内容物两相分层的能力.综述了日粮PeNDF对奶牛营养调控的研究.     

十二指肠增量灌注游离亚麻酸对乳脂氧化稳定性的影响

采用在4头泌乳荷斯坦奶牛十二指肠中增量灌注游离亚麻酸（0、100、200、300、400 g/d）的交叉试验设计,观察灌注亚麻酸对乳脂中脂肪酸含量及氧化稳定性的影响。结果发现,随着灌注剂量的增加,乳脂中多不饱和脂肪酸,尤其是α-亚麻酸含量呈显著增加,但同时乳脂中总超氧化物歧化酶活性和总抗氧化能力均有降低趋势,而硫代巴比土酸反应物具有增加趋势。因此,当在奶牛的十二指肠中增量灌注游离亚麻酸会使乳脂中脂肪酸模式得到改变,但同时会影响其氧化稳定性。     

乳中黄嘌呤氧化还原酶的研究进展

黄嘌呤氧化还原酶属于含钼脱氢酶黄素蛋白家族，是组成乳脂肪球膜的主要蛋白，通过硫酸胺分级沉淀和DEAE-Sepharose柱可从乳脂肪球膜中纯化。XOR作为乳脂肪球膜的膜结合蛋白，在脂肪滴的包裹和分泌中起到重要的结构作用，并且在肠道能够起到一定的抗菌作用。     

富共轭亚油酸乳脂对小鼠免疫特性的影响

应用从牛奶中提取的富共轭亚油酸(CLA)的乳脂对小鼠进行灌胃35 d,检测富CLA的乳脂对小鼠体重,脏体比,脾淋巴细胞增殖的影响,初步探讨富CLA乳脂对小鼠免疫功能的影响。结果显示,日粮添加量为0.1%富CLA的乳脂可显著促进T淋巴细胞增殖反应(P<0.01),但对体重和脏体比没有影响(P>0.05),这提示富CLA的乳脂具有增强小鼠细胞免疫功能的作用。     

奶牛乳脂率下降的原因与对策

乳脂率是衡量奶牛生产性能的一项重要指标,而影响奶牛乳脂率的因素很多.对奶牛养殖者来说,了解影响奶牛乳脂率的各个因素并采取相应的措施避免乳脂率下降,具有非常重要的意义.文章在提示乳脂率下降机理的基础上,分析了导致乳脂率下降的因素,同时提出了提高乳脂率的措施,为促进奶牛养殖业的健康发展和提高奶牛养殖的经济效益提供参考.     

牛奶中乳脂的产生机制及提高乳脂率的措施

本文综述了牛奶中乳脂的产生机制、影响牛奶乳脂率的因素以及提高牛奶乳脂率的措施,以期为奶牛场提高乳脂率提供参考.     

Cooling,Storing and Quality of Raw Milk

Abstract

Full-scale experiments with cooling of raw milk of good initial quality from a herd of 70 dairy cows have been performed under practical farm conditions, with different cooling and storage conditions, including instant cooling in a continuous process versus normal cooling in a batch process. During each milking, the milk was divided equally and successively for different cooling procedures. Quality evaluations (number of bacteria, acidity and oxidation of fat, sensoric quality) indicated that instant cooling/continuous process compared with normal cooling/batch process over 2.5 hours, both to 4°C, resulted in a slightly slower bacterial growth and a slightly slower hydrolysis and oxidation of milk fat. Instant raw milk cooled and stored at 2.5°C maintained a good quality for about one to two days more than when normal cooling over 1.5 hours and storing at 4°C was used.     

Utilization of glucose and long-chain fatty acids in lactating dairy cows fed a fat-enriched diet

The fate of carbon from long-chain fatty acids and glucose in dairy cows which were fed with protected fat was studied using stable isotope technique. The experiment was carried out on two groups of dairy cows (n=16 in each group) during the first 15 weeks of the lactation period. The cows were fed isoenergetic and isoproteinogenous diets based on corn silage. About 1.8 kg of tapioca starch in the diet of the starch group was substituted by about 0.7 kg of rumen protected fat (Ca salts of palm oil and soybean oil) in the diet of the fat group. The carbon atoms of dietary fat were naturally depleted in 13C as compared to carbon atoms of starch. Daily milk performance and lactose output were significantly (P < 0.05) higher among the cows fed with fat diet. In comparison to the starch group, the enrichment of milk fat with 13C was significantly lower, while that of breath CO2 was significantly higher in the fat group (P < 0.05). This means the fatty acids were incorporated into milk fat in preference to metabolic oxidation. Further studies showed that blood glucose is oxidized to a lower extent and is used for the synthesis of lactose to a higher proportion if the cows were fed with the fat diet. The glucose entry rate into the body glucose pool was not different between the diets. In conclusion, the dietary fatty acids perform a glucose sparing effect and improve the glucose supply for the mammary gland.     

