硒对黄曲霉毒素B_1中毒雏鸭肝功能血清指标的影响

观察黄曲霉毒素B1(AFB1)对试验雏鸭肝功能血清指标的影响及亚硒酸钠对AFB1的颉颃效应。本试验以雏鸭为试验动物,7日龄雏鸭90只,共分为3组,每组各30只。第Ⅰ组设为空白对照组,灌胃同等量二甲基亚砜;第Ⅱ、Ⅲ组为试验组。每天分别按0.1 mg/kg剂量给第Ⅱ、Ⅲ组雏鸭灌胃AFB11次,连续投药21 d,试验期间给第Ⅲ组雏鸭每天按1 mg/kg剂量灌胃亚硒酸钠(Na2SeO3)1次。分别在给雏鸭投药后7、14、21 d,检测雏鸭肝功能血清指标。结果显示:第Ⅱ、Ⅲ组雏鸭丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)与Y-谷氨酰转肽酶(GGT)活性均显著高于第Ⅰ组(P<0.05),而血清总蛋白(TP)与白蛋白(ALB)均显著低于第Ⅰ组(P<0.05);与第Ⅱ组比较,经灌胃投用亚硒酸钠的第Ⅲ组雏鸭各项肝功能血清指标均有显著的改善(P<0.05)。结果表明:黄曲霉毒素B1导致雏鸭肝功能血清指标发生显著的变化,而亚硒酸钠能明显改善其变化。     

硒与中药对黄曲霉毒素B_1所致雏鸭生长性能下降的影响

为观察亚硒酸钠与复方中药对黄曲霉毒素B1(Aflatoxin B1,AFB1)所致雏鸭生长性能下降的影响,将7日龄120只试验雏鸭随机分成4组,每组30只。Ⅰ组设为空白对照组,以0.1mg/kg剂量每天给Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组雏鸭灌胃投用一次AFB1,并在Ⅲ组雏鸭基础日粮中添加2%复方中药,以1mg/kg剂量每天给Ⅳ组雏鸭灌胃投用亚硒酸钠(Na2SeO3)一次,试验期共21d。结果显示,与Ⅰ组比较,Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组雏鸭在灌胃投用AFB1后,其体重、日增重显著下降(P0.05),料肉比、死亡率显著增高(P0.05);同时,Ⅱ组生长性能显著低于Ⅲ、Ⅳ组(P0.05),Ⅲ组显著低于Ⅳ组(P0.05)。结果表明,灌喂投用亚硒酸钠或在基础日粮中添加复方中药,均能显著缓解AFB1所致雏鸭生长性能下降的影响(P0.05),且亚硒酸钠的效果显著优于复方中药(P0.05)。     

中药组方对黄曲霉毒素B1中毒雏鸭肝功能的影响

为观察黄曲霉毒素B1(AFB1)对试验雏鸭肝功能血清指标的影响及复方中药对AFB1的颉颃效应,本试验选用7日龄健康雏鸭90只,分为3组,每组30只。Ⅰ组为空白对照组,灌胃与试验组等体积二甲基亚砜;Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组为试验组。每天分别按0.1mg/kg剂量给Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组雏鸭灌胃AFB1一次,连续投药21d,试验期间给Ⅲ组雏鸭日粮中添加2%复方中药。分别在给雏鸭投药后7、14、21d,检测雏鸭肝功能部分血清指标。结果显示,Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组雏鸭丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、天冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)与Y-谷氨酰转肽酶(GGT)活性显著高于Ⅰ组(P<0.05),而血清总蛋白(TP)与白蛋白(ALB)含量显著下降(P<0.05);与Ⅱ组比较,在日粮中添加复方中药的Ⅲ组雏鸭各项血清指标均有显著改善(P<0.05)。说明黄曲霉毒素B1导致雏鸭肝功能发生显著的变化,而复方中药能明显改善其变化。     