奶牛瘤胃微生物及其代谢物与乳脂合成关键酶基因对乳脂率的影响

乳脂肪对于人类的健康有着重要的生理作用,乳脂率的高低决定牛乳的品质、风味和营养价值,所以乳脂率对牛乳品质十分关键。奶牛乳脂率的高低受到多种因素的影响,如何提高奶牛乳脂率一直是行业研究的热点。大量研究表明,瘤胃微生物及其代谢产物与乳脂合成关键酶基因对奶牛乳脂率的高低具有重要调控作用。文章就瘤胃微生物及其代谢物与乳脂合成关键酶基因如何影响奶牛乳脂率的研究进行综述,为进一步探索乳脂合成机制,进而改善奶牛乳脂率提供新的思路。     

瘤胃微生物在奶牛乳脂肪合成中的调节作用研究进展

乳脂肪不仅是牛乳的主要成分之一,同时乳脂肪含量也是评价牛乳质量的重要指标.乳脂肪的合成涉及到日粮营养物质通过奶牛机体转化为乳营养成分的复杂生物学过程,受日粮配方、遗传背景、生理状态、瘤胃微生物等多方面的影响.瘤胃微生物可以通过自身合成的酶类对日粮进行降解,进而对乳脂肪合成前体物质的生成和利用起到一定的调节作用,乳脂肪前...     

奶牛乳脂合成及其影响因素

乳脂是一种高质量的天然脂肪,是牛乳的主要营养成分。乳脂率是衡量牛奶品质优劣的关键指标,同时也是制约中国奶业发展的重要因素。近年来,随着中国奶牛业的不断发展,奶牛的产奶量日益提高,但乳脂率却未见增长。通常情况下牛奶的乳脂率为3%~4%,产奶量与乳脂率之间呈相互制约关系,如何提高乳脂率一直是学者们研究的热点。为深入研究并解决这一问题,作者介绍了乳脂组成及合成机理,并从日粮、瘤胃微生物及遗传等方面分析了影响奶牛乳脂合成的因素。同时作者还对影响奶牛乳脂合成的重要功能基因（SREBPs、PPARs、CIDEC基因）及mTOR信号通路的作用进行了综述。乳脂合成是一个动态的、复杂的多网络调控的过程,需要大量的基因参与,研究各信号通路间的相互作用可为人工调控乳脂合成提供理论基础,也为日后泌乳生物学研究奠定理论基础。     

人初乳与牛初乳中乳脂肪球膜蛋白质组成的对比研究

通过十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰氨凝胶电泳(sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis,SDS-PAGE)将人初乳与牛初乳中乳脂肪球膜蛋白进行分离并结合液-质联用技术鉴定,在人初乳乳脂肪球膜蛋白中鉴定出l 076种蛋白质,牛初乳乳脂肪球膜蛋白中鉴定出682种蛋白质,其中人初乳中有757种特异性表达蛋白质,牛初乳中有363种特异性表达蛋白质,两者有319种相同表达蛋白质.通过基因本体(gene ontolpgy,GO)功能注释分析发现,人初乳乳脂肪球膜蛋白在生物过程中发挥的作用高于牛初乳,尤其表现在细胞组成组织功能上;在分子功能上,人初乳乳脂肪球膜蛋白主要体现在结合作用方面:在细胞组成上,与牛初乳乳脂肪球膜蛋白相比人初乳乳脂肪球膜参与的细胞组成均较多,其中在细胞胞内区的组成上参与最多.通过京都基因与基因组百科全书系统(Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes,KEGG)代谢通路分析可知,人初乳乳脂肪球膜蛋白中有15种蛋白参与了与消化吸收相关的KEGG通路-酶酵解.     

Comparison of fat and cream content in normal and mastitic milk of cows

Two methods for estimating fat and cream content in cow's milk were compared in normal and mastitic milk. Fat content in milk from periparturient cows was estimated simultaneously by the method of Gerber and by simply spinning small samples of untreated milk in a haematocrit centrifuge. Mastitis was experimentally induced by inoculating mammary glands with Escherichia coli. On the average, cream content in milk from normal, and uninfected mammary glands measured by the haematocrit method was 20 to 23% higher than milk fat measured by the method of Gerber. In mastitic milk from infected mammary glands haematocrit readings were 40% higher than those of Gerber. Milk fat values as measured by both methods were highly correlated. It is concluded that the haematocrit method can be used for rapid estimation of milk fat content in normal milk of cows. The greater difference between cream and fat content in mastitic milk compared to normal milk can probably, at least partly, be ascribed to the presence of large clots of cells and fat in the milk during mastitis. During centrifugation of the viscous mastitic milk samples, milk cells and fat probably are not completely separated. This results in overestimated readings of milk cream content with the haematocrit method. It therefore seems advisable to use the Gerber method for accurate measurements of milk fat in mastitic milk.