硒对黄曲霉毒素B1中毒雏鸭肾组织抗氧化功能的影响

为观察黄曲霉毒素B1(aflatoxin B1,AFTBl)对试验雏鸭肾组织抗氧化功能的影响及亚硒酸钠对AFTBl的颉颃效应.本试验以雏鸭为试验动物,7日龄雏鸭90只,共分为3组,每组各30只.第Ⅰ组设为空白对照组,灌胃同等量二甲基哑砜;第Ⅱ、Ⅲ组为试验组.每天分别按0.1 mg/kg体重剂量给第Ⅱ、Ⅲ组雏鸭灌胃AFTB11次,连续投药21 d,试验期间给第Ⅲ组雏鸭每天按1 mg/kg体重剂量灌胃亚硒酸钠(Na2 SeO3)1次.分别在给雏鸭投药后7、14、21d,检测雏鸭肾组织总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氧酶(CAT)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)及丙二醛( MDA)等抗氧化指标.试验结果显示,第Ⅱ、Ⅲ组雏鸭肾组织SOD、CAT、GSH-Px及GR活性与T-AOC均显著低于第Ⅰ组(P＜0.05),而MDA显著高于第Ⅰ组(P＜0.05);与第Ⅱ组相比,经灌胃投用亚硒酸钠的第Ⅲ组雏鸭肾组织各项抗氧化指标均得到明显的改善(P＜0.05).结果表明,黄曲霉毒素B1导致雏鸭肾组织抗氧化功能发生显著的变化,而亚硒酸钠能明显改善其变化.     

中药对黄曲霉毒素B1中毒雏鸭肾组织抗氧化功能的影响

为观察黄曲霉毒素B1(Aflatoxin B1,AFB1)对雏鸭肾组织抗氧化功能的影响及复方中药对AFB1的颉颃效应,试验将90只7日龄雏鸭分为3组,每组30只.第Ⅰ组设为空白对照组,灌胃同等量二甲基亚砜;第Ⅱ、Ⅲ组为试验组,每天分别按0.1 mg/kg剂量给第Ⅱ、Ⅲ组雏鸭灌胃AFB1一次,连续投药21 d,试验期间给第Ⅲ组雏鸭日粮中添加2％复方中药.分别在给雏鸭投药后7、14、21 d,检测雏鸭肾组织总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)及丙二醛(MDA)等抗氧化指标.试验结果显示,第Ⅱ、Ⅲ组雏鸭肾组织SOD、CAT、GSH-Px及G1R活性与T-AOC均显著低于第Ⅰ组(P＜0.05),而MDA显著高于第Ⅰ组(P＜0.05);与第Ⅱ组相比,在日粮中添加复方中药的第Ⅲ组雏鸭肾组织各项抗氧化指标均得到明显的改善(P＜0.05).结果表明,黄曲霉毒素B1导致雏鸭肾组织抗氧化功能发生显著的变化,而复方中药能明显改善其变化.     

中药对黄曲霉毒素B1中毒雏鸭血清抗氧化功能的影响

为观察黄曲霉毒素B1(aflatoxin B1,AFTB1)对试验雏鸭血清抗氧化功能的影响及复方中药对AFTB1的颉颃效应.本试验以雏鸭为试验动物,7日龄雏鸭90只,共分为3组,每组各30只.第Ⅰ组设为空白对照组,灌胃同等量二甲基亚砜;第Ⅱ、Ⅲ组为试验组.每天分别按0.1 mg/kg剂量给第Ⅱ、Ⅲ组雏鸭灌胃AFTB1一次,连续投药21 d,试验期间给第Ⅲ组雏鸭日粮中添加2％复方中药.分别在给雏鸭投药后7、14、21 d,检测雏鸭血清总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)及丙二醛(MDA)等抗氧化指标.试验结果显示,第Ⅱ、Ⅲ组雏鸭血清SOD、CAT、GSH-Px及GR活性与T-AOC均显著低于第Ⅰ组(P＜0.05),而MDA显著高于第Ⅰ组(P＜0.05);与第Ⅱ组相比,在日粮中添加复方中药的第Ⅲ组雏鸭血清抗氧化指标均得到明显的改善(P＜0.05).结果表明,黄曲霉毒素B1导致雏鸭血清抗氧化功能发生显著的变化,而复方中药能明显改善其变化.     

高铜对雏鸭法氏囊的影响

选用1日龄天府肉鸭360只,随机分为6组,分别喂以对照日粮(Cu 8 mg/kg)和高铜日粮(Cu 100 mg/kg为高铜Ⅰ组,Cu 200 mg/kg为高铜Ⅱ组.Cu 400 mg/kg为高铜Ⅲ组.Cu 600 mg/kg为高铜Ⅳ组,Cu 800 mg/kg为高铜Ⅴ组)6周.与对照组比较,高铜Ⅲ组、高铜Ⅳ组、高铜Ⅴ组雏鸭法氏囊出现不同程度的病变,生长指数显著降低(P<0.05或P<0.01),淋巴细胞的静止期增长及增殖指数明显下降(P<0.05或P<0.01),淋巴细胞的调亡率显著升高(P<0.05或P<0.01);高铜Ⅰ组和高铜Ⅱ组雏鸭法氏囊上述指标变化不明显.结果表明,日粮铜含量高于400 mg/kg时,程度不同地抑制了雏鸭法氏囊的发育,可能导致雏鸭体液免疫功能受损.     

绞股蓝总皂甙对衰老小鼠DNA损伤的影响

目的:本试验旨在探讨绞股蓝总皂甙(GPS)对D-半乳糖亚急性衰老模型小鼠DNA损伤的影响。方法:将200只健康昆明系小鼠随机分为5组,每组40只(雌雄各半)。一组为空白对照组,每天每只灌胃和颈背部皮下注射生理盐水0.1ml;二组为D-半乳糖衰老模型组,按120mg/kg每天每只颈背部皮下注射D-半乳糖(用时用生理盐水配成5%的溶液)0.1ml,同时灌胃生理盐水0.1ml;三、四、五组为绞股蓝总皂甙(GPS)组,每天每只灌胃GPS溶液(GPS的剂量分别为180mg/kg、120mg/kg、60mg/kg,用时用生理盐水配成溶液)0.1ml,同时按120mg/kg颈背部皮下注射D-半乳糖(用时用生理盐水配成5%的溶液)0.1ml。分别在动物用药期满2、4、6、8周时处死动物采样,每次采集大脑、肝脏组织,检测大脑、肝脏细胞DNA的损伤。结果:GPS三个剂量组小鼠大脑和肝脏细胞的拖尾率与模型组相比,均有所下降,其中大脑细胞的拖尾率在30%～45%之间,且差异显著(P<0.01或P<0.05);DNA损伤程度也有所减轻,除了低剂量组外,高、中剂量组主要以Ⅱ级损伤为主。结论:GPS可以减轻模型组小鼠大脑和肝脏组织细胞DNA的损伤程度。     

β-葡聚糖对小鼠非特异性免疫性能的影响

试验研究β-葡聚糖的添加对小鼠非特异性免疫的影响.180只纯正昆明种小白鼠,体质量( 20±2)g,随机分成4组,第1组为对照组,每天按体质量0.1 mL/10 g BW灌胃氯化钠注射液,第2、3和4组添加(每天50、100和200 mg/kg BW)β-葡聚糖.试验结果显示,小鼠的脾、胸腺指数、血清和肝中酸性磷酸酶( ACP)含量,每天100 mg/kg BW剂量组显著高于其他各组;每天100 mg/kg BW剂量组小鼠的巨噬细胞吞噬指数显著高于对照组;每天100和200 mg/kg BW剂量组小鼠的碳廓清指数显著高于对照组;各试验组的溶菌酶含量都显著高于对照组.结果表明:添加β-葡聚糖能提高免疫器官指数、肝的ACP和溶菌酶的含量,从而增强吞噬细胞消化和降解异物的能力.适宜添加量为每天100 mg/kg BW.     

芬氏纤维微菌对雏鸭盲肠微生物的影响

为研究芬氏纤维微菌(Cellulosimicrobium funkei)对雏鸭盲肠微生物菌群的影响以及该菌对AFB_1暴露雏鸭盲肠微生物菌群的影响。选取100只健康、体重相近的1日龄樱桃谷肉鸭,随机分为5个组,每组4个重复,每个重复5只雏鸭。每组均饲喂标准日粮,对照组经口灌服1 ml无菌LB培养基,每天灌胃1次,连续灌胃14 d;试验组1灌服1 ml C.funkei菌液(1×108cfu/ml),每天灌胃1次;试验组2灌服1 ml C.funkei菌液(1×10~(10)cfu/ml),每天灌胃1次,连续灌胃7 d,第8 d停止灌服菌液,只灌服1 ml无菌LB培养基;试验组3按照0.1 mg/(kg·BW)的量灌服AFB_1溶液+1 ml无菌LB培养基,每天灌胃1次;试验组4按照0.1 mg/(kg·BW)的量灌服AFB_1溶液+1 ml C.funkei菌液(1×108cfu/ml),每天灌胃1次,连续灌胃14 d。预饲期3 d,试验期14 d。结果表明,给雏鸭灌服低剂量C.funkei菌液可有效降低雏鸭盲肠内容物中大肠杆菌的数量,对乳酸菌和双歧杆菌数量无影响,灌服高剂量C.funkei菌液使雏鸭盲肠内容物中总需氧菌和总厌氧菌数量显著升高。灌服AFB_1的雏鸭盲肠内容物中大肠杆菌的数量显著升高,乳酸菌数量显著降低,而对AFB_1暴露雏鸭灌服芬式纤维微菌,可显著降低大肠杆菌和总需氧菌的数量,在一定程度上改善了盲肠微生物区系。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein